Dr. Khan, This year has been a very productive year for team CoolBody.

Over the summer it was observed that overheating was a very common problem among athletes and medical patients. With this in mind, the team decided to focus a senior design project around this issue. Thus, the objective of the CoolBody project became to develop an athletic shirt that would allow the user to cool and monitor their core temperature. To complete this objective, the team conducted much research and testing. In order to find the appropriate starting place and to gain as much knowledge about the topic as possible, the team conducted a large literature search. This included not only studying the competition, but learning the basics, such as fabric selection as well. Experimental findings of similar clothing products were also studied. Using the ideas and knowledge gained during this search, the team began an extensive array of material tests. These tests were primarily focused on fabric selection and enhancing the teams knowledge of the gel being used. Once the appropriate combination of materials was determined, a second research effort was conducted in order to determine features of the planned prototypes such as the amount and location of cooling. When all of this was complete, the team began prototype construction. Six prototypes were constructed, taking an average of about eighteen hours each. With these, the team was able to complete two large tests. The purpose of these two tests was to validate the performance of the prototypes as well as to determine the marketability of the CoolBody shirt as an athletic and medical product. Product validation was accomplished through inner-team testing using a V02 machine and performing a failure test with and without a CoolBody prototype. Marketability was determined through perception testing using volunteers within the University of Portland Community. More perception testing with M. S. Patients may continue this summer. In conclusion, the CoolBody team has completed the development, validation, marketing and finance phases of the project. The team will be competing in the 100K competition to gain resources for starting a company. If there are any questions concerning this project please do not hesitate to contact team captain Aaron Morris at morris12@up.edu. Respectfully, Aaron Morris, Cassie Kuwahara, Greg Kachmarik, Jacob Lampe, and Zach McMullen

Received by: Dr. Khan, Dr. OHalloran, Mr. Chris Galati

UNIVERSITY OF PORTLAND School of Engineering

ME 482A Mechanical Engineering Project II

CoolBody 4/20/2012

Submitted To: Dr. Khalid Khan M.E. Department, University of Portland

Technical Advisor: Dr. Steven OHalloran M.E. Department, University of Portland

Industrial Advisor: Mr. Chris Galati NW Natural Gas Company, Portland, OR

TABLE OF CONTENTS TOPIC Executive Summary Introduction... Background Discussion.. Conclusions and Recommendations. References. Attachments Attachment 1 - Design Proposal 1.1 Completed Charter 1.2 Schedule 1.3 Itemized Budget Attachment 2 - Prototype Memo 2.1 Results 2.2 Test Setup 2.3 Test Data 2.4 Calculations Attachment 3 Mid-Project Memo 3.1 Design Decision Documentation 3.2 Engineering Drawings 3.3 Financials Attachment 4 Other Design Decision Documents .................................................. 4A Crystal Absorption 4B Temperature Location 4C Temperature Device Calibration 4D Polymer Crystal Water Evaporation 1 4E Stitching 4F Cristal Absorption 2 4G VO2 4H Perception Attachment 5 Deliverables ...................................................................................... Attachment 6 Action Item Log ............................................................................... PAGE 3 3 4 5 16 17

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34

48

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100 103

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Our thanks go out to: Chris Galati David Barnes Cecily ORielly Brady Anderson Dr. Lulay Dr. Khan Dr. Lu Craig Henry Dr. Ali Allen Hansen + Staff Professor Lafrenze Dr. Flann Dr. Martin Mr. Wilson Bright and staff Ms. Carol Choutka Dr. Bard Industry Advisor, NW Natural Gas Advisor, NW Natural Gas Advisor, Adidas Advisor, Adidas ME 481 Professor ME 482 Professor Electrical Engineering Professor Electrical Technician MD Neurologist Shop Technician Biology Professor Biology Professor Biology Professor RCT Fabrics Oregon Multiple Sclerosis Society Chemistry Professor

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The objective of the CoolBody project was to develop an athletic shirt that would allow the user to both cool and monitor his or her core temperature. This was in response to the observation that overheating is a frequent problem among members of both athletic and medical communities.

The team has successfully completed research, development, validation, marketing, and finance for the CoolBody athletic shirt. First semester, the team transitioned from an initial literature search and material testing to the initial prototype construction. Second semester the team completed the construction of six prototypes and used them to perform concept validation and perception tests.

Having completed a VO2 test and perception testing, the team has found that the there is some empirical evidence that the shirt provides some energy saving and that many people find the shirt to provide cooling. The best application for the shirt is any activity with convection, high heat, and low humidity such as cycling or running. More research would further determine the effectiveness and best application for the CoolBody shirt.

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this report is to discuss the CoolBody project, what CoolBody is, what the team accomplished, and future plans. CoolBody is an athletic shirt that cools the user. It uses natural

body heat to evaporate water from a gel. The gel was strategically placed in order to provide the maximum amount of cooling. The shirt is primarily made out of lycra with a sphere textured wickaway material sewn on top of the strategic locations to create pouches for the gel. The shirt also has the option to provide the user with an ear temperature measurement device that enables the user to complete a safer and smarter workout. Team CoolBody created two different styles of athletic shirts to test, one for men and one for women.

The team has completed much research, testing, and product validation. Through VO2 testing, the team has found the shirt to save the user energy at the beginning of exercise. Perception testing has shown the product to be cooling, comfortable, and purchasable. With this knowledge, the team will enter the 100K challenge on April 21, 2012 in hopes to gain enough funding to start a business around the product.

BACKGROUND

The CoolBody idea stemmed from the problem of overheating during exercise or outdoor activities. Soaking clothing in water was observed to decrease this problem but this often resulted in an uncomfortable short-term solution. Products such as ice pack vests and headbands containing the polymer crystal gel were also observed to aid in decreasing this problem; however, these options lacked in comfort and practicality. Thus, the idea of an athletic shirt with cooling veins was born. In addition, research has suggested that between 60-80% of M.S. patients display temperature dependent symptoms (Syndulko 24). While patients are told to maintain a healthy and active life style, exercise can raise core body temperature and provoke

these symptoms. Thus, the idea of tailoring the product to M.S. patients by enabling them to monitor their body temperature was incorporated into the project.

Using clothing to cool the user is very counter-intuitive. Articles such as Clothing and Thermoregulation During Exercise (Wendt 669-682) have shown that clothing generally increases body temperature; however, the concept of using clothing to cool the user has been proven and discussed in articles such as Design and performance of personal cooling garments based on three-layer laminates (Rothmaler 825-832). In addition, the effects of using cooling clothing on M.S. patients have been proven in articles such as Cooling Suit for Multiple Sclerosis: Functional Improvement in Daily Living (Kinnman 20-24).

DISCUSSION

The objective of the CoolBody project was to develop an athletic shirt that would allow the user to cool and monitor their core temperature. To achieve this goal, the following criteria table was developed. The first priority was to achieve the project objective. This would be accomplished by making a product that produces at least 1.5C cooler core temperature during exercise. It was later realized that 1.5C degrees cooler is not realistic given body thermoregulation. It was decided that 250 watts of cooling to aid thermoregulation should be the new criteria. Along with producing the target cooling, the project would be a complete failure if it were not safe to use in its intended manor. As well as being functional and safe, the garments must be reusable and washable. The garments were too costly and labor intensive to be a onetime use item.

Table 1- Design Criteria # Criteria 1 Cool User Priority Description Essential In common environmental conditions the product will cool the user during exercise through the evaporative cooling of the crystals. The quantifiable goal is to aid thermoregulation with 250 watts at room temperature with light convection. Essential Does not cause harm to users or others. High Product is able to be machine washed and worn repeatedly without showing signs of wear over 6 months of bi-weekly use High Product will provide readings accurate to within 1 degree Celsius. Medium The benefits of use during daily or athletic activity for extended periods of time outweigh any potential discomfort. (A test and survey next semester will determine if this goal is met. Iterative feedback is necessary.) Medium Individual prototype cost will not exceed $100. Medium All processes surrounding the use of thermometer and controls, washing, hydrating, removal and addition of crystal pouches if applicable will be relatively simple and require little learning or effort. Low Have aesthetic properties that prevent the user from being embarrassed during use. Low Product is nontoxic and disposable, possibly recyclable.

2 Safe 3 Reusable and washable

4 Provide reliable body temperature reading 5 Comfortable

6 Affordable/inexpensive 7 Easy to operate

8 Stylish 9 Environmentally friendly

CoolBody Shirt Design

Gel In order to determine the feasibility of using the planned cross-linked polymer gel, as well as the amount of gel to be used, it was necessary for the team to determine both the gels rate of water absorption as well as the total amount of water able to be absorbed. Accordingly, a test was designed and undertaken in order to determine these critical material properties.

The absorption test conducted was composed of several iterations of placing a measured amount of crystals into a known amount of water to soak for a specific time interval. For each iteration the amount of crystals and water remained constant; however, the soak time was increased. Thus, the rate of absorption from thirty seconds to two hours was obtained as well as the approximate maximum amount of water able to be absorbed. The rate of absorption was found to exponentially decay as the time interval was increased, but it was averaged to be about 0.02 grams of water per second over the course of the two hours. The mass of the crystals was found to increase by 300% after the two hours of soaking. For more information on this test see Attachment 4A Crystal Absorption, and 4F Crystal Absorption 2.

In order be able to estimate the prototypes effectiveness as well as the amount of gel needed per shirt, it was necessary not only to discern the absorption properties of the gel, but to measure its evaporative properties as well. Accordingly, a test was designed to allow the team to measure these material properties.

