Measurements The (System SI) or the international system of units, was introduced in 1960 and adapted by many countries

as the official and only legal system of measurement. Physical Quantities and their units SI Base Units Physical Quantity Length Mass Time Electric Current Temperature Amount of substance Luminous intensity Name of SI Unit Metre (meter) Kilogram Second Ampere Kelvin Mole Candela Symbol for SI Unit m Kg s A K mol cd

Length Express as the interval or distance between two points Mass Is defined as the amount of matter in any chosen object Time It is defined as the interval between two events at the same place in space Amount of substance (mol) Is defined as the amount of substance of a system Electric Current Is any continuous system wherein electrons flow from the point of lowest potential to the point of highest potential Thermodynamic Temperature Is the average kinetic energy in molecules or atoms of substances Luminous Intensity Is an expression of the amount of light power emanating from a point source. Derived units (ex. Mass x acceleration = force) Derived Units of some physical quantities Quantity Symbol Force N Pressure Pa Energy J Volume m3 Area m2 Density Kg/ m3 Metric 1km - 103 m 1m - 102 cm 1kg - 103 g English 1kg - 2.2 lbs 1m - 39.37 in A comparison of some physical properties of the three states of matter Property Shape Volume Compressibility Density Diffusion Thermal Expansion Solid Has its own shape Has its own volume Very slight High Very slow Very high Liquid Shape of container Has its own volume Very slight High Slow Slight Gas Shape of container Fills the volume of the container Easily compressible Low Fast Expands infinitely Base Unit Newton Pascal Joule Cubic metre Square metre Kilogram per cubic metre

Changes of state or phase transition Phase Transition Name Examples

Solid-Liquid Solid-Gas Liquid-Solid Liquid-Gas Gas-Liquid Gas-Solid

Melting, fusion Sublimation Freezing Vaporization Condensation, liquefaction Condensation, deposition

Melting of snow and ice Sublimation of dry ice, freeze drying of coffee Freezing of water or a liquid metal Evaporation of water Formation of dew Liquefaction of Carbon Dioxide Formation of frost and snow

Properties of Matter Physical Properties Are characteristics of a substance which can be observed without changing the composition of a substance Ex. Density, color, odor, hardness, electrical, and thermal conductivities, tenacity, elasticity and plasticity Chemical Properties Are characteristics that a substance exhibits when it undergoes changes in composition Intensive Do not depend on the amount of sample Ex. Density, boiling and melting pt Extensive Depend on the amount of sample Ex. Mass and volumes

Matter Mixtures Homogeneous Heterogeneous

Pure Substance Homogeneous Elements Suspension Metals Semimetals Nonmetal Compounds Acid Base Salts

Solutions

Colloids Coarse Mixtures

Homogenous Homo the same Genus kind All parts of a chemical system have the same appearance and properties Ex. Sodium Chloride, water, carbon dioxide Heterogeneous Hetero different It has non uniform appearance and different phases can be recognized Ex. Copper powder with iron fillings Comparison Between substances and Mixtures Criteria Substance Melting temp. range sharp Boiling temp. range constant Physical appearance Homogeneous Distilling property Cant be distilled Separation into By chemical means components Three types of Mixtures A solution is a homogenous mixture if two or more substances. It is composed of a solute and a solvent. A solute is the substance present in lesser quantity, while a solvent is the substance present in greater quantity. A colloid is a dispersion of particles of the substance throughout a dispersing medium made of another substance. It is composed of dispersed particles and a dispersion medium. The dispersed particles are analogous to the solute in a solution. The dispersion medium is analogous to the solvent. Mixture wide varying Mostly heterogeneous Can be distilled By mechanical means

A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture, consisting of small solid particles dispersed in a liquid or gas, which will settle on standing Comparison of the Three Types of Mixture Property Particle size Appearance Separation Filterability Examples Solution Less than 1 nm Clear Does not separate Passes through filter paper Saline solution Colloid 1 to 100 nm Cloudy Does not separate Passes through filter paper Starch solution Suspension More than 100 nm Cloudy Separate / settle Particles does not pass through Muddy water

