Computer Network

Computer Science, Brawijaya University August 2007

Course Outline
Network Definition Network Classification Network Component

About The Past

Internet started by ARPANET 4 Node presented 4 University, called Internet Message Processor (IMPs) using 1822 Protocol (IEN Documents # 1822) Late, 1972 funded by US Military and renamed DARPA Finally call Internet, running under IP Protocol Suite, defined in RFC 791(IP) and RFC 793(TCP)

About The Past

Basic principles of TCP/IP were published in 1974 Adoption of the Domain Name System (DNS) in 1983 Establishment of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF ) in 1989 Formal re-naming of the ARPANET as the Internet in 1990

But What is a Network .. ?

A combination of hardware, software, and media, which together allow multiple computing devices to communicate with each other In short, a network gives computers the ability to communicate. However, that definition could apply to a lot of different types of networks And this course will talk about TCP/IP and Ethernet

But What is a Network .. ?

Network Classification
By Layer According to some basic references model like OSI and Internet Protocol Suite By Scale According to the coverage area, Local, Campus, Metropolitan, Wide By Connection Method Ethernet, Wireless, Dial Up, Power Line Communication

Network Classification
By Functional Relationship Client Server, Peer to Peer, Active Network By Topology according to the network topology upon which the network is based : Bus, Star, Ring, Mesh, Tree or Hierarchical, etc By Protocol Computer networks may be classified according to the communications protocol that is being used on the network like ISDN, PDH, RS-232, SDH, SONET

Network Components
NIC, Network Interface Card, is the expansion card install in a computer to connect, or interface for a computer to network. HUB, a hub is the device that connects all the segments of that network together. SWITCH, Like a hub, a switch connects multiple segments of a network together, with one important difference. Whereas a hub broadcasts data, switch forward it to certain port

Network Components
BRIDGE, a network device that connects two similar network segments together. The primary function of a bridge is to keep traffic separated on both sides of the bridge ROUTER, is a network device that connects multiple, often dissimilar, network segments into an internetwork GATEWAY, is any hardware and software combination that connects dissimilar network environments.

How to Eat T-Rex, ISO OSI Model

A protocol suite is most easily defined as a set of rules used to determine how computers communicate with each other. It is similar to language The most commonly referenced protocol model, OSI model, was developed in 1977 by the International Organization for Standardization to provide common ground when describing any network protocol The OSI model is used to describe what tasks a protocol suite performs as you explore how data moves across a network

OSI Model
The OSI Model

OSI Model
You can use mnemonic devices to help you remember the order of the OSI model layers: APSTNDP (from top to bottom). The most popular mnemonic for this arrangement is All People Seem To Need Data Processing. A reverse mnemonic (from Physical to Application, bottom to top) is Please Do Not Throw Sausage Pizza Away. Good advice, dont you think ?

OSI Model
Physical Layer
Generally speaking, Physical layer concepts deal with a network component that is tangible or measurable Additionally, the Physical layer specifies how much of the media will be used (in other words, its signaling method ) during data transmission If a networksignal uses all available signal frequencies (or, to put it differently, the entire bandwidth), the technology is said to use baseband signaling

OSI Model
Data Link Layer
The Data Link layer is actually made up of two sublayers : Medium Access Control and Logical Link Control Protocols that operate at the Data Link layer have several responsibilities, including creating, transmitting, and receiving packets. Additionally, the Data Link layer is responsible for physical (MAC) addressing and logical link control (LLC) processing, creating logical topologies, and controlling media access

OSI Model
Network Layer
The Network layer of the OSI model defines protocols that ensure that the data arrive at the correct destination. This is probably the most commonly discussed layer of the OSI model. The most important Network layer concepts are: Logical network addressing and Routing If the MAC address is the Data Link layer physical address, the protocol-addressing scheme at the Network layer defines the logical address

OSI Model
Transport Layer
The Transport layer defines the protocols for structuring messages and checks the validity of transmissions Key Word : Reliable end-to-end error and flow control The protocols that operate at the Transport layer mainly ensure reliable communications between upper peer layers

OSI Model
Session Layer
Protocols that operate at the Session layer of the OSI model are responsible for establishing, maintaining, and breaking sessions, or dialogs This is different from the connection services provided at the Transport layer Session layer operates at a higher level and looks at the bigger picturethe entire conversation, not just one sentence. Many gateways operate at the Session layer

OSI Model
Presentation Layer
The Presentation layer does what you might think it does: It changes the look, or presentation, of the data from the lower layers into a format that the upper-layer processes can work with Among other services, the Presentation layer deals with encryption, data compression, and network redirectors In addition, the Presentation layer deals with character-set translation

OSI Model
Application Layer
Now I know what you might be thinking: This layer is for my programs, right? Wrong The Application layer defines several standard network services that fall into categories such as file transfer, print access, and e-mail relay The applications that access these network services are located above the Application layer (although some people say that applications are an extension of the Application layer)

Networking Protocol The TCP/IP

TCP/IP is a widely published open standard and is completely independent of any hardware or software manufacturer TCP/IP can send data between different operating systems, from small PCs all the way to mainframes and everything in between TCP/IP is separated from the underlying hardware and will run over Ethernet, Token Ring, or X.25 networks and even over dial-up telephone lines

Networking Protocol The TCP/IP

TCP/IP is a routable protocol, which means it can send datagrams over a specific route, thus reducing traffic on other parts of the network TCP/IP has reliable and efficient data-delivery mechanisms TCP/IP uses a common addressing scheme. Therefore, any system can address any other system, even in a network as large as the Internet

TCP/IP Protocol
The Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) is the protocol of choice today Like other protocols, is used to allow two computers to communicate over a network However, TCP/IP is used not only on local area networks, but also over wide area networks and the Internet Actually, TCP/IP is the only protocol in use on the Internet

TCP/IP Protocol
And What are TCP/IP Do ?
Addressing. Each host is given (either manually or automatically) a dotted decimal IP address in the format xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx where xxx is a number from 0 to 255 Routing. On TCP/IP networks, routing is a fairly involved process. In order to send a packet through an internetwork (like the Internet), the router must have three pieces of information: the IP address of the sender, the IP address of the destination, and the IP address of the next router to which the packet should be sent

TCP/IP Protocol
And What are TCP/IP Do ?
Naming. TCP/IP hosts are named according to the DNS convention. DNS is a service that resolves names to IP addresses so that we can use friendly names like www.trainsolutions.com to refer to computers instead of unfriendly IP addresses like 192.168.24.31 More .. try to name it by yours

TCP/IP Protocol
OSI Model and TCP/IP

References
Martin P. Clark, Data Networks, IP and The Internet. John Wiley & Sons, 2003 Wendell Odom, Computer Networking, FirstStep. Cisco Press, April 2004 David Groth, Network+ Study Guide, Third Edition. Sybex, 2002