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Formulasheet
Trigonometry "sohcahtoa" sin=o/h cos=a/h tan=o/a

Newton'sLaws (Wordversionsoftheseshouldbeonyourhandmadeformulasheet,foruseinwordquestions.Whenusingtheminexplanations,decribetheminwords aswellasbynumber) I.Everyobjectinastateofuniformmotiontendstoremaininthatstateofmotionunlessanexternalforceisappliedtoit. (sometimescalledthe'lawofinertia'.InmyheadIcallitthe"uniformmotionstaysuniformunlessthere'saforce"law.) II.Therelationshipbetweenanobject'smassm,itsaccelerationa,andtheappliedforceFisF=ma.(Accelerationandforcearevectors...and thedirectionoftheforcevectoristhesameasthedirectionoftheaccelerationvector.) (InmyheadIcallthis"theequationlaw",or"theF=malaw") III.Foreveryactionthereisanequalandoppositereaction. (Sometimescalledthe"actionreaction"law) CircularMotion AllCircles: PreliminaryDefinitionsandSimpleFormulas:

FirstSimpleformulaisforthevelcity,usingtheabovedefinitions:

Nextwehavethemoreadvanced'centripetalacceleration'and'centripetalforce':

Fromthis,usinggoodoldF=ma,wegetthefollowingfortheforce:

VerticalCircles:

Foraverticalcircle,theobjectchangesspeedasitmovesfasteratthebottom,andsloweratthetop.Thebalanceofthetwoforcesactingonit(the gravitationalforceandcentripetalforce)alsochanges,makingtheobjectfeelheavieratthebottomandlighteratthetop,asshowninthediagrambelow.

ForcesAtTop. Bothforcesatthetoparedownwards,notcounteractingeachother,makesyoufeel'lighter'oreven'weightless'.Velocityismomentarilyzeroatverytop.

Cutepurplepersononrollercoaster

ForcesatBottom. Forcesatbottomareopposing,counteractingeachother.Howevertheydon'tnecessarilycancelthenormalforceisactuallyequaltooreven GREATERthantheweightforce.Thismeansyoufeelheavierthanusual(usually,whenyouarejuststillonthefloor,thenormalforceisexactlyequalto theweightforce,andinthisusualsituationyoufeelyour'usual'weight.Anythingwhichincreasesthenormalforceincreasesyourperceivedweighttoseem likemorethanusual,andanythingwhichlessensthenormalforcemakesyoufeellikeyouweighlessthanusual. Velocityisgreatestatverybottom. NoteIfyouseeanyquestionaboutverticalcirclesatall,andevenifyoucompletelyforrgetwhatitallmeansduringexamstress,ifyoujustcopythje abovediagramovercorrectlyintoyourexplanation(forawordquestion)ornearyourformulas(ifit'sacalculationquestion),youwillgetpartialmarks!! Anotherquestionyoumaypossiblybeaskedaboutverticalcircularmotioniswhatisthe"criticalvelocity".Thisisthevelocityyouhavetohaveatthe bottominordertoJUSTmakeittothetopandcontinueoverintothenexttimeround.Ifyoustartatthebottomwiththecriticalvelocity,thenwhenyou gettothetopyourvelocityis(momentarily)zero! (Thisisjustmomentarily,forthemerestinstant,asitpassesthroughthetopofthecircleit'sthesameasathrownprojectle,whichismomentarily motionlessatthetopofit'spath,justbeforeitstartscomingdownagain). Exactlywhatthisvelocityisisalittlehardertoworkoutalgebraically,butI'vegiventheformulabelow:

ProjectileMotion

theta(theangleofslantupwardsfromhorizontal,ie indiagram)dividesthevelocityintoaverticalpartandahorizontalpart(usingsinorcos formula) verticalvelocitycontrolsthetimeavailable(Canyouexplainhow/whythisoccurs?) verticalvelocitycombinedwithtimeavailablecontrolsthemaximumheightreached(Canyouexplainhow/whythisoccurs?) horizontalvelocitycombinedwithtimeavailablecontrolstherange(Canyouexplainhow/whythisoccurs?) Formulas:

Togetmaximumrange,youwouldthrowat45degrees(ie

Alsogoodtounderstandroughlyaboutwhathappensforlarger/smallerangles(iefor60and30degrees).Thereisasymmetryintherange covered,butnotintheheightreachedorthetimetaken.

Blueline=45degrees=greatestrangebutlessheightthaneither30or60... RedLines=30and60degrees=equalrangesforeach,butdifferentheights!!(alsodifferenttimes)

PHYSICSWORKS!!!! Freebodydiagrams WhendoingaFreeBodyDiagram,thinkhardaboutalltheforcesacting,whattheyareactingon(aretheactingontheobject,oronthegroundbeneath theobject,forinstance?)andwhichdirectiontheyarepointing.I'velistedalltheforcesworthconsideringbelow,andalsoputindiagramsforthree standardcasesyouaremostlikelytosee.

AboveLeft:Objectonflatsurface.(happenstobeaperson,butcouldbeanything!) AboveRight:Objectoninclinedsurface,nofriction.

Above:Objectoninclinedsurface,WITHfriction. Indiagramsabove: nandN=normalforce(sometimescalled'R',for'Reactionforce') mgandWboth=weightforce. F=frictionforce

"FamilyTree"offorces

Thesearealltheforcesyoushouldconsideraddingifyouarehavingtomakeyourownfreebodydiagram,andnotjustusingonetheyhavegivenyou. Justthinkaboutwhichonesmightapplyintheproblemgiven,(andofcoursealsolookforanyforcestheyspecificallymentionbynameinthequestion!) ContactForces FrictionalForce

TensionForce NormalForce AirResistanceForce AppliedForce(*) SpringForce (*)Appliedforceisjustafancytermtosaythatsomeoneorsomethingispullingorpushingonitbytouchingitmostoftheotherforcesherearereally justdifferentnamesforthisalso,butwecallitthe'appliedforce'ifitdoesn'tquitefitanyoftheothercategories! ActionataDistanceForces GravitationalForce ElectricalForce(**) MagneticForce(**) (**)Youcanactuallyignorethesesofar!ButIputtheminforcompleteness.