AD1: FUTURE CHRISTCHURCH

TIMBER
FRITHA HOBBS + CYNTHIA YUAN
CONTENTS
PART 1 : RESEARCH ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1-9
PART 2 : MATERIAL INVESTIGATION
WOOD STRUCTURE : THE MACRO AND THE MICRO ------------------------------------------------------------------11-18
JOINT SPACE : TIMBER JOINTS AND SPACES CREATED ---------------------------------------------------------------20-34
SITE/ PROGRAMME ANALYSIS:
XLAM MANUFACTURE PLANT AND EDUCATIONAL/CULTURAL SPACE----------------------------------------19
CHRISTCHURCH ARTS CENTRE -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------35-40
1
PART 1: RESEARCH
TIMBER IN HISTORY, THE WORLD, AND NEW ZEALAND
2
TIMBER
Noun:
1. Wood prepared for use in building and carpentry.
2. Trees grown for such wood: contracts to cut timber.
WOOD
Noun:
1. The hard brous material that forms the main sub-
stance of the trunk or branches of a tree or shrub.
2. Such material when cut and used as timber or fuel.
3
11.3% Northland
3.2% Auckland
30.3% Central North Island
8.9% East Coast
7.4% Hawkes Bay
9.5% Southern North Island
9.5% Nelson/Marlborough
1.8% West Coast
6.2% Canterbury
11.9% Otago/Southland
PRIMARY WOOD PROCESSING PLANTS ACROSS NZ
breboard
particleboard
paperboard
pulp & paper
plywood
veneer/LVL
sawmill
65% processed in NZ 35% exported
56% FSC* Certified 44% not FSC* certified
*Forest Stewardship Council
TIMBER IN MANAGED PLANTATIONS ACROSS NZ
FSC certication criteria:
Legality verication - follow all applicable laws
Demonstrated long-term land tenure and use rights
Respect rights of workers, indigenous peoples
Equitable use and sharing of benets
Reduction of environmental impact of logging activiites
Identication and appropriate management of areas that need special protection (e.g. cultural or
sacred sites, habitat of endangered animals or plants)
FORESTRY IN NEW ZEALAND
4
main roads
railways
native forests
planted forests
main wood processing plants
the canterbury plantation forest area-age class distributions
show the peak in new forest area planted during the mid to late
1990s. This potentially enables an increasing area to be harvest-
ed from about 2017.
canterbury region:
113,903 ha plantation forests
264,000 ha native forests
90% radiata pine
6% douglas r
2% other sotwoods (inlc cypresses)
1% eucalypt
1% other hardwoods
nz forest composition
1,751,000 ha plantation forests
6,500,000 ha native forests
SPECIES GROWN IN MANAGED PLANTATIONS
all exotic
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
height (m)
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
height (m)
8m waste
8m industrial grade logs
15m sawlogs
5m pruned logs
0.2mstump
8m waste
8m industrial grade logs
19m sawlogs
0m pruned logs
0.2m stump
unpruned
pruned
TYPICAL LOG OUT-TURN
all thinned to waste
35
0
height (m)
area-age class distribution for Canterbury plantation forests (all species)
area-age class distribution for Canterbury plantation forests (Radiata Pine)
1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30
31-35
36-40 age (yrs)
16% 26% 24% 12% 11% 7%
2%
1%
30 yrs maturity reached
1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35
16% 25% 21% 15% 12% 9% 1%
height (m)
0
AREA-AGE CLASS DISTRIBUTION FOR MANAGED PLANTATIONS IN CANTERBURY (ALL SPECIES)
AREA-AGE CLASS DISTRIBUTION FOR MANAGED PLANTATIONS IN CANTERBURY (RADIATA PINE)
1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
0
20
40
60
80
100
NEW FOREST PLANTATION
1920-2011
NATIONAL AND REGIONAL TIMBER PRODUCTION
unpruned radiata pine pruned radiata pine forest
typical age of harvest zone, 25-30+ yrs
5
eucalypts
balsa
blackwood
pawlonia
radiata pine
douglas r
cypress (lusitanica, lawson cy-
press, leyland cypress)
macrocarpa
larch
redwood
cedar
SOFTWOOD
-predominantly from conifters and evergreen trees
-seeds uncovered
-non porous structure
