Mech 285 True or False

(T/F) It is possible for a given material to exhibit properties attributable to both covalent bonding and metallic bonding modes. False (T/F) Stable bonding between atoms occurs when the energy of the bonded state is higher than the energy of the unbonded (non-interactive state). False (T/F) Almost without exception, the independent variable in a Charpy v-notch impact test on a given alloy is the test temperature. True (T/F) The general trend with metals is that the higher the melting point of the metal, the lower is the thermal expansion coefficient of the metal. True (T/F) The data from a creep test would provide useful design information for the selection of steel to be used for structural members of a highway bridge True (T/F) The structure insensitive properties of a metal sample are virtually material constants, and vary very little with the prior thermal and/or mechanical history of the metal sample. True (T/F) The thermal expansion coefficients of polymers as a group tend to be much higher in value than the thermal expansion coefficients of metals as a group.

True (T/F) An atom having a ground-state electron configuration of 1s22s22p63s23p5 would be correctly classified as a "non-metal". True (T/F) Domains are regions in ferromagnetic materials in which the net magnetic moments of all the atoms are aligned in the same direction. True (T/F) Hydrogen bonds result from a weak coulombic interaction between molecules having permanent dipole moments. True (T/F) Elastic strain in a metal corresponds to the stretching of interatomic bonds and is fully recoverable on removal of the load. True (T/F) The BHmax product is a measure of the maximum stored elastic strain energy in an elastically deformed ferromagnetic material. False (T/F) Excellent electrical and thermal conductivities are characteristics of materials containing "free", or mobile valence electrons True (T/F) Face-centered cubic metals and alloys (Al, Brass, austenitic stainless steel) retain their toughness even at very low (cryogenic) temp. True (T/F) Necking is form of heterogeneous, or localized, plastic deformation that occurs during the tensile testing of ductile metals and alloys True (T/F) Surface conditions, such as smoothness and state of residual stress, can have a significant effect on the fatigue properties of an engineering structure or component

True (T/F) The hardness tests discussed in this course generally employ some type of indenter which is slowly forced into the test materials under a given load. True (T/F) The electrical conductivity of molten salt (NaCl) is much improved over that of solid crystalline NaCl because the charge carriers are more mobile True (T/F) The principal quantum number, n, indicates the major energy level, or shell, to which an electron belongs. True (T/F) Considering electronegative elements as a group, the ionic radius of the element is smaller than its respective atomic radius False (T/F) grain boundaries in metals and alloys serve as obstacles to dislocation motion and serve to strengthen these materials at ambient temperatures. True (T/F) The presence of naturally occurring vacancies provides a low-energy mechanism for the self diffusion and substitution diffusion of atoms in an alloy True (T/F) In general, the activation energy for atomic diffusion along grain boundaries is less that for diffusion of the same atoms though the grains. True (T/F) Most engineering metals and alloys are observe to have yield strengths approximating the theoretical shear strength of the material False (T/F) For the powder method of x-ray diffraction, the x-ray beam striking the same must be predominantly monochromatic in wavelength True

(T/F) The continuous spectrum of an x-ray tube is produced by the collision of accelerated electrons with electrons orbiting the nuclei of atoms comprising the target metal False (T/F) The burgers vector of a dislocation indicates the magnitude and the direction of slip produced as the dislocation moves through the crystal True (T/F) The Gibbs free energy function is the indicator of equilibrium states and the direction of chemical reactions in materials systems. True (T/F) At a given temperature, the diffusivity of carbon in iron is likely to be much lower in magnitude than the diffusivity of iron in iron (self-Diffusion) False (T/F) The region of strain hardening on an engineering stressstrain curve is due to the presence of crystalline defects and their mutual interaction. True (T/F) Compared to face-centered cubic metals and bodycentered cubic metals, hexagonal close-packed metals(e.g., Ti, Zn, Mg) tend to be more brittle because they possess fewer active slip systems. True (T/F) In the toss of 5 fair coins, there are a total of 5 2=25 possible outcomes (combinations of heads and tails). False (T/F) The thin-foil sample preparation technique would be useful for examining the features of a fatigue fracture in a metallic component with a transmission electron microscope. False (T/F) The mechanism of precipitation hardening involves the interaction between dislocations and a very fine (submicroscopic in size) dispersion of hard, second-phase particles.