The test conducted compared the evaporation rate of the saturated polymer to a control sample of plain tap water when both were in a primarily conductive heat transfer environment. This was completed by filling one beaker with saturated crystals and another with plain tap water, both having the same initial mass and temperature. Both beakers were then set upon a hot plate and periodic mass measurements were taken. The evaporation results found stated that the crystals had an average evaporation rate of 0.05 g/m while water control sample averaged that of 0.13 g/m. When these results were calculated into cooling values, they revealed that the plain water sample produced 2.45 times more cooling than the crystals. For more information concerning
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this test please refer to the Polymer Crystal Water Evaporation Test Memorandum located in Attachment 4D.

Although the evaporation rate of plain water was shown to be faster than that of the crystals in a high temperature pure conduction environment, it was hypothesized that at body temperature with light convection the gel might have an adequate evaporation rate. In addition, the wicking effects of the fabric might also increase the rate of evaporation. The team later conducted an evaporation test with layered fabrics as will be discussed in the fabric section.

Stitching In order to hold the gel into the shirt, it was decided to stitch the gel between two pieces of fabric. To determine the best stich to sew the gel pouches, the team conducted a short experiment. A basic Baby Lock sewing machine was used in this experiment. The team was limited to six stretch stiches to test. A pouch for with each stitch was created, and then a small amount of crystals were added to each pouch. The pouches went through a rigorous test of stretching, twisting, and stuffing to determine the flex and strength of the stitch as well as the ability to hold crystals. This process was done with both crystals and gel. The test resulted in a zigzag stitch being most effective. More information on this test can be obtained by viewing the memorandum located in Attachment 4E Stitching.

Fabric Having determined the stitch the next step in creating the CoolBody shirt was to determine the fabrics to be used. A layer combination for the shirts gel pouches a test was performed. The

team selected four types of fabric, with help of Rose City Textile Fabrics, to create ten different layer combinations. The ten layer combinations went through two tests, one to test convection and the other for conduction. The conduction test results showed the pouch with sphere texture wickaway on the bottom and lycra on top had a gel mass loss of 11.1%. The convection test

results showed the lycra on the bottom and sphere texture wickaway on top had a gel mass loss of 17.3%. Based on the experiment sphere textured wickaway and lycra were definitely the teams best choice of fabric layer. Since the sphere texture wickaway on top and the lycra on the bottom showed the greatest percent mass loss, this was chosen for use on the CoolBody shirt. A detailed memorandum of this test is located on Attachment 2 Prototype Memo.

Gel Placement Through research and personal experience, the team decided that covering the entire area of the garment with gel would not be advantageous. The weight of the shirt was the first concern. To determine the amount of gel that should be in a shirt, a second absorption test was conducted. The second absorption test had same procedure as the first but with shorter time intervals. For the sake of convenience, the team decided that the user should not have to soak the shirt for more than 20 minutes. From the test it was determined that in 20 minutes the polymer absorbed 130 times its mass in water. Using the evaporation rate of 17% in 40 minutes it was calculated that for 250 watts of cooling 1.6 liters of water is required. For details see Attachment4F Polymer Crystal Absorption Test 2.

The next concern for the team was where to place the gel on the garment. Since the body has a pre-existing cooling system, the team decided it would be best to cool areas that the body does

not thermally regulate well. To determine these locations, the team performed a gel location test. Thermal images of a test subject before and after running on a treadmill allowed the team to determine the specific hot spots where cooling aid was needed. In addition to placing the gel in warmer locations, ease of motion was a concern. When designing the gel pattern, the locations that impeded motions, such as inside the armpit and on the elbow were avoided. Locations along veins and arteries were also targeted.

The extra weight stored in the gel also determined where the gel was placed. Appropriate weight bearing locations such as the shoulders and torso were chosen. After all the technical aspects of the gel location were taken into consideration, style was considered. The final product was comfortable, produced maximum cooling, and contained an element of fashion.

Core Temperature Feedback System

Power As the team researched and gained background knowledge on multiple sclerosis, it became apparent that it would be very useful to include a core temperature feedback system in the design. The first design decision necessary for the temperature feedback system was to determine how the device would be powered. The possibility of harnessing the bodys heat with thermoelectric generators was the first considered. After simple research and calculations, the feasibility of acquiring enough power from the generators required numerous generators. This would be bulky and too heavy for an athletic garment. The team decided upon powering the device with watch batteries due to their small size, lightweight and longevity.

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Temperature Location The next step in designing the temperature feedback system was to decide where and how to take temperature readings. The team toyed with the possibilities of skin temperature, oral temperature, intestinal temperature, and tympanic (ear) temperature. A Temperature Location Test as seen in Attachment 3.1 was used to determine the location and type of temperature sensor used. The data derived from the experiment allowed the team to make the informed decision to utilize an infrared tympanic sensor.

Display A sensor alone would not allow the user to determine their core temperature. A digital display and a computer chip would be necessary to process the information received from the sensor for the digital display. The team determined that a logical placement for a digital display would be on the wrist of the garment. With this location, the person wearing the garment would be able to read their core temperature at any time during their exercise as easily as looking at a wristwatch. A simple three digit digital display was determined sufficient for the readout.

Micro-processing and Calibration The computer chip was the most time consuming and arduous portion of the tympanic temperature feedback system. Since every one of the team members were mechanical engineering students with very little experience with such matters, outside help was necessary. By utilizing an Arduino Uno chip, a circuit that combined all three portions (sensor, chip, and

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display) of the system was constructed. After the device was constructed, the process of calibrating the sensor was required.

To calibrate the sensor for its intended use, a blackbody device was constructed and testing was done resembling the guidelines laid out by ASTM standard E1965-98(2009). The black body device was constructed out of thin-walled copper tubing and plate, some 2 delrin stock, and black paint designed to replicate the inner ear. Based off of the calibration data, it was decided that the I.R. sensor was already calibrated accurately. This was visible in both consistently low error values and in the temperature comparison plot, by producing a trend line with slope near 1 and a bias of zero. The experiment did not, however, validate that the sensor was perfectly suitable for its purpose and was within the predetermined tolerances. This is likely due to experimental error. Another test is recommended. The test setup and experimental data from this calibration can be viewed in Attachment 4C.

Integration The final portion of the systems development was to integrate the system into the garment and make sure it was comfortable to wear. The first issue faced with integrating the thermometer into the garment was that it needed to be washable. After a long brainstorming session, the team resolved to shrink-wrap the chip and display portion. As for the sensor, the team chose to employ a quick release connection to the chip. A headphone cord connecting the sensor to the chip was chosen because it would be easily unplugged and taken out for washing purposes. After miniaturizing the circuitry and adding the headphone jack, the Arduino chip stopped working. With more time a new chip could be purchased for a once again functional prototype. A small

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pocket with a display opening could be sewn into the garment so the chip and display would be easily installed and removed for washing. A wire-based earpiece was designed and constructed to hold the tympanic sensor in the inner ear. The design was based on athletic headphones, which already exist on the market.

CoolBody Validation

Energy Consumption In order to determine the effectiveness of the Athletic shirt, the team conducted a VO2 test. A VO2 test measures the volume of oxygen that an individual uses during exercise. By measuring the volume of oxygen consumed by the participant, a quantitative measure of energy used can be obtained. Two rounds of volume of oxygen (VO2) testing were performed by CoolBody team members. Each subject participated in the test twice, once while wearing the CoolBody shirt and once while wearing a loose fitting, short sleeve shirt made of a synthetic fabric. By comparing the energy used with the CoolBody shirt on to the energy used with an alternative synthetic shirt on a quantitative measure of energy savings due to the cooling properties of the shirt was obtained. However, the data collected in the testing demonstrated no statistically significant energy reduction over the entire workout while using the CoolBody shirt. Data did suggest that some energy savings may be possible near the onset of exercise. For details see Attachment 4G VO2 Test.

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Human Perception Like any potential product, it was deemed necessary to determine the marketability of the CoolBody Prototype. A group of twenty-one voluntary subjects was chosen from within the University of Portland community. The subjects completed an initial concept feedback survey, a week trial with a CoolBody prototype, and a post use questionnaire. The subjects also participated in a focus group discussion after the week trail.

The results from the initial concept survey showed that over 75% of the subjects had experienced cooling issued in the past year and over 95% of them would be willing to purchase a shirt that provides extra cooling. The results from post-use questionnaires showed that the subjects ranked comfort, cooling, and purchase-ability of the prototype at 6.54, 6.82, and 6.24 out of 10 respectively. The overall results from the perception test showed that most subjects would be interested in purchasing the product, but it still needs some design improvements. The product could improve with further modifications such as creating a short sleeve model, decreasing size, changing to a lighter color, and making the fit more consistent. For more details see Attachment 4H Perception Test.

Feasibility Study

For a product to be feasible it must be manufacturable, marketable, and profitable. The CoolBody team performed an analysis to test these criteria.

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Manufacturing The CoolBody prototype was developed using materials from existing products, the shirt was then hand sewn and stuffed by team members. The individual shirt construction time was upwards of 18 hours and material costs were $60. The team focused on streamlining processes using production line concepts by making fabric templates and assigning each person a different task. In the end, CoolBody contracted out sewing and cut production time down to approximately 9 hours. CoolBody underwent initial negotiations with manufacturers in the area in order to determine how much production costs could be diminished with a highly automated, high production order. Estimates ranged between $30 and $65 per shirt.

Marketing CoolBodys product finds itself in an odd position, somewhere between sports apparel mega companies like Nike and Adidas, and niche medical product companies. This unique positioning provides CoolBody with some disadvantages. Without the high production capabilities and deep pockets of large sports apparel companies it will be difficult to compete with them on a price basis. Yet, CoolBody has the opportunity to position itself in the market as a high performance athletic and medical product. Therefore, a higher price point may be advantageous from a financial perspective as well as from a marketing perspective.