-ranges in density and not necessarily softer than
hardwood
HARDWOOD
-prdeominantly from broad-leafed and deciduous
trees
-seeds within a ripening fruit
-porous structure
-ranges in density and not necessarily harder than
softwood
radiata pine
-very fast growing, matures in 30 years
-grows very well in NZ climate and soil
-also used with a range of structural adhesives
-readily available in NZ
uses
wide variety of interior and exterior applications
including structural timber, decking, fencing, exterior
cladding, window sashes, pergolas, furniture, mould-
ings, trim and panelling
douglas r
-can be used to make glulam
-increasingly available stock in NZ
uses
roof trusses, framing, internal panelling, glue lami-
nated beams, exposed posts and beams
cypress species
-attractive apperance
-good durability
-demand currently larger than supply in NZ
uses
panelling, exterior cladding, boat building
macrocarpa
-supplies of good quality timber increasing in NZ
-naturally borer resistant
uses
ceiling sarking, exposed beams, ooring, wall pan-
elling, framing, furniture, solid wood bench tops,
architraves and skirtings,weatherboard, surfeit, facia,
pergolas, decking and outdoor furniture. Not recom-
mended in-ground for construction purposes
larch
-deciduous
particularyl strong timber
-limited availability in NZ
uses
predominantly decorative: panelling, interior tout,
exterior cladding
redwood
-not a strong timber
-redwood grows much faster in NZ than in USA and
therefore much softer
-limited availability in NZ
uses
landscaping outdoor furniture, decking, fenc-
ing and weatherboards, good substitute for cedar
exterior cladding
eucalypts
-good strength
-very fast growing in NZ (softer than Australian-
grown eucalypts)
uses
tongue and groove ooring, in-sequence parquet,
overlay, joinery stairs, doors, furniture, paneling,
decking, outdoor furniture, sliced veneer, decking,
blackwood
-decorative use, range of colours within grain
uses
furniture, veneer, panelling and ooring
pawlonia
-decorative use
-second lightest known timber after balsa
-excellent buouancy
uses
specialist veneers, particularly for marine craft and
surfboards, and furniture.
cedar
-similar properties to redwood
-natural durability
-not strong
-limited availability in NZ
uses
predominantly decorative - panelling, ,joinery,
exterior cladding (heartwood only) - not suitable for
hard wearing surfaces
[EXOTIC] SPECIES GROWN IN NEW ZEALAND
6
100
80
60
40
20
0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
60
50
40
30
20
10
hotel/motel
education
social/cultural
retail
office/admin
warehouse
factory
farm
miscellaneous
50
40
30
20
10
0
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 04 2000
approximate time of
leaky homes uncovery
WALL FRAMING IN NEW HOUSE BUILDS EXTERIOR CLADDING IN NEW HOUSE BUILDS
nish bricks clay
& concrete
other
weatherboard
timber
other
TIMBER FRAMING IN NEW NON-RESIDENTIAL BUILDS
2000-2008
1,478,709 existing dwellings in nz
1,134,366 existing separate houses in nz, of which:
5% other framing
95% timber framing
(1,077,647)
67% timber clad
(760,025)
33% other cladding
TIMBER HOUSING AND BUILDING IN NEW ZEALAND
MAJOP SPEClES COMPAPA1lvE
AU^cfGdYW]Yg A]bcfGdYW]Yg
FUX]UhU D]bY 8ci[`Ug f AUWfcWUfdU 9iWU`mdhg 7mdfYggYg FYXkccX DUi`ckb]U 5WUW]Ug @UfW\
D]big fUX]UhU DgYiXchgi[U
aYbn]Yg]]
7"aUWfcWUfdU 9iWU`mdhig gdd 7\" `Ukgcb]UbU
7"`Ym`UbX]]
7"`ig]hUb]WU
GYeic]U
gYadYfj]fYbg
DUi`ckb]U
hcaYbhcgU
5WUW]U gdd @Uf]l 8YW]XiU
GighU]bUV]`]hm
FSC/Greenstar
#

5jU]`UV]`]hm
Peadily available
Limited availability
?Ym5dd`]WUh]cbg
Structural O O
Appearance
Finishing
veneer
Outdoor O O O O O
8Ybg]hmFUb[Y
I2% MC (kg/m
3
) 380 - 6I5 39I - 467 402 - 543 5I5 - 775 370 - 542 309 - 426 335-350 5I6 - 640 467 - 598
8ifUV]`]hmcZ\YUfhkccX
lnterior use only
Exterior exposed O O O
ln-ground O
