Deviance Deviance is seen as a behavior that is viewed as a departure from a group's norm and incurs isolation, treatment, correction

or punishment of the violator. Three important ingredients -the person who engages in a certain behavior -the expectation/norm that is used as a yardstick to judge the behavior as deviant -some other person, group. agency that reacts to the behavior. Theories of deviance Biological explanation Criminal behavior linked to physical traits. Biological make up of criminals-long lower jaws, high cheekbones, oblong heads, broad shoulders. Delinquent youngsters physically different than ordinary youngsters. Tough, square-shaped bodies, energetic, hyperactive. Psychological explanation Freud-everyone has-a social impulse which is id, if left uncontrolled, people engage in deviant act.Id get controlled as people mature, children learn to control their id as they mature, develop super-ego. Criminals simply have not developed strong super-ego due to lack of socialization. Superman theory-Certain people think they are superior and should dominate others. These people suffer from temporary mental insanity. Moral development- Mental development is linked to moral development. Children at early stage are selfish; gradually learn what is right /wrong as they grow old. Sociological explanations 1. Anomie -Sense of normlessness, for example revolution 2. Delinquent subculture-Frustration of unachievable goals, for example high school dropouts. 3. Differential Association-It is a learninti process. For example bank robbery. 4. Labelling theory-Deviance is label applied by powerful groups to the behavior of weaker groups. It has a political dimension. A person is labeled as deviant, is treated as deviant, gradually comes to see himself/herself as deviant and perhaps behave in that way. 5. Cultural explanation-Social forces that push a person into deviance, for example unemployed people. 6. Radical Criminology-Deviance results from rebellion against capitalist norms. Why do people engage in deviant behavior? 1. Breakdown of social network-community life 2. Inadequate family relations 3. Lack of discipline in school 4. Isolation and loneliness 5. Growth of urbanization-increased congestion and poverty 6. Rising expectation among the minorities 7. Demographic shift toward a younger population-norrnlessness 8. Unemployment among youth. Problems in measuring crime 1. Many crimes go unreported 2. Statistics underestimate crime at school 3. Crime statistics reflect police priorities 4. Standardizing a crime classi6cation system is difficult

Types of deviance 1. Innovative (White collar crime) 2. Ritualism (Corporate bureaucrats) 3. Retreatism (Drug addicts) 4. Rebellion Deviance is cumulative process 1. The making of norms 2. The nature of norms. 3. The occurrence of deviance act 4. The labeling of acts as deviant 5. The labeling of the person as deviant 6. Stigmatization. 7. The effects of stigmatization 8. The collectivization of deviance

Goals

Means

The control of deviance Social control 1. Isolation-Keep people away, no rehabilitation 2. Insulation-restricts deviant's contact with others but does not completely remove thorn society, temporarily in mental hospital. 3. Rehabilitation-Resume their roles in society. Informal control Social reward, Punishment, Persuasion, Redefine the norm Formal control Lower criminal court, High court, Supreme Court, prison Concept of plea bargaining-defendant pleads guilty to a lesser-charge-and-accepts a lighter sentence rather than going through all the uncertainties and costs of lengthy trial. Concept of victimless crime-there are such activities that have no victims, no one is injured except the prison who is doing the act. Functions of deviance Boundaries of acceptability It acts as a warning signal dial them is a serious inconsistency or defect in society It can contribute to social change. Dysfunctions of deviance Cost of crime, alcoholism-loss of work, other personal costs, and negative consequences for people who are labeled as deviant.

Social Structure Structure is a stable relationship among elements, parts, and patterns ma unified organized whole. Components of social structure-status, role, group, institution, society. Status is position in society with rights and duties. Ascribed status-given at birth Achieved status-gain based on something that person has done. Master status-is a status that dominates others Role-expected behaviour associate with a given status. Collection of role that goes with a given status is termed as role set. Dimensions of roles Some roles are emotional restraint, some roles are expressive

Some roles arc based on ascribed status and some roles are based on achieved status Some roles are focused and narrowly defined, other roles are diffused relationship In some roles we treat people according to general rule Different roles have different motivation Role strain coping mechanism Compartmentalization, rationalization, adjudication and modify Group Shared values, interaction, group identity- a sense of belonging, structured relationship. Primary group and secondary group Institution Cluster of roles and statuses designed to meet a certain social need for example family Society A definite territory, recruitment of new members on large part by sexual reproduction., a comprehensive culture, political independence. Types of societies Hunter gather-no stratification, communal ownership, kinship important organization principle, division of labour based on sex no political structure except headman, mobile society. Horticulture-slash/burn, subsistence society, kinship important organization, ivision of labour based only on sex, mobile society, communal ownership. political structure with two to three layers of authority. Agriculture societyp-settled life, private ownership, stratification, division of labour is complex, agriculture surplus, rise of state, bureaucracy, and army. Industrial society-technology, separtation of work and family, stratification, private ownership, division of labour complex, economic surplus, mobile society. Social Stratification Inequality-refers to condition in which people do not have equal access to social rewards such as money, power and prestige. Stratification-the ways in which these inequalities are be passed from one generation to next. Class-existence of social groups with unequal access to wealth, power and prestige and these sometimes become significant political groups on the basis of their position in society. There is no inequality in hunter-gather, horticulture society but inequality is highest in agriculture society, but leveling off at industrial society. Theories of Inequality 1. Functionalist-there are some jobs which are more important than others in society, we Theories of Inequality need qualified people to fill these jobs. The qualified people have toga through long training and education, but they will undertake this in the hope of getting more money, power mid prestige in future. So inequality is inevitable in all societies. 2. Marxist- all societies are divided between two classes, those who own everything and who do not own anything except the capacity work. 'These two groups are always in conflict; this will come to an end when people develop class consciousness. Class consciousness is divided in two parts-class in itself (people are aware that they are exploited) and class for itself (people want to change their situation). 3. Michels-Oligopolist is the most powerful in society. 4. Dahrendorf-those who are in authority arc most powerful 5. Weber-Class- is economic relation. Status-pattern of lifestyle, Power-political group. 6. WamerCornmunity's own definition Upper Upper class-Family Background.