True (T/F) A dendritic pattern in the grain structure of a metal of alloy is conclusive micro structural evidence that the alloy is in the "as-solidified" condition. True (T/F) The characteristic x-rays generated in a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer can be used to identify elements present in the specimen being observed True (T/F) The large repulsive forces generated by attempting to slide ions of like charge over one another tends to make slip, and hence plastic deformation, very difficult in ceramic materials. True (T/F) Most commercial glass compositions are based on SiO2 with metal oxide additions made to control thermal, optical, mechanical, and chemical properties of the glass True (T/F) Increasing the accelerated potential applied to an x-ray tube increases the wavelength of the most energetic x-rays produced False (T/F) A dislocation is a line defect that separates the slipped and the unslipped regions of a crystal True And some flash card info and more multiple choice
o

o o

The quantity of mass diffusing through and perpendicular to a unit cross-sectional area of material per unit time. Diffusion

What quantities are materials dependent values (depends on which material you are discussing)? Pre-exponential coefficiant Activation Energy for diffusion

o o

-iron (FCC) at 900C has a larger diffusion coefficient, for the self-diffusion of iron, than -iron (BCC) at 900C. False. The atomic packing factor is greater for FCC FE meaning that there are more interstitial spaces available in the BCC FE. Therefore, motion of interstitial atoms moves more easily.

o o

o o o

What do we call the energy required to initiate a reaction such as diffusion? Activation energy.

o o o

What do we call the diffusion mechanism wherein net atomic migration is from a lattice site to an adjacent vacancy. Vacancy Diffusion

o o o

On the basis of diffusion, why are integrated circuits typically made of aluminum (compared to Au, Ag & Cu)? Less interconnect aluminum atoms diffuse into the silicon.

o o

Gold and silver form a substitutional FCC alloy. The mechanism by which silver diffuses within gold is called: Vacancy diffusion

 o o o o

What is the driving force for diffusion? Concentration Gradient

Interstitial diffusion is normally more rapid than vacancy diffusion because: (1) interstitial atoms, being smaller, are more mobile; (2) the probability of an empty adjacent interstitial site is greater than for a vacancy adjacent to a host atom.

o o

o o o

What do we call the impetus behind a reaction, such as diffusion, grain growth, or a phase transformation. Driving Force

o o o

A diffusion mechanism whereby atomic motion is from interstitial site to interstitial site Interstitial Diffusion

o o o

What is the term used for defining mass flow through and perpendicular to a unit cross sectional area of solid per unit time? Diffusion Flux

o o

What is the diffusion condition for which there is no net accumulation or depletion of diffusion species (where the diffusion flux is independent of time). Steady-state diffusion

o o o o o o

What is the process by which the surface carbon concentration of a ferrous alloy is increased by diffusion from the surrounding environment. Carburizing

True or False: Metal A has a greater activation energy? True

o o o

True or False: the activation energy for diffusion depends on temperature? False

o o o

What is the ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform before fracturing. Toughness

o o o

True or False: Elastic deformation is permanent and nonrecoverable. False

o o o

True or False: Plastic deformation is non-permanent and recoverable. False

o o

True or False: At the atomic level, during elastic deformation, bonds are breaking? False

o o o

True or False Brittle metals are normally tougher than ductile ones. False

o o o

Dislocation motion occurs within a crystalline material during during what type of deformation? Plastic

o o o o o o

True or False: Poisson's ratio is defined as the ratio of the lateral and axial strains. True

Hooke's law applies to which region of the stress strain curve? Elastic

True or False: Ductility is a measure of the degree to which a material will plastically deform by the time fracture occurs.
o

o o o o o

True or False: Yield strength is the stress at the maximum on the engineering stress-strain curve. False

Which hypothetical material is the stiffest? E

o o o

Which hypothetical material exhibits the greatest ductility? B

o o o

True or False: Toughness is the capacity of a material to absorb energy when it is deformed elastically and then, upon loading, to have this energy recovered. False

What are three factors that should be considered in designing a test to assess the mechanical characteristics of materials for Environmental conditions, load duration, and the nature of the applied load (tension, compressional, shear)

o o

o o o

What does a material that undergoes ductile fracture show? necking

o o

True or False:True stress is defined as the instantaneous applied load divided by the instantaneous cross-sectional area. True

o o o

True or False:To strengthen an alloy, dislocation motion must be impeded (assuming the material has defects). True

o o o

True or False:Recrystallization can happen to a metal or an alloy that has been plastically deformed and then heated. True

o o o

Would you expect it to be possible for ceramic materials to experience recrystallization? No

o o o

True or False:Metals such as lead and tin do not strain harden at room temperature. True

For a metal or alloy that has been plastically deformed and then annealed what happens to ductility, grain size, tensile strength, and total number of grains? Ductility? Increase; Tensile strength? Decreases; Grain Size? Increases; Total number of grains? Decreases

o o

What does a slip system consist of?