As per NZS 3602.2003 Listings From Historic usage and Alternative Solution determinations O Oualined usage - requires protection or can be used only in certain applications
See www.fsc-info.org for companies with current FSC status
Source. FPl Bulletin 4I. I999 "Strength Properties of Small Clear Specimens of New Zealand - Grown 1imbers" Source. Barton et al. (2007) Paulownia Handbook
# Can be obtained from a supplier with FSC -COC certincation See www.fsc-info.org for companies with current FSC status
(NB. Padiata pine and Douglas nr timbers can be readily sourced from FSC certined suppliers. Minor-species suppliers are often small woodlot owners without FSC certincation. Check minor species suppliers have compliance with
relevant PMA permit requirements, or voluntary adherence to the NZ FOA Environmental Code of Practice 2007)
glued laminated timber
squared timber
clay bricks
cement
concrete
reinforced concrete
steel reinforcement
rolled steel section
galvanised steel sheet
storage emissions
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
timber
60
60
steel section
78
561
r.concrete
300
227
cs bricks
420
108
material rqmt. (kg)
energy rqmt. (kWh)
energy rqmt. (kWh)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
COMPARISON OF CO2 EMISSIONS DURING
MATERIAL PRODUCTION
COMPARISON OF ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
TO PRODUCE A 3M COLUMN CARRYING
THE SAME LOAD
COMPARISON OF SPECIES AVAILABLE IN NZ AND THEIR PROPERTIES
7
australia and
new zealand
east asia
timber framed
joined by bracket-
sets: strength and
flexibility to withstand
incessant earth-
quakes
total absence of
any discernible
cross-bracing
members
northern europe
regional building
types reflect local
climate and topog-
raphy
four building
techniques: stave
construction;
blockwork; frame
construction with
horizontal planks; half
timbering
western europe
early accomplish-
ments in wood
construction have
been obscured by
achievements in
masonry architec-
ture, and subse-
quently by innova-
tions in steel,
concrete and glass
eastern europe
mainly extrapolations
of log construction
(blockwork)
america
since, colonization
300 years ago, wood
has remained
americas primary
house-building
material
southeast asia
as many styles as
local ethnic groups
houses built on piles
that lift the floor of
the building off the
ground
to avoid flooding
and threats posed by
animals and snakes
to improve
ventilation and
maximize use of
breezes
horu-ji, japan,
ad 677
todai-ji, japan,
ad 745
nara, ad 1195
himeji castle, japan,
ad 1609
the main hall of
kiyomizudera, japan,
ad 1635
the forbidden city,
beijing, ad 1420
the norwegian loft,
after ad 1349
st catherine church,
honfleur, france,
ad 1466
the hallenhaus,
the wehlberg,
germany ad 1750
cathedral of the
transfiguration,
karelia, ad 1714
NOW
queen anne
row houses,
usa, ad 1894
wat yai, thailand
ad 1814
conveyor belt,
australia, ad 1910
petajavesi church,
finland, ad 1765
oshevnevo house,
russia, 20th c
borgund stave
church,
norway,
ad 1150
town hall, germnay,
middle ages
,
gosteli house,
switzerland
ad 1797
timber + time
INNOVATIONS OF TIMBER OVER TIME
nz bungalow,
ad 1920
8
log construction
highly skilled labour
careful selection of wood
artistic corner joints
rigid plan layout
settling allowance
high timber consumption
timber frame construction balloon frame, platform frame
low manufacting depth, high labour input on-site
building braced by planks or cladding
slender- tall cross-sections
close space of uprights
panel construction
design freedoms
simple form of construction
repetitive
load bearing ribs of slender, standardised sections building braced by sheeting
simple materials procurement
storey-by-storey assembly
connections achieved by direct contact and with mechanical fasteners
short on-site time, different manufacting depths possible.