Financing As discussed above, price point and market capitalization will be key factors for CoolBody as a startup company in a highly competitive market. CoolBody is planning on developing a web based retail store, focused on reaching the highly competitive extreme sports and medical

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communities via web based marketing and at strategic event appearances. A web based plan will help to reduce operating costs and allow for a more organic growth strategy. In addition, it is planned to implement exclusive distribution to specialty shops. This will simultaneously create a status-quo for the product as well as introduce it to the desired target market through trusted vendors. Manufacturing will be contracted out, again to reduce startup costs. A price point and growth plan is currently being developed in a business plan and will vary based on negotiations with manufacturing.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Throughout the length of the project, the team has accomplished almost every design criteria. The team produced a safe, reusable, washable, comfortable product. The garment is stylish according to the opinion of focus groups and test subjects. The design is reusable and washable which makes it environmentally friendly. The manufacturing process and fabric choices are currently more costly than desired, but with refinement and mass production techniques, the product could be produced affordably. The temperature feedback system has not been tested in its intended application, but the design is promising and the components have adequate resolution.

Validation of the cooling power of the shirt has not been fully proven. VO2 testing showed some evidence of energy savings early in the workout. Overall the test did not have enough subjects to have conclusive results. Perception testing showed that most people found the shirt cooling, comfortable, and purchasable. The product could improve with further modifications such as

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creating a short sleeve model, decreasing size, changing to a lighter color, exploring other gels, and making the fit more consistent.

In conclusion, team CoolBody has completed the entire process of exploring an innovative product. The team has developed an idea, validated its effectiveness, sought consumer feedback, and researched the market and finances. Believing to have found a place for CoolBody both in the high performance athletic and the medical market, the next step for team CoolBody is to compete in University of Portlands $100K competition. Should this prove successful, the team will have gained enough additional resources to start a small business around the product.

REFERENCE

Douglass, Claudia, Judith Goodenough, Betty McGuire, and Robert A. Wallace. Study Guide [for] Biology of Humans, Concepts, Applications, and Issues, Second Edition [by] Goodenough, McGuire, Wallace. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2007. Print. Kinnman, Jorgen. "Cooling Suit for Multiple Sclerosis: Functional Improvement in Daily Living." Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 32.1 (2000): 20-24. Print. <http://up.worldcat.org/title/cooling-suit-for-multiple-sclerosis-functional-improvementin-daily-living/oclc/365979075&referer=brief_res>. Rothmaier, M. "Design and Performance of Personal Cooling Garments Based on Three-Layer Laminates." Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing. 46.8 (2008): 825-832.

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Print. <http://up.worldcat.org/title/design-and-performance-of-personal-coolinggarments-based-on-three-layer-laminates/oclc/438344032&referer=brie>. Syndulko, K., M. Jafari, A. Woldanski, R. W. Baumhefner, and W. W. Tourtellotte. "Effects of Temperature in Multiple Sclerosis: A Review of the Literature."Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 10.1 (1996): 23-34. Print. Wendt, Daniel. "Thermoregulation during Exercise in the Heat: Strategies for Maintaining Health and Performance."Sports Medicine. 37.8 (2007): 669-682. Print. <http://up.worldcat.org/title/thermoregulation-during-exercise-in-the-heat-strategies-formaintaining-health-and-performance/o>.

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Attachment 1 Design Proposal

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THE UNIVERSITY OF PORTLAND 5000 N Willamette Blvd. Portland, OR 97203

Senior Design Project Proposal

Team Cool Body
Mechanical Engineering Project I ME 481A Dr. Kenneth Lulay 10/4/2011

Submitted To: Chris Galati

Submitted by: Zachary McMullen Cassie Kuwahara Greg Kachmarik Aaron Morris Jacob Lampe

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Executive Summary Team CoolBody, a senior design group at the University of Portland, is made up of group members, Zachary McMullen, Greg Kachmarik, Aaron Morris, Jacob Lampe, and Cassie Kuwahara. The team is designing an evaporative cooling athletic shirt that will both lower body temperature as well as monitor it with the use of a thermometer and digital read out. The shirt will help athletes maintain a lower body temperature during workout and thus, extend the possible length and intensity of their training, resulting in improved performance. In addition to athletes, the shirt will also be targeted towards helping Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patience to track and manage their temperature related symptoms. The CoolBody team will utilize the evaporative cooling ability of a crystal comprised primarily of cross linked acrylamide/acrylic acid copolymer that can absorb up to 600 times its body weight in water. The crystal will run along veins in the shirt that parallel the bodys major arteries. The blood within the arteries will be cooled and then circulated throughout the body. In addition to its cooling ability, the shirt will also be fitted with a thermometer that will monitor the users body temperature throughout a workout. For a one off shirt of this magnitude, cost will be high. The goal of the design team is to develop the first prototype for under $100 dollars. The crystals are the least expensive component at $10 per pound (with only a few ounces being used per shirt) and the thermometer and related equipment will be the most expensive, ranging from $7 to about $40 dollars, depending on the accuracy and type. Introduction This document serves to introduce you to the CoolBody project, what the project idea stems from, and what the project goals are. It will also explain several of the projects intricacies as far as design and technology used, and discuss any possible outside aid in design and construction. Other topics included are background information, goals, alternatives being considered, sketches, and scheduling. The purpose of the CoolBody Project is to design, assemble, and test a cooling and temperature monitoring athletic shirt. This shirt will be soaked in water to cool the user through the evaporative cooling as water absorbed in a polymer crystal gel transitions from liquid to vapor. This gel will be stored in veins sewn throughout the shirt. The shirt will also give the user a digital readout of body temperature so that the user can complete a safer and smarter workout. Once sufficient testing and research have been completed, the team also plans to tailor the shirt towards aiding patients with Multiple Sclerosis monitor and control their symptoms. Background The CoolBody Project stemmed from the problem of overheating during exercise or outdoor activity. Soaking clothing in water was observed to decrease this problem but this often resulted in an uncomfortable short term solution. Products such as ice pack vests and headbands containing polymer crystal gel were also observed to aid in decreasing this problem; however these options lacked in comfort and practicality as well. Thus, the idea of an athletic shirt with cooling veins was born. In addition, research has suggested that between 60-80% of M.S. patients display temperature dependent symptoms (Syndulko 24). While patients are told to maintain a healthy and active life style, exercise can 21

raise core body temperature and provoke these symptoms. Thus, the idea of tailoring the product to M.S. patients by enabling them to monitor their body temperature was incorporated into the project. Using clothing to cool the user is very counter-intuitive. Articles such as Clothing and Thermoregulation During Exercise (Wendt 669-682) have shown that clothing generally increases body temperature; however, the concept of using clothing to cool the user has been proven and discussed in articles such as Design and performance of personal cooling garments based on three-layer laminates (Rothmaler 825-832). In addition, the effects of using cooling clothing on M.S. patients have been proven in articles such as Cooling Suit for Multiple Sclerosis: Functional Improvement in Daily Living (Kinnman 20-24). Proposed Program The intent is to create a tool to asses and assist body cooling during a workout. To do this the CoolBody team will use cooling gel and a temperature feedback in an athletic shirt. The tool should be especially helpful for people with multiple sclerosis. Cooling the body is the most essential criteria. The cooling will be done using water absorbing polymers. The preliminary goal is to cool the skin temperature 0.5 degrees Celsius. The second essential objective is to enable a safe workout experience. Toxic materials or designs that might cause harm will not be acceptable. The product must be environmentally friendly and not wasteful. Also it must be made clear that this shirt will not be a solution to overheating for athletes or M.S. patients but only a helpful tool to aid in cooling, especially during exercise. The shirt must be usable and washable so that users will be satisfied with their investment. Team CoolBody set a goal of showing no signs of wear after 6 months of bi-weekly use (52 cycles). The shirt must also be comfortable; this will be confirmed through product testing and consumer feedback. A temperature reading will be taken. This must have enough relative resolution and accuracy to give meaningful feedback to the user. Accuracy to 1 degree Celsius must be accomplished and more accuracy is a high priority. The shirt must be affordable with prototyping cost of less than $100 (per shirt). Easy operation and an aesthetically pleasing appearance are also important for product adoption. The design being considered involves an athletic shirt with small pouches/veins of water absorbing crystals. The pouches/veins will be sewn into the shirt or be removable pouches, as shown in Figure 1. The function of the pouch/veins will be to hold the gel and promote evaporation. These pouches/veins must be positioned in biologically effective areas. It is hypothesized that the best location will be along major arteries because the body naturally uses the cardiovascular system in conjunction with the integumentary system to cool the body through perspiration and circulation (Douglass). Thus warm blood will be cooled and circulated through the body, lowering body temperature.