A slip system consists of a crystallographic plane, and, within that plane, a direction along which dislocation motion (or slip) occurs.

o o o o o

What is the primary slip system for a BCC crystal? 110 plane in the -111 direction

o o o o

True or False: Most metals strain harden at room temperature? True

What is the Hall-Petch Equation used for? Used to determine Yield strength from the average grain size.

o o

o o o

True or False: The critical resolved shear stress is the value of resolved shear stress at which yielding begins; it is a property of the material. True

o o

True or False: Addition of substitutional components into a metal will weaken the metal (this is called solid-solution strengthening). False

o o o

True or False:The hardness measured from an indentation that is positioned close to a preexisting indentation will be higher than if it were positioned further away. True

o o o

True or False: Defects in a crystal can slow dislocation motion; this is how strain hardening weakens an alloy. False

o o o

True or False: It is possible for two screw dislocations of opposite sign to annihilate one another if their dislocation lines are parallel. True

o o o

True or False:Cold working, work hardening and strain hardening all refer to the phenomena by which a ductile metal becomes harder as it is plastically deformed. True

o o

True or False: In general, the ways to strengthen an alloy relies on increasing the ease with which slip occurs in the alloy. False

o o o

Can a cold-worked metal can regain its mechanical properties through heat treatment? Yes

True or False: In general, for metals, as grain size increases the yield strength increases. True or False: Defects in a crystal can slow dislocation motion; this is how strain hardening strengthens an alloy. True

o o o

o o o

True or False: Edge, screw and mixed dislocations move (slip) in response to tensile stresses applied along a slip plane and in a slip direction. False

o o o

Can a cold worked metal ever regain its mechanical properties? Yes

o o o

Can recrystallization happen to a metal or an alloy that has been elastically deformed and then heated. No

True or False: Cold working, work hardening and strain hardening all refer to the phenomena by

o o o

which a ceramic becomes harder as it is plastically deformed. False

o o o

True or False: Edge, screw and mixed dislocations move (slip) in response to shear stresses applied along a slip plane and in a slip direction. True

o o o

True or False: Addition of substitutional components into a metal will strengthen the metal (this is called solid-solution strengthening). True

o o o

Slip is where elastic deformation occurs within a plane. False

Would you expect a crystalline ceramic material to strain harden at room temperature? No; because ceramics are brittle and cannot plastically deform.

o o

Factors that may lead to scatter in fatigue life data include: Variation in mean stress, specimen fabrication and surface preparation, specimen alignment and test

apparatus, metallurgic variables, variation in test cycle frequency.

o o

o o o

The type of fracture where crack propagation is along grain boundaries is termed: Intergranular

o o o

True or False: Creep results from cyclic loading False

o o o

True or False:A materials tendency to exhibit creep decreases with increasing temperature. False

o o o

The type of fracture where the crack passes through the grains, is termed: Transgranular

o o o

When designing structures (that are subject to stresses) sharp corners should be avoided because they act as points of stress concentration, or "stress raises." True

For metal alloys, select three metallurgical/processing techniques that enhance creep resistance:

dispersion strengthening by using insoluble second phase, solid solution alloying, increasing the grain sized or producing a grain structure with preferred orientation.

o o

o o o o o o

True or false: A materials tendency to exhibit creep increases with increasing temperature. True

Fatigue results from cyclic loading? True

o o o

The term that describes brittle crack propagation corresponding to the successive and repeated breaking of atomic bonds along specific crystallographic planes. Cleavage

o o o

True or False: Inset square edges are places that can initiate creep cracks. False

o o

Fatigue strength and fatigue life are parameters used to characterize the fatigue behavior of metals and alloys. True

Some low strength steel alloys have a ductile-tobrittle transition which suggests: The alloy changes to a brittle behavior with decreasing temperature.

o o

Cup and Cone fractures are usually associated with what type of fracture?