common contemporary timber construction methods
storey-by-storey form of construction
primarily wood joints with mortise and tenon, oblique dado and halving joints
structural members have a larger and usually square cross-section
simple assembly and erection
COMMON CONTEMPORARY
TIMBER CONSTRUCTION METHODS
9
cross laminated timber post tensioned structural components
glue - laminated timber
laminated veneer lumber
laminated veneer lumber (lvl) is a struc-
tural product manufactured from thin
peeled veneers of
wood usually 3mm thick, glued with a
durable adhesive with the grain running
parallel to the main axis
of the member. panels of lvl are cut into
structural members which have high
strength and stiffness.
lvl is suited to structural applications such
as beams, rafters and columns in a wide
range of buildings
including houses, commercial, industrial
and rural structures.
applications
lvl is particularly well suited to the follow-
ing applications:
rafters and joists.
lintels, beams and framing members.
truss chords.
portal frames.
i-beams.
box-beams.
scaffold planks.
formwork.
glue-laminated timber (glulam) is the
name given to large solid wood mem-
bers manufactured by
gluing many smaller pieces together.
glulam is an engineered structural ma-
terial consisting of a number
of graded, kiln dried and selected full
length laminations - usually 45 mm thick
- bonded with proven
adhesives, to form a solid member of
practically any length, shape or size.
cross laminated timber (clt) is a structural product
suitable for load-bearing construction including
multi-storey buildings.
new zealands rst clt plant is soon to be opened.
clt is made of layers of solid timber, alternating grain
direction at 90 degrees (where glue-laminated
timber is layered with the grain). the exterior layers
grains run lengthways giving optimum strength.
it can be produced with 3, 5, or 7 layers and the lay-
ers can be of different thicknesses (though
symmetrical from the centre, i.e. 35mm, 27mm,
35mm).
post tensioned shear walls and post tensioned beams and
columns are the latest in engineered timber technology
that provide a solution for seismic performance.
engineered timber has a number of advantages
over other wood-based materials:
the wood resource can be optimised by grading and selecting veneer for different parts of a cross
section and making a range of products with different properties.
there is an increase in strength. the strength of a single piece of timber is as strong as its weakest
point, which is usually the largest knot.
in laminating, the weakest point of one piece of timber is bonded to the higher strength of adjoining
pieces, thus forming a homogeneous structural component of great efciency.
it therefore is possible to manufacture a beam with high strength timber in areas of high stress and
utilise more economical lower grades in areas of low stress.
the use of thin laminations also permits better penetration of preservative, enables better and more
even drying, eliminating checking, and member size is virtually limitless.
in addition the thin laminates enable the member to be nished with a curve if desired to accomplish
striking architectural features.
what this means?
multi-storey and long span constructions from engineered timber are not only feasible but very
desirable, with affordability against the equivalent in concrete and steel and the added benet of
sustainability and zero carbon construction.
in post earthquake canterbury the advantages to timber buildings are numerous:
timber buildings are up to a third of the weight of the equivalent concrete building giving huge
advantages in difcult soil ground conditions.
timber has excellent properties in seismic design, which improves and leads to damage avoidance
designs.
as a building material it is cost competitive due to increases in productivity and improved
manufacturing methods.
it is a growing resource with a benecial value chain.
engineered timber
AVAILABLE INNOVATIONS
IN NEW ZEALAND
nmit building, nelson.
new generation of earthquake - resistant technology:
pairs of rocking walls, joined with energy dissipators, the
structure is able to absorbe seismic energy and reduce
building damage in earthquake.
all structural members local LVL (strength, durability, re -
resistence, equivalent of steel and concrete
sustainable
murray grove, london - worlds tallest modern timber
multi-storey construction. Completely built with cross-
lam prefab panels.
weekly progress of
cross-lam build-
ing put up in six
weeks.
testing a
cross- lam
building on
a seismic
shaking ta-
ble in kobe,
japan. It
withstood
the test
while
contents of
the building
violently
displaced.