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Figure 1.1: Athletic Shirt Sketch

Since people with multiple sclerosis typically have heat related symptoms and their nervous system has irregular and/or impaired functionality a body thermometer will be used to give feedback to the user. Potential locations for this are ear, mouth, back of neck, forehead, temple, and armpit. The system used for temperature reading will potentially be a freezer thermometer or customized Arduino chip with display. There is potential for a heart rate monitor; though, that concept will not be pursued unless the rest of the criteria are fully accomplished. After conducting research on thermoelectric generators it was decided that, though it would be novel and an environmentally friendly thing to do, it will not be part of this project. The project is large enough without it and producing enough energy to power a temperature device and display would require an electrical engineering background. To complete this project, it is planned to have a working shirt and thermometer device by the end of this semester and to conduct human testing next semester. To do this, the team outlined a few major milestones. The first major milestone is to meet with Chris Galati, the teams industrial advisor on or before October 7th. Next, is to determine the amount of crystals in the pouches after completing the absorption, evaporation, and heat retention gel tests. This is to be done by October 10th. The temperature monitor location must also be determined by October 10th. The Stitching and Fabric must be decided by October 25th after testing evaporative cooling effects (i.e. cooling capacity) of various

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stitching and fabric designs. The thermometer device must be completed by November 15th and the shirt must be constructed by November 9th. Testing on Athletes must be completed by February 26th and Testing on people with Multiple Sclerosis will be completed by May 15th. For a more detailed schedule including several more milestones see Attachment 1. 2. Table 1.2- Design Criteria

# Criteria 1 Cool User

2 Safe 3 Reusable and washable

4 Provide reliable body temperature reading 5 Comfortable

6 Affordable/inexpensive 7 Easy to operate

8 Stylish 9 Environmentally friendly

Priority Description Essential In common environmental conditions the product will cool the user during exercise through the evaporative cooling of the crystals. Preliminary goal is for the skin temperature should be at 1.5 degrees Celsius less than a control skin temperature reading. Essential Does not cause harm to users or others. High Product is able to be machine washed and worn repeatedly without showing signs of wear over 6 months of bi-weekly use High Product will provide readings accurate to within 1 degree Celsius. Medium The benefits of use during daily or athletic activity for extended periods of time outweigh any potential discomfort. (A test and survey next semester will determine if this goal is met. Iterative feedback is necessary.) Medium Individual prototype cost will not exceed $100. Medium All processes surrounding the use of thermometer and controls, washing, hydrating, removal and addition of crystal pouches if applicable will be relatively simple and require little learning or effort. Low Have aesthetic properties that prevent the user from being embarrassed during use. Low Product is nontoxic and disposable, possibly recyclable.

Outside Support Team CoolBody plans to do most of the design and production work for this project on their own. However, the group is working closely with engineering and physiology professors at the University of Portland. The teams faculty advisor, Dr. Steven OHalloran, is helping with the development of equations and experiment theories. If they decide to build their own thermometer circuit, assistance from Dr. Peter Osterberg and other electrical engineering professors will be acquired. The group may also ask assistance from computer science professors if programming a memory chip for the thermometer becomes a problem. They are also collaborating ideas with physiology professors, Dr.

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Terry Favero, Dr. Kyle Flann, and Dr. Andrew Lafrenz, on the best placement for the cooling gel and thermometer sensor as well as general product test design and setup. The teams industrial advisor, Chris Galati, is helping with the business and future side of the project. He has also generously offered to make a call to Nike for some help. However, the group will need to talk to Dr. Kenneth Lulay before moving forward with the Nike help. In Spring 2012, the team plans to test their finished product. Although, most of the testing will be conducted on the team members, they have contemplated using other students or possibly multiple sclerosis patients as a test subject. The paper work has been taken into account and is being held for future submission.

25

References Douglass, Claudia, Judith Goodenough, Betty McGuire, and Robert A. Wallace. Study Guide [for] Biology of Humans, Concepts, Applications, and Issues, Second Edition [by] Goodenough, McGuire, Wallace. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall, 2007. Print. Kinnman, Jorgen. "Cooling Suit for Multiple Sclerosis: Functional Improvement in Daily Living." Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. 32.1 (2000): 20-24. Print. <http://up.worldcat.org/title/cooling-suit-for-multiple-sclerosis-functional-improvement-indaily-living/oclc/365979075&referer=brief_res>. Rothmaier, M. "Design and Performance of Personal Cooling Garments Based on Three-Layer Laminates." Medical and Biological Engineering and Computing. 46.8 (2008): 825-832. Print. <http://up.worldcat.org/title/design-and-performance-of-personal-cooling-garments-based-onthree-layer-laminates/oclc/438344032&referer=brie>. Syndulko, K., M. Jafari, A. Woldanski, R. W. Baumhefner, and W. W. Tourtellotte. "Effects of Temperature in Multiple Sclerosis: A Review of the Literature."Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 10.1 (1996): 23-34. Print. Wendt, Daniel. "Thermoregulation during Exercise in the Heat: Strategies for Maintaining Health and Performance."Sports Medicine. 37.8 (2007): 669-682. Print. <http://up.worldcat.org/title/thermoregulation-during-exercise-in-the-heat-strategies-formaintaining-health-and-performance/o>.

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Attachment 1.1 Completed Charter

27

28

Attachment 1.2 Schedule

29

30

Figure 1.2: Project Schedule

31

Attachment 1.3 Itemized Budget

32

Itemized Budget Activity Cost (US $)

Materials/Equipment Cooling Gel ........................................................................................................................20 Fabric .................................................................................................................................30 Electrical Components .......................................................................................................50 Thermoelectric Generators.................................................................................................20 Needles/Thread/Bobbin .....................................................................................................10 Long Sleeve Athletic Shirt .................................................................................................50 Miscellaneous ....................................................................................................................20 Subtotal Materials/Equipment $200 Testing Miscellaneous ....................................................................................................................50 Subtotal Testing $50 Project Total $250

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Attachment 2 Prototype Memo

34

DONALD P. SHILEY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF PORTLAND TEAM COOLBODY 5000 N. Willamette Blvd, Portland, OR 97203 DATE: TO: FROM: October 28, 2011 Chris Galati, Industrial Advisor Aaron Morris, Gregory Kachmarik, Jacob Lampe, Zach McMullen, and Cassie Kuwahara, Team CoolBody Prototype Memo

SUBJECT:

A test was conducted on October 13, 2011 to determine the best layer combination for the shirt gel pouches. The experiment was performed in room 104 of Shiley Hall on the University of Portland campus. A list of equipment and materials used is provided in attachment 2.2. The purpose of this letter is to present the details of the experiment and our design decision. Two test setups were used during the experiment, one to test convection and the other for conduction. The tests setups for both experiments are shown in attachment 2.2. In both test setups a variable autotransformer, a hotplate, a voltage meter, type K wire, a Teflon pan, and a thermocouple module were used. Pouches were placed on a hot Teflon pan. Temperature was regulated by hot plate, pot of water, and a variable autotransformer. At time increments of ten minutes temperatures from the top of the gel packs were recorded and pouches were rotated. The results showed were higher than expected 5% evaporation for both the conduction and the convection test. Our lowest gel mass loss for conduction was pouch 8 with cotton lycra blend on both sides with 5.0% loss. The highest mass loss was pouch 4 with sphere texture wickaway on bottom and a lycra on top with 11.1 %. During the convection test with a wind velocity of 0.9 m/s the lowest mass loss was also pouch 8 with 10.7% loss. The highest mass loss for conduction was pouch number 4 but with the lycra on bottom and the sphere texture wickaway on top with 17.3% mass loss. The temperature data was expected to be lower for the pouches that evaporated the most water mass. This was not the case. The pouches that evaporated the most water mass also tended to have higher temperatures as shown in figure 2.2 and 2.4 on attachment 2.1. Possible errors are the falling temperature of the conduction pan possibly due to a low input heat. Also the pan may not be an even temperature in all locations. Also after the first experiment there could have been some residual moisture in the fabric skewing later results. For future testing have dry pouches for each or soak each pouch before testing. The fabrics that seemed to work best are wicking fabrics such as the lycra and the sphere-textured wickaway. It is interesting that the position of the fabric drastically affected the evaporation rate. This is likely due to the ability for the underside to conduct heat into the gel and to wick water toward the Teflon and top to release the water vapor into the air. Since convection is likely to occur during a typical workout it is recommended to use lycra fabric near the skin and sphere textured wickaway on the outside. If you have any questions please do not hesitate to email us at morris12@up.edu, kachmari12@up.edu, lampe12@up.edu, mcmullen12@up.edu, and kuwahara12@up.edu.
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List of Attachments: Attachment 2.1: Results Attachment 2.2: Test Setup Attachment 2.3: Data Attachment 2.4: Calculations page 3 page 7 page 11 page 14

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Attachment 2.1 Results

37

12.000 10.000 8.000 % Mass Loss 6.000 4.000 2.000 0.000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Pouch Number

Side 1 Side 2

Figure 2.1. The conduction percent mass loss chart. 37 pan (side 1) (1-5) pan (side 2) (1-5) pan (side 1) (6-10) pan (side 2) (6-10) 1 (side 1) 1 (side 2) 2 (side 1) 2 (side 2) 3 (side 1) 3 (side 2) 4 (side 1) 4 (side 2) 5 (side 1) 5 (side 2) 6 (side 1) 6 (side 2) 7 (side 1) 7 (side 2) 8 (side 1) 8 (side 2) 9 (side 1) 9 (side 2) 10 (side 1) 10 (side 2)

35
33 Temperature (oC) 31 29 27 25 23 21 19 0 10 20 30 Time (min) 40 50

Figure 2.2. The conduction temperature verses time chart.

38

18 16 14 12 % Mass Loss 10 8 6 4 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Pouch Number Side 1 Side 2

Figure 2.3. The convection percent mass loss chart. 43 41 39 37 Temperature (oC) 35 33 31 29 27 25 23 21 19 0 10 20 Time (min) 30 40 pan (side 1) (1-5) pan (side 2) (1-5) pan (side 1) (6-10) pan (side 2) (6-10) 1 (side 1) 1 (side 2) 2 (side 1) 2 (side 2) 3 (side 1) 3 (side 2) 4 (side 1) 4 (side 2) 5 (side 1) 5 (side 2) 6 (side 1) 6 (side 2) 7 (side 1) 7 (side 2) 8 (side 1) 8 (side 2) 9 (side 1) 9 (side 2) 10 (side 1) 10 (side 2)

Figure 2.4. The convection temperature verses time chart.

