1

Statistical Inference and Hypothesis Testing

Q=1 A random sample of 100 observations from a population with standard deviation 60 yielded a
sample mean of 100.
(a) Test the null hypothesis that =100 against the alternative hypothesis (100) using =0.05.
(b) Test the null hypothesis that =100 against the alternative hypothesis (>100) using =0.05
Answer=1 (a)
( )
n SD
X
Z
/

=
Null Hypothesis: H
0
: =100 (so, 100 is the test value).
Alternative Hypothesis: H
1
: 100
SD=60, n=100, X =100
Under H
0
, Z= (100-100)/60/100=0
So, if test value is equal to the mean value of the sample, there is no need to test.
In such a situation, we will always accept the null hypothesis. Z tabulated value at =0.05 is 1.96
(two-tailed). So, we have to compare the calculated value of Z test with 1.96 in the case of two-
tailed at =0.05.
Answer=1 (b)
In this situation also, we will accept the null hypothesis. Result will not differ in comparison to
Q=1(a). So, when test value is equal to the mean value then there is no need to apply the test and in
such a situation we will always accept the null hypothesis. In case of one-tailed the tabulated value
of Z is 1.645 at =0.05.

2
Q=2 A random sample of 100 observations from a population with standard deviation 60 yielded a
sample mean of 100.
(a) Test the null hypothesis that =111 against the alternative hypothesis (111) using =0.05.
(b) Test the null hypothesis that =111 against the alternative hypothesis (>111) using =0.05
Explain why the results differ.
Answer=2 (a)
( )
n SD
X
Z
/

=
Null Hypothesis: H
0
: =111 (so, 111 is the test value).
Alternative Hypothesis: H
1
: 111
SD=60, n=100, X =100
Under H
0
, Z= (100-111)/60/100=-11*10/60=-1.83 (ignore the sign because normal distribution is
symmetric).
Z tabulated value at =0.05 is 1.96 (two-tailed). So, we have to compare the calculated value of Z
test with 1.96 in the case of two-tailed at =0.05. Since calculated value of Z is less than 1.96, we will
accept the null hypothesis at =0.05.
Answer=2 (b)
Null Hypothesis: H
0
: =111 (so, 111 is the test value).
Alternative Hypothesis: H
1
: >111
In this situation, result will differ in comparison to Q=2(a). In case of one-tailed, the tabulated value
of Z is 1.645 at =0.05. Since calculated value of Z (1.83) is greater than the tabulated value of 1.645,
we will reject the null hypothesis.

3
Q=3 A random sample of 100 observations from a population with standard deviation 60 yielded a
sample mean of 100.
(a) Test the null hypothesis that =0 against the alternative hypothesis (0) using =0.05.
(b) Test the null hypothesis that =0 against the alternative hypothesis (>0) using =0.05
Answer=3 (a)
( )
n SD
X
Z
/

=
Null Hypothesis: H
0
: =0 (so, 0 is the test value).
Alternative Hypothesis: H
1
: 0
SD=60, n=100, X =100
Under H
0
, Z= (100-0)/60/100=100*10/60=16.67
Z tabulated value at =0.05 is 1.96 (two-tailed). So, we have to compare the calculated value of Z
test statistic with 1.96 in the case of two-tailed at =0.05. Since calculated value of Z is greater than
1.96, we will reject the null hypothesis at =0.05 and conclude that 0.
Answer=3 (b)
Null Hypothesis: H
0
: =0 (so, 0 is the test value).
Alternative Hypothesis: H
1
: >0
In case of one-tailed, the tabulated value of Z is 1.645 at =0.05. Since calculated value of Z (16.67)
is greater than the tabulated value of 1.645, we will reject the null hypothesis and conclude that
>0.

4
Q=4 The heights of 10 males of a given locality are found to be as follows:
70, 67, 62, 68, 61, 68, 70, 64, 64, 66 inches.
Is it reasonable to believe that the average height is greater than 64 inches?
Answer=4
Since sample is small, the test statistic is
( )
n SD
X
t
/