10
PART 2: MATERIAL INVESTIGATION
ZOOMING IN - STRUCTURE AND JOINTS
11
WOOD STRUCTURE:
THE MACRO AND THE MICRO
12
softwood
-predominantly from conifters and ever-
green trees
-seeds uncovered
-non porous structure
-simple cell -ranges in density and not
necessarily softer than hardwood
hardwood
-prdeominantly from broad-leafed and
deciduous trees
-seeds within a ripening fruit
-porous structure
-more complexity and variety in cell
structure
-ranges in density and not necessarily
heartwood
sapwood
heartwood
sapwood
heartwood
-all cells in heartwood are dead
-often darker in colour than sapwood
-often highly decay or insect resistand
-may be difcult to penetrate with liquids
-may be difcult to dry
-no strength difference between heartwood and sapwood in almost all species
sapwood
-living cells only found in sapwood
-inner region serves to transport water up and down the tree
-often lighter in colour
sawn log of douglas r sawn log of oak
13
tracheids
-both structural and serve to transport water up and down trunk
-size of growth changes according to climate (creating early and
latewood)
-typically thinner-walled than hardwood bres
resin canals
-found in pine, spruce, larch and douglas r
-occur horizontally and vertically
-heal damaged tissue and repel insect attack
-a cut through inner bark will incite resin ow
rays
-provide for horizontal movement of substances in a tree
-tend to be much straighter than hardwood rays as have no ves-
sels to make way for
rays
-provide for horizontal movement of substances in a tree
-tend to diverge but continue around the much larger vessels
-often visible to the naked eye
larch
rimu
oak
poplar
more dened growth rings
less/un-dened growth rings
pine
birch
oak
poplar
bres
-serve as the structure of the wood
-smaller diameter and thicker walls than softwood
-the higher the proportion of bres to vessels in a hardwood, the denser
and stronger that wood is
vessels/pores
-specialised water-conducting cells in hardwood
-generally much larger diameter than bres and tracheids
-pattern of vessels can help identify growth rings in hardwoods
growth rings
-growth rings indicate seasonal and annual growth in
a tree
-one ring is one years growth, so the number of rings
indicates a trees age
-each ring is made up of cells predominantly grown
during spring and summer
-wood grown in spring and early summer is called
earlywood
-wood grown in late summer is called latewood
latewood
-less water and light yields smaller, thick-walled cells
-slower growth produces less cells
-latewood is signicantly stronger than earlywood in distinct-ring
softwoods
earlywood
-optimal climatic conditions yield greater rate of cell production
-abundance of water demands larger, thin-walled cells for water
transportation
-
knots
-most branches originate from the pith (stem centre)
-simultaneous branch and stem growth embeds the
knot in the tree
-if the branch is pruned, the stem continutes to grow
around it, however the knot is not integral to the stem
-eventually after pruning, clear wood will form in the
outer layers
one year
earlywood
latewood
SOFTWOOD HARDWOOD
narrow softwood rays narrow and broad hardwood rays
thin-walled, large tracheids of softwood thick walled and small bres of hardwood
branch growth before (left) and after pruning
14
stressed parallel to grain
stressed perpendicular to grain
stressed perpendicular to growth rings
stressed parallel to growth rings
stressed with sharp object
stressed with blunt object
permeated with liquid dye
split parallel to grain
split perpendicular to grain
compressed perpendicular to grain
compressed parallel to grain
absorption
sealing/lack of absorption
action performed on wood result observed in wood
EXPERIMENTATION WITH WOOD AND RESPONSE TO STRESS/CONDITIONING
15
3d printed models other wood forms
top: blackbean;
bottom three: unknown
wood cells reproduction
plaster reproduction of regular wood cells in group and single formation
plaster reproduction of regular wood cells in group and single formation
subject to compression/crushing perpendicular to the grain
plaster reproduction of regular wood cells in group and single formation
subject to compression/crushing parallel to the grain
INVESTIGATION INTO FURTHER FORMS AND COMPONENTS OF WOOD
16
radial transport
via rays
vertical transport
via tracheids and vessels
diffuse transport
via cell membranes
means of nutrient transportation in living wood
deterioration of
wood
death of cell
[structure remains]
how and when does a cell go through tranformation?