39

Figure 2.3. Side 1 of pouches 1 and 4 respectively.

Figure 2.4. Side 2 of pouches 1 and 4 respectively.

40

Attachment 2.2 Test Setup

41

Table 2.1: Equipment used in the Laboratory Equipment Sartorius ELT202 Scale SN 22654026 Voltage Meter MAS830 Fluke 80TK Thermocouple Module Type K wire Wire SN: 8896; 9475; 8700 Barnstead Thermolyne Hot Plate MN HP46515 SN 46501742 STACO ENERGY Product Company Variable Autotransformer MN 3PN1210B OSLO Stop Watch MN LR44 Pan Pot Table 2. The pouch number in correspondence with material side. Side 1 Side 2 Sphere Textured Wickaway Sphere Textured Wickaway Supplex Lycra Sphere Textured Wickaway Cotton Lycra Sphere Textured Wickaway Sphere Textured Wickaway Supplex Lycra Supplex Lycra Supplex Lycra Cotton Lycra Cotton Lycra Lycra Lycra Supplex Lycra Cotton Lycra Lycra Cotton Lycra Lycra Lycra

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

42

Figure 2.5. The teflon pan, water bath, hotplate, and variable autotransformer test setup.

Figure 2.6. The gel pouches on teflon pan with pan temperature sensor.
43

Figure 2.7. The convection test setup.

Figure 2.8. The conduction test setup.

44

Attachment 2.3 Data

45

Table 2.3. The conduction fabric layer data sheet

46

Table 2.4. The convection fabric layer data sheet.

47

Attachment 3 Mid-Project Memo

48

DONALD P. SHILEY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF PORTLAND TEAM COOLBODY 5000 N. Willamette Blvd, Portland, OR 97203 DATE: TO: FROM: December 2, 2011 Dr. Steve OHalloran, Mechanical Engineering Advisor Zachary McMullen, Aaron Morris, Jacob Lampe, Greg Kachmarik, Cassie Kuwahara Senior Design Update

SUBJECT:

Team CoolBody has been conducting experiments, performing design calculations, and developing prototype iterations for an athletic shirt that utilizes evaporative cooling since the beginning of September. This memo summarizes their process and findings. Throughout the semester Team CoolBody developed a compression shirt that utilized a water soaked crystal polymer to provide extra evaporative cooling to the body and an infrared tympanic thermometer that connects to a small computer chip and displays inner ear temperature on a digital display. In order to develop the best possible shirt design team CoolBody performed several tests including the Temperature Location Test, detailed in the design decision document in Attachment 3.1, and several tests on the crystals to determine their cooling capacity in evaporation. In addition to the tests performed, the team also investigated articular paths along the skins surface and surface body temperature distribution in order to optimize the cooling for the human body, which includes allowing the bodys natural evaporative cooling process to take place where it is most effective. The Temperature Location Test helped team CoolBody to decide on the use of a tympanic temperature sensing device because it is much closer to core body temperature than a surface reading and is more user friendly than an oral or rectal device. Due to cost benefits and some desire to experiment the team opted to program and wire a custom infrared device using an arduino chip, a digital display, and an infrared device. The devices wiring diagram and a model of the earpiece are shown in Attachment 3.2. Several iterations were performed, but eventually the system was integrated and sized down for practical application and insertion into the shirt. After a few iterations and market research the first, fully functional prototype was completed on November 22, 2011 and is ready to be integrated with the thermometer device and begin in field product testing. Product testers are being identified currently and the team will begin testing at

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the onset of the spring semester 2012. The testing will be useful in gaining customer feedback and qualitatively evaluating the effectiveness of the product. Such market analysis will help team CoolBody to better assess their projected financials. A breakeven analysis from the financials has been provided in Attachment 3.3. If you have any additional questions, please feel free to contact us at morris12@up.edu, mcmullen12@up.edu, lampe12@up.edu, kuwahara12@up.edu, or kachmari12@up.edu.

Attachment 3.1: Design Decision Documentation Attachment 3.2: Engineering Drawings Attachment 3.3: Financials

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Attachment 3.1: Design Decision Documentation DONALD P. SHILEY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF PORTLAND TEAM COOLBODY 5000 N. Willamette Blvd, Portland, OR 97203

DATE: TO: FROM: SUBJECT:

October 8, 2011 Team CoolBody Zachary McMullen, Team member Temperature location test

On October 3, 2011, an experiment was conducted in Swindels Hall. The purpose of the experiment was to determine the optimal location for temperature device intended to measure core body temperature. This letter contains the procedure and results for the experiment. Measuring temperature in an athletic scenario is difficult because the bodys core temperature is not directly related to its surface temperature. This phenomenon makes it difficult to accurately measure the body temperature of an individual during exercise. Ingested temperature devices are a hassle for the user and expensive, yet even the most accurate surface temperature can be up to about four degrees Fahrenheit lower than the core temperature. To balance budget and the performance of the device Team CoolBody developed an experiment to determine the accuracy of different measurement locations. During the experiment the test subject ran on a treadmill in a lab for 15 minutes and their body temperature was measured every five minutes at five locations. Temperature readings were taken at the temple, forehead, under arm, lower back of the neck, and orally. The participant ran at approximately eight miles per hour for the first five minutes and then increased the speed to 10 miles per hour for the final 10 minutes. The results in Table 1 show no clear signs of correlation between the core temperature and the surface temperature of the body. In all surface temperature locations, the temperature dropped from the initial body temperature while the core body temperature rose during the course of a workout. It is for this reason that Team CoolBody chose an infrared, in ear, temperature sensing device for their workout shirt. Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis are associated with core body temperature and not surface, it is for this reason that the variation between core and surface body temperature is unacceptable. If you have any questions please do not hesitate to contact me at mcmullen12@up.edu or call at (253)266-3588.

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Attachment 3.2: Engineering Drawings

52

Attachment 3.3: Financials

Table 3.3: Break Even Analysis Variable costs COGS Taxes Raw Materials Labor Shipping Total Fixed costs Salaries Supplies Repairs and maintenance Advertising Accounting and legal Rent Phone Utilities Insurance Taxes Depreciation Debt payment Other Owners draw Total Break even sales Number of shirts dollars 67 67 3 to 5 70 0.025 0.738 percent 0.56 0.153

$100,000.00 $200.00

$5,000.00 $5,000.00 $24,000.00 $1,800.00 $6,000.00

$20.00

$142,020.00 $542,061.07 4517

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Attachment 4A Crystal Absorption

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Project Coolbody Testing Memorandum DATE: TO: FROM: SUBJECT: October 11, 2011 Coolbody Team Jacob Lampe Polymer Crystal Absorption Test

As planned, a test to determine the rate of water absorption by the polymer crystals was conducted in room 104 of Shiley Hall on October 6, 2011. The following memorandum describes the test procedures and results. Equipment used for this experiment included an Omega Barometer, an Extech psychrometer, an Oslo stopwatch, three 400mL beakers, a Scout Pro balance, and a strainer. Before the experiment began the mass of each of the three beakers was recorded as well as the temperature, pressure, and relative humidity of the testing room. After zeroing the balance on the first beaker, 0.2 grams of crystals were added to this beaker. A second beaker was then filled with about 300mL or nearly 300g of water. The crystals would then be added to this beaker for the desired time interval then strained using the strainer. After being strained the crystals were added to the third beaker and their mass was measured on the balance by subtracting the mass of the third beaker. This was carried out in thirty second soak time intervals until two minutes, then in two minute intervals until ten minutes. One last sample was done with a soak time of one hour. A picture of the test setup may be seen in Attachment 4.1 and the results may be seen in Attachment 4.4a. During testing, the crystals were observed to continue absorbing water throughout the entire one hour soak period although the rate of water absorption was seen to decrease throughout the experiment. The average absorption rate of the crystals from all testing data was approximately 0.08 g/s with a maximum of 0.25 g/s at the start of the experiment and a minimum of 0.02 g/s at the end. Using the density of water, the volume of the 0.2 g of crystals when containing water was estimated at 27.9 cm^3 after 10 minutes of soaking and at 75.8 cm^3 after one hour. A more thorough understanding of the results may be gained by viewing Attachment 4.4a of this document. The overall accuracy of this test is suspect due to the inaccuracy of the balance. An input resolution of 0.1g was all that was measureable using the given balance. This resolution is poor when dealing with crystals that measure only several hundredths or thousandths of a gram in mass individually. Other than the poor resolution of the balance, the experiment went fairly smoothly. The increase in mass gain and decrease in absorption rate are clearly portrayed in the plots seen in Attachment 4.4a. It is recommended that further testing is done at soak times

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between 10 minutes and two hours in order to collect more data that might prove useful to the team. It is also recommended that the shirt prototype be soaked between for between 5 and 20 minutes for practicality during use and to avoid excess weight gain. If any further questions should arise concerning the results or procedures of this test I am available by email at lampe12@up.edu.

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Attachment 4.1

Figure 4.1a: Materials Used During Test

Attachment 4.2a Table 4.1a: Experimental Data

Soak Time (m) 0.5 1 1.5 2 4 6 8 10 60

Initial Mass (g) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Wet Mass (g) 7.8 5.4 5.4 5.1 21 23 20.7 26.9 72.9

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Attachment 4.3a Calculations Equations m = mw - mi kg/m^31 dm/dt = m/soak time (s) dm/dt avg = (m)/9 V = m * 1/ Constants water = 958.6

Sample Calculation for first interval m = 7.8g 0.2g = 7.6g dm/dt = 7.6g/30s = 0.25g/s dm/dt avg = (0.25 + 0.09 + 0.06 + 0.04 + 0.09 + 0.06 +0.04 + 0.04 + 0.02g/s)/9 = 0.08g/s V = 7.6g *1/958.6 kg/m^3 *1kg/1000g *100^3cm^3/m^3 = 7.93cm^3

-assuming the addition of the initial volume of the crystals to be negligible compared to the volume of water added.

