Literature review of the carbonates and steam flooding The application of steam flooding started in 1950s and its

started with the problems through evolved for during it field investigation and these gone through a stages of improvement from its initial application by research CHARLES (1965) treatment of water used in steam injection with chemicals during the production of crudes. With identification of the key problems and discussed the ground rules of water chemistry to be considered to control the problems. RALEIGH.J.T (1965) interprets to relate physical characteristics of the rock from 15 core samples of different types of formation due to formation plugging. G factor may not completey describe porous rock for homogeneous reservoirs. FINCHER.D.R (1965) investigated limitation of hardness ions and oxygen in water during the steam injection, Recommended in employing other treatment techniques. JOHN J. DAY (1967) investigated that low concentration ammonia to hydrothermal fluid result in rock hardening for the sandstone reservoirs and resulted in improved permeability during the thermal treatment of the reservoirs. CARLBERG.L.B (1967) investigated Polyacrylates prevents the generation of calcium sulfate at 350 F and 70% quality during the steam injection. Mobility of steam decreases with steam quality for high and low permeability cores. During the residual oil saturation, the effect of residual oil saturation becomes less with steam quality decrease and pore permeability rise by TRIMBLE .A.E (1975) JON.B.NOLAN (1980) initiated steam flooding in carbonates by laboratory experiments in light oil and studied displacement efficiency due to heterogeneity in light oil reservoirs, its effect conduction of heat in the direction of flow. A viable method in carbonate reservoirs in from the simulation results .and most important of this is the scavenging by pressure drawdown and termination of early steam injection resulted in improved steam flood performance. It mentioned the average porosity and permeability values indicate low values as compared to the sandstones reservoirs. The dip and fractures are considered less during screening of the reservoirs for the steam injection and its doesnt significantly influence heat utilization and the vertical sweep efficiency from the Reservoir simulation study from Abad.B.P. and Hensley.C.A. (1984) Reducing the effect of minerals dissolution during the steam flooding key problem of production of crude oil by Addition of ammonium and nitrate salts to gravel pack reduces the dissolution by lowering the PH values to the 9 and 10 in sandstone reservoirs from Watkins.D.R et.al. (1986). Effect of Additives to Steam injection using surfactants extensively investigation from the laboratory experiments improved performance in Berea Sandstone cores by Ali A. Al-Khafaji and Louis M. Castainer(1992) . Emulsion of water and oil during the Steam injection avoided by the additive of the Surfactant by reducing IFT and improve the recovery performance from Olanrewaju M.Tiamiyu (2011) Imbibition is one of the main drive mechanism for the heavy oil recovery in fractured carbonates. A very effective process of recovery was observed Simultaneous formation heat up, free and forced imbibitions. This process as effective from the alteration of wettability during the steam injection from Guo-Qing Tang et al 2011

Addition of solvent to the steam improves the recovery process by reducing the steam/oil ratio and the solvent/oil ratio and hence effective recovery from Al Muatasim Al Bahlani et.al (2010)