=
Null Hypothesis: H
0
: =64 (so, 64 is the test value).
Alternative Hypothesis: H
1
: >64
Mean of given data set is 66.0 and SD=3.16
t= (66-64)/3.16/10=2.0 (calculated value)
The tabulated value of t-statistic at 9 d.f. and =0.05 (one-tailed) is 1.833
Since calculated value is greater than the tabulated value, we will reject the null hypothesis. We can
believe that mean height is greater than 64 inches.
What will be the finding if alternative hypothesis was two-tailed (answer it).
Q=5
As part of an investigation of the development of infant sleep patterns, the sleep of 20 infants (10
male and 10 female) was monitored on several occasions between 1 week and 6 months of age. The
quiet sleep results (in minutes) at 1 week of age for the 20 study infants follow.
(a) Is there evidence of a difference in quiet sleep behavior between two genders?
(b) Is there evidence that male mean quiet sleep behavior is higher than female?
Quiet sleep
(male)
85 129 215 143 44 173 230 198 105 127
Quiet sleep
(female)
140 155 33 209 166 72 116 131 97 124
5
Answer=5 (a)
Let m x (read as x bar m) and f x (read as x bar f) denote the mean value of male sleep and female
sleep (in minutes), respectively.
H
0
: m x = f x
H
1
: m x f x
Mean value of male sleep ( m x ) =144.90 and mean value of female sleep ( f x ) =124.30
Variance for male sleep data set is S
m
2
=3522.54 and for female data set is S
]
2
=2448.01.
The test statistic is
2 1
1 1
n n
s
x x
t
p
f m
+

=
Where S
p
2
=Pooled Variance
S
p
2
=
{(n
1
-1)S
m
2
+(n
2
-1)S
]
2
]
{n
1
-1 +n
2
-1]
S
p
2
=
{9-3522.54+9-2448.01]
{10-1+10-1]
=2985.275
S
p
=54.64

t= {144.90-124.30}/ {54.64*sqrt (2/10)}
t=0.84; d.f. =18
Tabulated value of t at =0.05 and d.f. =18 is 2.101 (two-tailed). Since calculated value is less than
tabulated value then we will accept the null hypothesis and we conclude that there is no evidence of
a difference in quiet sleep behavior between two genders.
Answer=5 (b)
H
0
: m x = f x
H
1
: m x > f x
Tabulated value of t at =0.05 and d.f. =18 is 1.734 (one-tailed). Since calculated value is less than
tabulated value then we will accept the null hypothesis and we conclude that there is no evidence
that male mean quiet sleep behavior is higher than female.

6
Q=6 As part of a study to determine the effects of a certain oral contraceptive on weight
gain; nine healthy females were weighted at the beginning of a course of oral contraceptive
use. They were reweighed after 3 months. Results are given below. Do the results suggest
evidence of weight gain?
Subject Initial weight (LBS) 3 - Months weight
(LBS)
1 120 123
2 141 143
3 130 140
4 150 145
5 135 140
6 140 143
7 120 118
8 140 141
9 130 132
Answer=6 Let W
b
denote the mean weight of women before and W
a
denote the mean weight after taking the
contraceptive pills, respectively.
H
0
: J

=
W
a
-W
b
=0

H
1
:
W
a
>W
b
, that is, J

>0 (one-tailed).

( )
n d SD
d
t
/ ) (
=
Subject Initial
weight
(LBS)
3 - Months
weight
(LBS) di=Before-After (di-d
-
) (di-d
-
)
2
1 120 123
-3 -0.89 0.7901
2 141 143
-2 0.11 0.0123
3 130 140
-10 -7.89 62.2346
4 150 145
5 7.11 50.5679
5 135 140
-5 -2.89 8.3457
6 140 143
-3 -0.89 0.7901
7 120 118
2 4.11 16.9012
8 140 141
-1 1.11 1.2346
9 130 132
-2 0.11 0.0123
Total -19 140.8889
Mean -2.11
Variance 17.61111
SD 4.20
7
t=-2.11/4.20/sqrt(9)=1.509 (ignore the sign).
Tabulated value of t at =0.05 and d.f. =8 is 1.860 (one-tailed).
Since calculated value of t-statistic is less than the tabulated value. We will accept the null
hypothesis. The conclusion is that there is no evidence of weight gain among women after taking the
contraceptive pills.
OR
One can calculate d
i
like:
Subject Initial
weight
(LBS)
3 -
Months
weight
(LBS)
d
i
=After-Before (di-d
-
) (di-d
-
)
2
1 120 123
3 0.89 0.7901
2 141 143
2 -0.11 0.0123
3 130 140
10 7.89 62.2346
4 150 145
-5 -7.11 50.5679
5 135 140
5 2.89 8.3457
6 140 143
3 0.89 0.7901
7 120 118
-2 -4.11 16.9012
8 140 141
1 -1.11 1.2346
9 130 132
2 -0.11 0.0123
Total 19 140.8889
Mean 2.11
Variance 17.6111
SD 4.20