Moran, Michael J. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics. Table A-5. 6th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008

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Attachment 4.4a Results

Figure 4.2a: Crystal Mass Gain Over Entire Experiment

Figure 4.3a: Crystal Mass Gain Over 10 Minutes

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Figure 4.4a: Absorption Rates Over 10 Minutes

Attachment 4B Temperature Location Test

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DONALD P. SHILEY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF PORTLAND TEAM COOLBODY 5000 N. Willamette Blvd, Portland, OR 97203

DATE: TO: FROM: SUBJECT:

October 8, 2011 Team CoolBody Zachary McMullen, Team member Temperature location test

On October 3, 2011, an experiment was conducted in Swindels Hall. The purpose of the experiment was to determine the optimal location for temperature device intended to measure core body temperature. This letter contains the procedure and results for the experiment. Measuring temperature in an athletic scenario is difficult because the bodys core temperature is not directly related to its surface temperature. This phenomenon makes it difficult to accurately measure the body temperature of an individual during exercise. Ingested temperature devices are a hassle for the user and expensive, yet even the most accurate surface temperature can be up to about four degrees Fahrenheit lower than the core temperature. To balance budget and the performance of the device Team CoolBody developed an experiment to determine the accuracy of different measurement locations. During the experiment the test subject ran on a treadmill in a lab for 15 minutes and their body temperature was measured every five minutes at five locations. Temperature readings were taken at the temple, forehead, under arm, lower back of the neck, and oral. The participant ran at approximately eight miles per hour for the first five minutes and then increased the speed to 10 miles per hour for the final 10 minutes. The results of the laboratory are shown in the following table: Table 4.4b: Temperature Location Test Results (oF) Temple Forehead Back Neck Armpit Oral 94.8 92.5 94.5 98.1 97.9 97.1 96 90.4 97.9 97.6 resume 99.1 96.5 92.9 99.3 97.9 resume 100 97.2 91.9 99.7 98.6

Prelim 5 min 9:10 14:10 18.1 23.1

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The results demonstrate the unreliability of all of the surface based temperature readings. The Temple and the forehead jump significantly right away, while the back of the necks temperature actually significantly drops initially and continues to fluctuate with time. The only surface reading that had any semblance of relation to internal body temperature was the under arm temperature reading, but even it doesnt mimic the results of the oral temperature reading. Given the results of the testing the team has elected to purchase an infrared inner ear temperature gauge. The idea is that this device will provide similar results as the oral temperature reading without the hassle of incorporating a cumbersome internal temperature reading device into the product. Further testing will be done to compare the results gained from the inner ear device to the oral once the product is received. If you have any questions please do not hesitate to call me at (253) 266-3588 or email me at mcmullen12@up.edu.

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Attachment 4C

Infrared Tympanic Thermometer Calibration

63

DONALD P. SHILEY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF PORTLAND TEAM COOLBODY 5000 N. Willamette Blvd, Portland, OR 97203 DATE: TO: FROM: SUBJECT: December 8, 2011 Dr. Timothy Doughty, Mechanical Engineering Professor Jacob Lampe and Greg Kachmarik, Engineering Students Infrared Tympanic Thermometer Calibration

On December 4, 2011 Team CoolBody conducted an experiment in room 104 of Shiley Hall in order to calibrate the tympanic, infrared thermometer constructed for their senior design project. This memo summarizes the process and findings of this calibration process. To calibrate the sensor for its intended use, the blackbody device and testing done roughly resemble the guidelines laid out by ASTM standard E1965-98(2009). The equipment used for this calibration included the I.R. thermometer, water bath, platinum RTD, and blackbody device. The thermometer included the I.R. sensor, an Arduino Uno chip, a laptop containing Arduino code, a bread board, some resistors, and wires. The water bath was composed of a pot full of water, a hot plate, and a variable transformer. The black body device was constructed out of thin-walled copper tubing and plate, some 2 delrin stock, and black paint. The platinum RTD was used to measure the actual water bath temperature. The procedure used for this calibration was fairly simple. A water bath containing approximately 4 liters of water was stabilized to the temperatures of 15, 30, and 450C individually. At each temperature, three readings were taken from both the RTD and I.R. sensor. The RTD was immersed in the water bath, and its values were recorded by hand. The I.R. sensor was positioned inside the blackbody device which was also submerged in the water bath. The readings from the I.R. sensor were taken for 1 second at a rate of 50Hz. The temperature of the water bath was controlled via the use of ice, a hot plate, and a variable transformer. The test setup and experimental data from this calibration can be viewed in Attachment 4.1c and 4.2c respectively. The results of this experiment did not match those expected. Temperature readings taken by the I.R. sensor were only moderately accurate. The RTD and I.R. sensor readings differed by a maximum of about 30C and a minimum of about 10C. This resulted in average percent errors ranging between a maximum of about 17% and a minimum of about 3%. The standard deviation within the I.R. readings ranged between 0.040C and 0.020C. When plotted, a comparison of the RTD and average I.R. temperature readings showed a roughly linear correlation with a slope of

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about 0.75 and a bias of about 7C. These results and calculations can be seen in Attachments 4.3c and 4.4c respectively. Based off of this data it has been decided that the I.R. sensor is most likely already calibrated accurately and error was introduced into the experiment during our calibration process. When calibrated properly, the I.R. sensor should produce results very closely resembling the measurements taken by the RTD. This would be visible in both consistently low error values and in the temperature comparison plot, by producing a trend line with slope of 1 and a bias of zero. Sources of this could be incorrect sensor placement, incorrect blackbody emissivity in the paint used, and incorrect blackbody geometry. Due to these results, further testing will ensue next semester. If you have any additional questions, please feel free to contact us at lampe12@up.edu or kachmari12@up.edu.

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Attachment 4.1c Test Setup

Figure 4.1c: Calibration Setup (Water Bath and Black Body Device)

66

Figure 4.2c: Engineering Drawing of Black Body Device

67

Attachment 4.2c Experimental Data

Figure 4.3c: Experimental RTD Data

68

Table 4.1c: Sample Experimental Data

69

Attachment 4.3c Results Table 4.2c: Analysis of Experimental Data

Test # 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 Plan Temp (C) Temp RTD (C) 15.00 18.44 15.00 18.46 15.00 18.47 30.00 30.00 30.00 45.00 45.00 45.00 31.80 31.75 31.68 45.15 44.91 44.74 Temp IR (C) 21.497 20.946 20.688 30.830 30.777 30.695 40.029 41.631 41.480 Off By (C) 3.057 2.486 2.218 0.970 0.973 0.985 5.121 3.279 3.260 avg % error 16.58 13.46 12.01 3.05 3.06 3.11 11.34 7.30 7.29 STDEVP (C) 0.040 0.029 0.029 0.028 0.016 0.030 0.039 0.016 0.022

Standard Deviation of Population

0.050 STDEVP (C) 0.040 0.030 0.020 0.010 0.000 0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 Temp RTD (C)

Figure 4: Standard Deviation Within I.R. Readings

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Figure 4.5c: Error Between RTD Reading and Average I.R. Reading

Figure 4.6c: Comparison of RTD and Average I.R. Readings

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Attachment 4.4c Calculations and References

Equations: 1.) 2.) ( ) where

Example Calculation at planned temperature of 300C: 0.0280C References ASTM Standard E1965-98(2009) Wikipedia. Standard Deviation. Accessed December 6, 2011. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation. (( ) ( = 3.05% ( ) ( ) ) = ) = 30.830C

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Attachment 4D Polymer Crystal Water Evaporation Test

73

Project CoolBody Testing Memorandum DATE: TO: FROM SUBJECT: October 11, 2011 CoolBody Team Jacob Lampe Polymer Crystal Water Evaporation Test

A test concerning the rate of water evaporation from the polymer crystals was conducted as planned on October 8, 2011 in room 104 of Shiley Hall. The procedures and results of this test are summarized below. Equipment used for this experiment included an Omega Barometer, an Extech psychrometer, an Oslo stopwatch, two 400mL beakers, a Scout Pro balance, an RSR Digital Multimeter, an 80TK Thermocouple module, a type T thermocouple, a Thermolyne hot plate, and a strainer. Before the experiment began the mass of each of the beakers was recorded as well as the temperature, pressure, and relative humidity of the testing room. After zeroing the balance on the first beaker, 1.0 grams of crystals followed by about 150mL of water were added to this beaker. The crystals were allowed to soak for twenty minutes, then the excess water was strained out. A second beaker was then filled with approximately the same mass of water as that absorbed by the crystals. Both of these beakers were then placed on a hot plate set at the lowest setting and were removed every ten minutes for ninety minutes to take mass measurements. During the mass measurements the temperature of the hot plate was measured using the thermocouple. A picture of the test setup may be seen in Attachment 4.1d and the results may be seen in Attachment 4.4d. During testing, the evaporation rate of the water within the crystals was seen to be significantly less than that of the water alone. Although the evaporation rates of both specimens increased over the entire test, the rate of the water alone was always higher than that of the crystals. Over the course of the ninety minute test, the beaker of water lost 11.5 grams while the beaker of crystals only lost 4.7 grams. The average evaporation rate of the water alone was 0.13 g/m with a maximum of 0.16 g/m and a minimum of 0.09 g/m. The crystals averaged an evaporation rate of 0.05 g/m with a maximum of 0.07 g/m and a minimum of 0.03 g/m. The temperature of the hot plate averaged approximately 117 0C throughout the test. This temperature was far higher than the desired average temperature of around body temperature but is sufficient for providing comparable results between evaporation rates. The cooling of the crystals throughout the test was 10.6 kJ or 1.88 W, whereas the cooling of the water was 26.0 kJ or 4.8 W. This means that the water alone provided 2.45 times more cooling than the crystals. While this may be a somewhat simple and possibly questionable test, the results are clear. When only evaporation due to conduction is taken into account, water alone provides far more cooling

74

than the crystals. In light of this, it is recommended that more testing is done in order to determine the relative cooling rates of the crystals and water alone in other conditions such as evaporation due to convection or mixed convection and conduction. When considering the results of this test alone, the concept of using the polymer crystals to cool an athlete becomes questionable. However, more testing is necessary before the effectiveness of the concept can be discerned. If any questions as to this tests procedures or results I am available by email at lampe12@up.edu.