cell transformation :
external force
cell transformation:
initial growth of cell
fusiform initial multiplies then
remains in cambium
MOVEMENT OF NUTRIENTS THROUGH A TREE
MACRO AND MICRO SCALE
cell has nutrient transportation function
cell has structural function
cell transformation:
initial growth of cell
cell shape inuenced by
factors at time of growth
cell transformation :
external force
such as: wound, insects,
fungus, bacteria, re,
weathering, climate
life span of wood
17
tracheid (softwood)
bre (hardwood)
resin canal (softwood)
vessel (hardwood)
new cells formed in the cambium
zone (outer layer)
cambium wall comprises
fusiform initials
ray initials
which multiply to form
cell structure of wood
fusiform initals
ray
fusiform initial
ray initals
multiplies separates and
cell forms
cell and cell wall
widens; cell type
distinguished
ray initial multiplies separates and
ray forms
water level inuence on growth
water level inuence on growth
small vessel/canal
large vessel/canal
small tracheid/bre
thick walls
large tracheid/bre
thin walls
CELL TRANSFORMATION:
INITIAL GROWTH OF CELL
18
walls break
down
cells enlarge/join
cells decay
barrier forms to stop
spread of decay
new cells and bark
envelop decayed
cells
barrier cell
new bark
CELL TRANSFORMATION:
EXTERNAL FORCE
walls disconnect
cells contract
walls break down
cells disgured
cells dematerialise
fungal attack type 1
fungal attack type 2
walls warp and split
cells enlarge/shrink
fungal attack type 3
extreme climate
wound
19
SITE AND PROGRAM
site
approx 13600sqm
university cordoned CBD zone
lobby/meeting
space
1000sqm
exhibition
space
1200sqm
ofces
200sqm
seminar/
training rooms
750sqm
workshops
1000sqm
timber processing/
xlam manufacture
5000sqm
vehicle circulation/
parking
2500sqm
on-site
storage
2500sqm
off-site
storage
site on land of demolished our mill
located between arterial road and railway tracks
private
semi private
public
36 moorhouse avenue addington
xlam manufacture plant and educational/cultural space
20
JOINT SPACE
STUDY OF TIMBER JOINTS AND SPACES CREATED
21
SIMPLE JOINTS
LAP JOINT DOVETAIL TONGUE AND GROOVE MORTISE AND TENON
Application: mostly used to assemble
light frames which are going to be
covered with hardboard or plywood.
Halved lap joints are also used to join
long lengths of timber as for fencing.
Application: Very strong and neat joints
used primarily to make drawers and
boxes.
Application: Used to join planks edge
to edge to form a larger board like
a table top in which case they are
always glued only.
Application: Very strong joints mostly
used in furniture making and for heavy
doors and gates.
22
JAPANESE JOINTS
DOUBLE DOVETAIL GOOSENECK ORNAMENTAL CROSSED TENON ROD MORTISE AND TENON MIYAJIMA TSUGI
Origin: Japan
Application: To extend timber members
in multi-storey construction. e.g. Posts
which run from ground sill to top plate.
Origin: Japan
Application: Cabinetmakers use
double dovetail joints as decorative
elements; carpenters use them where
joints under tension are unsupported
from below.
Origin: Japan
Application: Diverse uses where the
joint is self-supporting. e.g. extended
beam without support underneath.
Origin: Japan
Application: Prevents pull-out. This type
of joint used when construction is visible
from three-sides. Useful for lengthening
structural timbers such as rafters.
Origin: Japan
Application: Provides the best protec-
tion against distortion but mortises fail
easily when subjected to lateral pres-
sure.
23
LAP JOINT
VIEW 1 VIEW 2
1.
2.
24
DOVETAIL
1.
2.
VIEW 1
VIEW 2
25
TONGUE AND GROOVE
1.
VIEW 1
26
MORTISE AND TENON
VIEW 1
1.
27
DOUBLE DOVETAIL
VIEW 1 VIEW 2
1.
1.
2.
28
GOOSE NECK
1.