Lower upper class-Business community, Upper middle class-Well-educated professional. Looser middle class-White collar jobs. Upper lower class-Blue collar jobs Lower lower class-Poor, outcast, students, vagabounds Factors affecting social class-income, wealth, education, occupation, life expectancy, fertility rates, pattern of illness, membership in organization. Social Mobility-movement within strata. Vertical mobility-change in individual's position in a higher or lower status. Horizontal mobility-change in individual's position doesn't result to higher or lower status Intergenerational mobility-Between two generations Intergenerational mobility-within the same generation Caste-whose membership is rigidly hereditary, Religion Sociologist are interested to know social phenomenon of religion-how religious groups are organized, norms and values of various groups, what religion accomplishes for people and society, hors religion perpetuates. Definition of religion-A system of beliefs about the nature of forces ultimately shaping man's destiny and the practices associated therewith, bared by members of the group. Elements of religion 1 Group of believers 2 Matters that are sacred 3 Involves a specific set of beliefs. 4 Involves a specific of practices. Functions of religion 1. Emotional activities 2. Social activities 3. Societal support- a sense of us feeling 4. Religion as agent of social change. 5. Ethical principles-what should he? 6. Social Control 7. Beliefs, norms, symbols and rituals be? Forms of religion, organizations 1. Church, mosque-has strong ties and works within the larger society 2. Sect-Sect is religious organization formed by groups of people who break away front larger traditional chinch, mosque. Jehovah witnesses 3. Cults-organization around a charismatic leader, Moonics 4. Ecelesiac-religious organzations include most members of society. Saudia Arabia 5. Denomination-religious organizations not officially linked with government /state. Concepts in religion Mania-Good luck, a sacred impersonal force existing in universe. Monacan reside in animals, plant, or any object. People can acquire/manipulate in different ways through magic. Objects with mono could change someone's luck. Magic-supernatural techniques intended to accomplish specific aims Two typos of magic Imitative magic-to produces a desired effect by imitating it. If someone wishes to injure or kill someone, they may imitate that effect on an image of the victim, sticking pins in voodoo dolls Contagious magic-whatever is done loan object is believed to affect a person who once had contact with it. They use body products from prospective victims-nails or hair,spell performed on the body product believed to reach the person eventually and work the desired result.

Rites of passage- As much as religion reduce anxiety it can create anxiety due to sitestransition from one stage of life to another-it involves changes in status. Separation, Margin and Aggregation. Separation-People withdraw from group and begin moving from one place to another. Aggregation-They reenter die society having completed the rites. Margin-Period between states, limbo during which people have left one place or state but have not joined or entered another. Totems-it could be plants, animals. They neither kill it or eat it, believe that they are the descendant of a particular totem. They lift the taboo once a year, when people gather around the totem uniting the group. Rituals-specific form of behaviour, which are formal repetitive. Secularization-less importance on religion or religious issues, Why? 1. The growth of science 2. Growth of nation-state 3. Spread of capitalism 4. Compromises on religious issues. 5. Loss of community-less church members due to mobility of population. 6. Other institutions-voluntary associations Social movement A social movement is a form of collective behavior in which a dedicated group of people organize to promote/to resist change. Four major points 1. A dedicated group of people. 2. Organized to promote/to resist change 3. Definite goals 4. Consciously and purposefully promotes change through political and educational activities. Characteristics of social movements 1. Power orientation-change in power 2. Value-orientation-change in value for example women liberation movement. 3. Personal expressive movement -instead of pressing for change in the larger society, they tam inward to change the personal lives of the members in the movement, for example religious revivalist movement. 4. Resistance movement-prevent social change for example anti women liberation movement. Life career of a social movement (Building of a movement) 1. Pre-movement stage-Rising expectation, relative deprivation 2. Awakening stage-Victim socialization, resocialization, charismatic leaders. 3. Movement building stage- Administrative leaders emerge, group cohesiveness, 4. Influence stage-tactics used, or example meeting, lobbies, revolution 5. Outcome-if win, it rises mar spa. if lose two options rebuild the movement or dissolve the movement ORGANIZATIONS

Large social groups that are formed to achieve specific goals. Groups-primary and secondary. Characteristic of group-shared values, interaction, group identity, structure standardized pattern. Some groups do not fit neatly in either of this category. 1. Charismatic group-religious leader 2. Voluntary Association-promote common interest, membership voluntary, organization is not connected with local or central govt. 3.Total institution-promote the good of society as defined by state, religion or other agencies, members isolated supervised by custodians, relationship of strong custodians and inmates. 4. Bureaucracy-activities divided into roles that are defined by rules and procedures an arranged in a hierarchy of power. 5 important features -Specialization of labour -Hierarchy -Rules and regulation -Impartiality -Technical competence Positive aspects of bureaucracy -Much more efficient for large scale production -reduces of friction between officials and subordinates -workers know what is expected -reduces favoritism and bias, stress on performance. -ensures objectivity and precision -can gather large bodies of capital -provide structure and system of human enterprise-coordination -career patterns for most people -sharing of specialized knowledge Negative aspects of bureaucracy -Boredom -Individuals do not have voice in decision making. -encourages rigidity and lack of imagination in problem solving -sometimes contributes alienation -handicaps less qualified people. -uncertainty about goals and means. -complexity -depersonalization of human relation -too much dependency on bureaucracy as if we cannot do without it