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Attachment 4.1d

Figure 4.1d: Test Setup

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Attachment 4.2d Table 4.1d: Experimental Data

Time (min) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Crys Mass (g) 109.8 109.5 109.2 108.8 108.2 107.7 107.2 106.5 105.8 105.1

Water Mass (g) 108.5 107.6 106.5 105.2 103.9 102.5 101.1 99.9 98.3 97.0

H.P. Temp (C) 96.0 112.0 123.5 122.1 112.0 127.0 123.0 122.5 121.9 106.0

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Attachment 4.3d Calculations Equations Constants R = (m1 m2)/t 2258 J/g 2 Ravg = (Ri)/9 Tavg = (Ti)/10 r = Ravg water/Ravg crystals Q = hfg * (mi mf) P = hfg*R

rate of evaporation

hfg =

average rate of evaporation average hot plate temperature evaporation rate ratio heat loss (Joules) rate of heat loss (Watts)

Sample Calculations for primarily first interval of crystals R = (109.8 109.5)/10 = 0.03 g/m Ravg = (0.03+0.03+0.04+0.06+0.05+0.05+0.07+0.07+0.07+0.07)/9 = 0.05 g/m Tavg = (96.0+112.0+123.5+122.1+112.0+127.0+123.0+122.5+121.9+106.0)/10 = 116.6 0 C r = 0.13/0.05 = 2.45 Q = 2258*(109.8-105.1)= 10.6 kJ P = 2258*0.05 = 1.88 W

Moran, Michael J. Fundamentals of Engineering Thermodynamics. Table A-3. 6th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008

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Attachment 4.4d Results

Figure 4.2d: Change in Mass Throughout Test

Figure 4.3d: Change in Evaporation Rates Throughout Test

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Attachment 4E Stitch Test

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DONALD P. SHILEY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF PORTLAND TEAM COOLBODY 5000 N. Willamette Blvd, Portland, OR 97203

DATE: TO: FROM: SUBJECT:

October 11, 2011 Team CoolBody Cassie Kuwahara, Team member Stitch Test

A test was conducted on October 4, 2011 to determine the best stitch for the gel pouches. The pouch should be able to hold both crystal and gel form of the polymer, as well retain the materials flexibility. The test was performed in Aaron Morriss house. A list of equipment and materials used is provided in attachment 4.1e. There were six different stitches being tested. The stitch patterns are shown in attachment 4.2e. The fabric used in this test was nylon ribbing, because it was the least expensive and would be able to represent accurate findings. Six pouches about four inches by two inches where sewed, using each stitch. The pouches were marked with a letter corresponding to the stitch. About a of a teaspoon of crystals were poured into each pouch. The pouches were then stretched, twisted, and played with to check for flexibility as well as the ability to retain the crystals. The same process was used to test the gel form of crystals. The results concluded that each stitch has the ability to retain both crystals and gel within the stitch. However a few of the stitches were not as stretchable as others. Since an athletic shirt is being designed stretchiness is a must. Stitches C and E seem to be the best options based on the experiment. Therefore stitch C and E will be used to sew the pouches. If you have any questions please do not hesitate to call me at (808) 443-8095 or email me at kuwahara12@up.edu.

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Attachment 4.1e Test-Setup

Figure 4.1e. Sewing Machine (ANNA Baby Lock) with a stretch material needle

Figure 4.2e. Good quality thread

Figure 4.3e. Fabric/Material being used

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Attachment 4.2e Stitches

Figure 4.4e. Stitch patterns used (all but B)

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Attachment 4F Gel Absorption Design Decision

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Project CoolBody Testing Design Decision Document DATE: TO: FROM: SUBJECT: March 21, 2012 Coolbody Team Jacob Lampe Polymer Crystal Absorption

As planned, a second round of absorption testing to more accurately determine the rate of water absorption by the polymer crystals was conducted in room 104 of Shiley Hall on November 1, 2011. The following document describes the test procedures, results, and the according decisions made. The equipment used for this experiment was exactly the same as for the last experiment except for the scale used. To increase the accuracy of the test, a scale with a smaller input resolution was used. This was a Sartorius ELT202 with serial number 22654026. The only variable changed from the last test was that the soak times. These were increased to span from fifteen minutes to two hours rather than from thirty seconds to ten minutes. During testing, the crystals were observed to continue absorbing water throughout the entire two hour soak period, although the rate of water absorption was seen to exponentially decrease throughout the experiment. The average absorption rate of the crystals from all testing data was approximately 0.02 g/s with a maximum mass change of 300%. A more thorough understanding of the results may be gained by viewing Attachment 4F-1 of this document. The overall accuracy of this second test was significantly improved greater than the last test. Also, using the data gathered from both tests it is possible to gain a much more holistic understanding of the gels water absorbing properties. Based off of the information gathered from these two tests, two important design decisions are able to be made. These are the amount of gel to be used to provide a specific amount of cooling and the soak time necessary to ensure prototype effectiveness. Due to the exponential decay of the water absorption rate, it is suggested that the prototype soak times range between ten and thirty minutes. As can be interpolated from Figure 1 in Attachment 4F-1, within the first half hour of soaking, the gel has absorbed half of its capacity. This is a reasonable soak time, and can be ensured to be effective through the calculations used to determine the amount of crystals contained in each prototype. With a target of 250 watts it was calculated the shirt would need to be 0.837 liters shown in Attachment 4F-2. To determine the amount of crystal to create .837 liters at a 20-minute soak time the absorption per gram crystal was calculated to be 130 grams water per grams crystal. As shown in the calculations this means the shirt would require 6.4 grams of crystal. It is recommended that 6.4 grams of crystal polymer be used in each shirt. If any further questions should arise concerning the results or procedures of this test I am available by email at lampe12@up.edu.

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Attachment 4.1f

Figure 1: Mass Gained by Crystals Vs Soak Time

Figure 2: Rate of Water Absorption vs Soak Time

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Attachment 4.2f Calculations

Target 250 watts in 40 minute workout:

17% mass loss in 40 minutes

At 20 minute soak, 0.2 gram crystal absorbed 25 grams water

So for 1.6 liters of water how much crystal do we need?

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Attachment 4G VO2 Test

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DONALD P. SHILEY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF PORTLAND TEAM COOLBODY 5000 N. Willamette Blvd, Portland, OR 97203

DATE: TO: FROM: SUBJECT:

April 10, 2012 Team CoolBody Zachary McMullen, Team member VO2 Test

On February 5 and 22, 2012, an experiment was conducted in Swindels Hall. The purpose of the experiment was to determine the cooling capabilities of the CoolBody shirt through the use of a Volume of Oxygen (VO2) test. This letter contains the procedure and results for the experiment. A VO2 test measures the oxygen the body inhales and exhales during exercise; using this information a quantitative assessment of the energy used by the body can be made. Since oxygen is like fuel for the body, by measuring the flow rate, an energy assessment can be made. The CoolBody team is expending an energy reduction while using their product because less energy will need to be used to cool the body during exercise. Four participants were tested at two different times, once with the CoolBody prototype and once with a traditional microfiber athletic shirt. Before the VO2 test, several measurements were taken. Each participant weighed their shirt and themselves and took an inner ear temperature; these results were recorded. The participant was then hooked up to the VO2 machine and computer via headgear, as shown in Attachment 4G-1. Once set up, the participant got on a treadmill. The treadmill ran at a constant speed for each person, but the incline of the treadmill was increased one level every two minutes. The test went on until the participant was no longer able to continue as decided by several factors including RER values, VO2 values, and the participants opinion. Several strategies were used to interpret the results. Initially, the CoolBody team looked at the VO2 results and how they changed for each participant over time, but no significant variance was identifiable between all the participants. Next, the team looked at VO2 differences at strategic time intervals, three minutes, ten minutes, and a maximum VO2 difference with the CoolBody Shirt and without the CoolBody Shirt. The results are shown in Figure 1. As seen in Figure 1, The CoolBody shirt seems to produce noticeable cooling initially, but over the length of the experiment the positive effects diminished. However, the CoolBody shirt never had a negative effect on performance. Due to the fact that the VO2 maximum is a measure of an individuals maximum exertion, it should maintain constant regardless of any testing alterations.

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4.5

4 With Shirt 3.5 Without Shirt

2.5 3 Minutes 10 Minutes Max

Figure 3: VO2 Difference with Cooling Shirt Given the test results, the shirt seems to decrease the amount of energy exerted and has no long-term negative effects. Therefore, CoolBodys cooling shirt seems to provide a viable manner for moderately increasing physical performance. If you have any questions please feel free to contact Zachary McMullen at mcmullen12@up.edu or via phone at (253) 266-3588.