VIEW 1
29
ORNAMENTAL CROSSED TENON
1.
VIEW 1 VIEW 2
2.
30
ROD MORTISE AND TENON
1.
2.
VIEW 1
VIEW 2
31
MIYAJIMA TSUGI
1.
2.
VIEW 1
VIEW 2
32
DOVETAIL PHYSICAL MANIPULATION
Basic Dovetail Unit
Cube unit composed of four interlocking dovetail units
33
DOVETAIL PHYSICAL MANIPULATION
Due to the interlocking geometries of the dovetail joint, once locked, each unit can only move in one lateral direction.
When holding just one unit, the entire block is held locked-together.
34
MASONRY
TIMBER
DOVETAIL PHYSICAL MANIPULATION
35
CANTERBURY REGION
Population 521,832
Average Age 37
Households 199,932
CHRISTCHURCH CITY
Population 348,435
Average Age 36
Households 133,743
SITE ANALYSIS - LOCATING CHRISTCHURCH ARTS CENTRE
36
CHRISTCHURCH BOTANIC GARDENS CHRISTS COLLEGE
CANTERBURY MUSEUM
CHRISTCHURCH ART GALLERY CATHEDRAL SQUARE
CHRISTCHURCH ARTS CENTRE
200 m
SITE ANALYSIS - LOCATING CHRISTCHURCH ARTS CENTRE
37
20 m
3.6% RETAIL/ 378 sqm
10.9% CATERING/ 1155 sqm
37.5% CULTURAL+
EDUCATION/
3938sqm
(10.5% MARKET/ 1155 sqm*)
45.5% OPEN SPACES/
4778sqm
*Market operates only on weekends
SITE ANALYSIS : PRE-EARTHQUAKE LAND USAGE AT THE ARTS CENTRE
150m
70m
10500 sqm total
38
SITE ANALYSIS : PRE-EARTHQUAKE SITE CHARACTERISTICS
cloister spaces semi-open spaces
local interaction open interaction
39
SITE ANALYSIS : EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE
PHOTO GEOFF TROTTER
40
SITE ANALYSIS : EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE
6
7
4
3
9
1
11
10
5
8
13
12
15
14
A
A
B
C
2
1. The Observatory - Destroyed.
The remains of the circular tower
are surroundedby rubble.
2. Registry additions
- Green-stickered.
The 1960s building houses the Arts
Centre administration ofces.
3. The Registry (Untouched World)
- Steel and concrete chimneys
collapsed onto the pavement.
Gablesdamaged.
4. BoysHigh
- Decorative tower collapsed.
Major intertor damage. Gable
collapsed. Northerp. wall sepa-
rated and on an angle.
5. Engineertng Buildings (Court
Theatre)
- A 6.5-tonne steel and concrete
chimney bent at 30 degree an-
gle. Gable down.
Cracks through walls. Some
will have to be taken down
anc:Y
rebuilt. Wall at back of
auditortum has shifted dramati-
cally.
6. Student Union (Dux de Lux)
- Major cracking in external
walls. chimney down. bay win-
dow separating from wall and
intertor oors lifted.
7. The Gymnasiun (Academy)
- Foundations may have
shifted. Cracks in comers.
8. HydraulicBuildings
(Southern Ballet)
- Damaged brick gable needs to
be urgently removed.Walls shift-
ed and on angles.
9. Botany
- Gables down.
10. Physics
- Unsafe gable.
11. Chemistry
- Slate tower roof taken off last
week. The rest
of the tower will be taken down
to roof level.
12. The Great Hall
- Chimney and air vent need to
be removed.South gable
curved and badly damaged.
Eastern gable damaged. 13. The Library (SOFA)
- Gables separated from walls.
cracked parapets and stone
frames on bay windows warped
and cracked.
14. Rutherfords Den
- Major cracks running the length
of thefacade.Concemfor arte-
facts which cannot yet be recov-
ered.
15. The Clock Tower
- A large crack runs through the
clock face and to the ground.
The tower building has shifted in
three different directions. Large
steel structures hold the build-
ing in place. The main facade
will have to be taken down and
rebuilt brick by brick.
A
B C