Element A substance that cannot be broken down to simpler substances by a chemical change Physical Properties of Metals, Non-metals and Metalloids Metals Usually hard and solid except Hg which is liquid. Cs and Ga melt in unprotected hand Malleable and ductile Conductor of heat and electricity Lustrous and shiny High Density High melting and boiling point High tensile strength Elements were named after *Planets Uranus Uranium *Famous people Marie Curie Curium *Latin name Natrium Sodium (Na) *Minerals Magnesia Magnesium *Greek name Chloros chlorine 1st letter H (hydrogen) C (carbon) N (nitrogen) O (oxygen) F (fluorine) 1st and 2nd letter He (helium) Li (lithium) Ca (calcium) Al (aluminium) Br (bromine) 1st and 3rd letter Cl (chlorine) Mg (magnesium) Mn (manganese) As (arsenic) Cd (cadmium) Last and other Pd (Palladium) Pt (Platinum) Sg (Seaborgium) Mt (Metherium) RF (Rutherfordium) Non-metals Some are solid, liquid, or gas usually soft except diamond Brittle Basically insulators Dull except diamond Low density Low melting and boiling points Low tensile strength Metalloids Solids

Brittle Intermediate electrical conductivity Intermediate reflectance Intermediate density Low melting and boiling points Low tensile strength

*Others Pb (Lead) K (Potassium) Au (Gold) Cu (Copper) Ag (Silver) Si (Silicon) Ga (Galium Cs (Cesium) Hg (Mercury) Compound Are formed when two or more elements combine in a chemical change Some important elements and compounds on industry Aluminum non-toxic metal and ideal for cooking utensils Iodine used to prevent goiter Iron used to prevent anemia Copper can conduct heat and electricity Calcium constituent of some toothpaste to strengthen bone and tooth structure Acid

A substance whose water solution exhibits the ff properties -has a sour taste -turns blue litmus paper to red -neutralizes base -reacts with active metals -release hydrogen ions (H+) -Hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, phosphoric acid and metric acid Base A substance whose water solution exhibits the ff properties: -has a bitter taste -turns red litmus paper to blue -neutralizes acid -has a slippery and soapy feeling Ex. Sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, and aluminium hydroxide *Salt and water is forms when an acid reacts with a base Organic compounds Contains carbon, usually in combination with elements such as H, N, and D Inorganic compounds Compounds normally found outside of the bodies of living things Neutralization process A+ Cl + NaOH NaCl + H2O (acid) (base) (salt) + (water) *NaCL + H20 is the neutralization process

July 23 Filtration used to separate a solid that has not dissolved in a liquid Flotation a method in which solids of a suspension mixture are allowed to settle and less dense material is poured off Technique Filtration Flotation Basis for separation Collect solid particles on a filter Dense components sink and lighter ones float Apply this technique to Heterogeneous mixture containing a solid phase Heterogeneous mixture with phases with different densities

Mechanical Separation involves the used of forceps, sieves, and other similar tools Ex. Gravel and sand are separated by picking the gravel or passing the mixture over a wine screen Decantation used to separate solids from liquids Ex. When we make tea using tea leaves, we let the mixture settle after boiling, then pour off the teas leaving the leaves in the teapot. Fractional Crystallization Chromatography Centrifugation Distillation Laws of Chemical Combustion The law of Conservation of mass States that matter is neither created nor destroyed during chemical reaction but changes from one form to another C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H20 Sugar Oxygen CO2 H20 The law of definite proportions States that all pure samples of a particular chemical compound contains similar elements combined in the same proportion of mass H20 0 H2 - 2 amu - 16 amu - (2) 1:8 16

The law of multiple proportions States that if two elements A and B combine to form more than one chemical compound, then the various masses of one element A which combine separately with a fixed mass of the other element B are in simple multiple ratio