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Attachment 4.1g: Test Set Up

Figure 4: Test Set Up

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Attachment 4H Perception Test

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Project CoolBody Testing Memorandum DATE: TO: FROM: SUBJECT: April 18, 2011 CoolBody Team Jacob Lampe Perception Testing

Recently an intensive round of perception testing was completed. This testing obtained data concerning the perceived effectiveness, consumer appeal, and market size for the CoolBody Prototype from twenty one volunteers from within the University of Portland Community. All perception data was collected between March 1st and April 14th, 2012. The following memorandum describes the testing procedures and results. In order to undertake this testing, a convenience sample of twenty one subjects was taken from within the University of Portland community. Subjects participated on a completely voluntary basis. In order to prove their readiness and eligibility to participate, subjects initially filled out a consent form and a physical activities and readiness form. After this, each subject completed a concept feedback form which gathered data on the consumer appeal and potential market size of the prototype. They were then given a prototype shirt and a post-use packet for a one week period. A sample of the post-use impressions questionaire may be seen in Attachment 4H-1. During this time, subjects used the shirt in their normal exercise and then completed the post-use packet. After the culmination of the week, the subjects returned their shirts and participated in a focus group. These last measures allowed for the collection of percieved effectivness data. All surveys were confidential, but were linked to the subjects identities through the use of a numeric code and a single master list. This list was only used during testing and was destroyed at the culmination of testing so as to protect the subjects identities. From the concept questionnaires, it was found that over 75% of the subjects had experienced cooling issues in the past and over 95% of them would be willing to purchase a shirt that provides extra cooling. This held true even when it was specified that the product was a tight-fitting compression shirt; however, the added weight of the gel was found to effect the purchasing decision of 52% of the subjects. It was also found that over 70% of the subjects regularly exercise in a synthetic shirt. 57% of the subjects desired both comfort and performance from their shirts while 43% desired comfort slightly more than performance. The average price for a CoolBody shirt suggested by subjects was $45. The mean values of the post-use questionnaires showed that the subjects ranked the comfort, cooling, and purchase-ability of the prototype a 6.54, 6.82, and 6.24 out of 10 respectively. A sample of post-use feedback may be seen in Attachment 4H-2. It was also found that the back was considered the most comfortable spot on the shirt with a mean of 7.83 while the arms were the least comfortable with a 6.05 mean. Conversely, the arms were found to supply the most cooling with a mean of 7.6. The neck was 93

found to supply the least cooling with a mean of 5.61. Sample calculations and more results may be seen in Attachment 4H-3 and 4H-4 respectively. In focus groups and on questionnaires it was frequently found that subjects disliked the added weight of the gel and thought the sleeves unnecessary or not fashionable. It was also found the general fit of the prototypes was not adequate for the average user and that most subjects considered the prototypes unnecessary in climates similar to Portlands but possibly helpful in warmer and drier climates. It was also suggested that the shirt be targeted towards a market where much convection will take place on the shirt such as running or cycling, especially outside in hot dry climates. The results found from this perception testing bode well for the CoolBody product; however they also show that the product is not yet ready to be introduced to the market. While most subjects would clearly be interested in the product, it still needs design improvements such as being short sleeved and less heavy. It is also evident that the product should be targeted to a smaller market of cyclists and runners rather than general athletes in order to prove most effective for the customers. Targeting this smaller and more specialized market may also allow the product to be sold a higher price range as $45 per shirt would not prove cost effective at this time. Finally, while these results have provided some general trends for the team to consider, it must be kept in mind that the sample of subjects used was most likely largely biased as they were all from within one collegiate community, were all acquaintances of the team members, and most of their testing was done in the cold and rainy climate of Oregon in the Spring. If any questions should arise considering this testing or the resulting recommendations feel free to contact me at lampe12@up.edu at any time.

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Attachment 4.1h Test Setup (Sample) CoolBody Post-Use Impressions Form Age:__________________ Sex:___________________ Shirt Size:______________

Date

Workout Descriptions (please provide the date and description as well as checking the boxes that apply) Strength Workout Specifics (running, biking, lifting weights Indoors Outdoors Cardio Training how long)

Mark indicate your level of agreement with the following statements on the lines below:

1) I feel that the prototype shirt decreased my temperature dependent symptoms during daily activity.

Strongly Disagree

Disagree

Neutral

Agree

Strongly Agree

2) I feel that the prototype shirt decreased my temperature dependent symptoms during exercise.

Strongly Disagree

Disagree

Neutral

Agree

Strongly Agree

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Attachment 4.2h Experimental data (Sample) Table 1: Subject 101s Post-Use Results Tabulated in Excel

Subject 101 Indoors 1 Outdoors 1 Cardio 1 Strength T. 1 Comfort Prob # rating 1 7.5 2 5 3 7.5 4 7.5 5 7.5 mean 7 stdev.s 1.12 Cooling Prob # rating 6 5 7 10 8 5 9 7.5 10 7.5 mean 7 stdev.s 2.09 Purchase/recommend 11 7.5 12 7.5 mean 7.5 stdev.s 0 Problem Spots and Feedback 1 good for cardio and high temps 2 wouldn't really use
for lifting

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Attachment 4.3h Sample Calculations

Equations Mean:

Sample Standard Deviation:

Subject Percentile:

Sample: Subject 101 for cooling (as seen on previous page) ( (( ) (( ) ( ) ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ))

Sample: % of subjects who would purchase a shirt ( )

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Attachment 4.4h Results Table 2: Concept Feedback Form Results Tabulated in Excel
category 1.) Physical activity participation / week choice every day 2-3 times 4-6 times once less # of subjects 9 3 9 0 0 % or avg 42.86 14.29 42.86 0.00 0.00 category 4.) Importance of weight of clothing choice not at all rarely neutral somewhat # of subjects 0 4 2 12 % or avg 0.00 19.05 9.52 57.14 2.) Exercise conditions indoors Outdoors varies 3 6 12 14.29 28.57 57.14 cotton 5 23.81 3.) Shirt fabric synthetic mixture 15 2 71.43 9.52 no pref. 1 4.76

very 3 14.29

5.) Comfort vs Performance only com mainly com both mainly perf only perf 0 9 12 1 0 0.00 42.86 57.14 4.76 0.00 c.) tight dry-fit yes no 20 1 95.24 4.76 6.) worth $$$$ 927.00 44.14

2.) Loose vs Tight loose tight 13 11 61.90 52.38

category 4.) Cooling Problems 5.) wear/purchase shirt b.) change w/ weight choice yes no yes no yes no # of subjects 16 5 20 1 11 10 % or avg 76.19 23.81 95.24 4.76 52.38 47.62

Table 3: Post-Use Impression Form Means and Standard Deviations

subject # 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121

comfort mean 7.00 8.00 8.50 6.59 6.90 7.48 6.34 7.35 7.50 5.50 6.50 7.50 7.00 7.80 7.50 7.50 6.10 6.30 6.50 3.50

Totals from all subjects comfort cooling cooling stdev mean stdev 1.12 7.00 2.09 2.09 9.50 1.12 2.24 9.50 1.12 1.84 1.08 0.11 3.55 0.74 0.00 2.09 2.24 0.00 1.12 0.84 0.00 3.06 2.61 1.15
1.25

purchase purchase mean stdev 7.50 0.00 5.00 3.54 10.00 0.00 6.88 6.00 2.70 6.63 5.63 5.00 5.00 7.50 6.25 6.25 7.00 3.75 10.00 3.25 5.50 7.50 7.50 0.88 0.00 0.00 0.53 0.88 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.77 1.77 0.71 1.77 0.00 0.35 0.71 0.00 0.00

1.37

6.15 5.57 3.06 6.40 7.55 5.00 4.00 7.50 7.00 7.00 8.40 7.50 8.50 4.80 8.00 6.00 8.00

1.36 1.00

1.04 2.30 1.50 3.54 1.37 1.77 1.12 1.12 0.42 0.00 3.35 2.49 0.71 1.37 1.12

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Figure 1: Bar-graph of the Mean Subject Perceptions in Three Areas

99

Attachment 5 Project Deliverables

100

101

102

Attachment 6 Action Item Log

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Action Develop Problem Statement Develop Design Criteria Gel Evaporation Test Absorption Test Bilayer Fabric Pouch Test Project Proposal Skin Body Temp Test Meet with Industrial Advisor Stitch Test Mixed Convection/Evaporation Test Cut Templates and Construct 1st Prototype Shirt Low Temp Evaporation Test Prototype Drawing Design Wiring Diagram for Thermometer Sensor Calibration Develope Survey Timeline SolidWorks Model of Earpiece 1st Semester Presentation Pro Forma Build Prototype Earpiece Submit IRB Forms VO2 Test Produce 6 Prototype Shirts Miniaturize Thermometer Test Humans Focus Group Meetings Final Presentation

Date Assigned 9/6/2012 9/6/2012 9/20/2011 9/20/2011 9/20/2011 9/27/2011 10/1/2011 10/4/2011 10/11/2011 10/11/2011

Date Accomplished 9/6/2012 9/6/2011 10/8/2011 10/6/2011 10/23/2011 10/11/2011 10/3/2011 10/7/2011 10/13/2011 10/25/2011

10/11/2011

11/28/2011

10/11/2011 10/11/2011 10/25/2011 11/8/2011 11/8/2011 11/13/2011 11/13/2011 11/13/2011 1/20/2012 1/24/2012 1/24/2012 1/24/2012 1/24/2012 1/31/2012 3/6/2012 4/3/2012

10/31/2011 10/12/2011 10/25/2011 11/13/2011 11/13/2011 11/28/2011 11/28/2011 1/24/2012 1/31/2012 2/28/2012 2/22/2012 1/31/2012 3/24/2012 4/3/2012 4/3/2012 4/16/2012

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