AIEEE and other Entrance Exams CHEMISTRY Notes & Key Point

CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

Chapter -

1. Chemical Bond : It their complete is the or at some equilibrium distance where attractive forces dominate over repulsive forces. octets are atoms force by duplets 2. Types : which rearrangement Chemical Bond holds the of their valence atoms electrons (octet together(ii) The theory). in a system Ioni Bond Covalent Bond Metallic Bond Co ordinate Bond molecule. acquires c The minimum 3. Ionic Bond : causes of energy when 4It is the electrons formation from one atom to another to get complete octet or duplet. electrostatic a)1Favourable conditions to form ionic bond : of bond force Formed between electro positive element (group 1, 2, 13) and electro negative element group (15, 16, 17) are(i)of attraction Tendency.N 2 Lower I.E of one atom and more negative Ege of second atom lattice energy.. E 1 Higher between of atoms Larger oppositely cations, smaller anions. to b) Properties : charged ions Crystalline, which are stronger conductor of electricity in molten or solution state, nondirectional bond . formed by force of . complete Bond : Covalent attraction, transference valent bond is formed by sharing of electrons by two atoms to complete their octet or duplet. (octet theory) Co thermally of a)1Favourable conditions to form covalent bond : stable, Formed between two electronegative elements (group 14, 15, 16, 17 ) low E.N < 1High charges on cation and anion (Fajans rule) volatility, 1.9 Small cation, larger anions (Fajans rule) high b)1Properties of covalent compounds density, . p. due to gas vander of low ompounds containing covalent bonds under normal condition of P, T,bexists as aweakor liquid Waalss C high m.p force. and b.p, highly b and Relatively low m.p. p. , generally non-conductor, soluble in nonpolar solvent. slouble in As the bond is rigid and directional, compounds with covalent bond show isomerism. polar Co valency of an atom is equal to the number of covalent bonds formed by the atom. solvent, c)1Lewis good structure ( V ) electrons (i) Calculate the total number of valenceafter subtracting for the cation or adding for the anion. of simple ( electrons (ii) Calculate the number ofN ) for complete octets of all the atoms. molecules or (iii) Calculate the number of S( present as shared pairs by subtracting S = N V ions To ) N electrons V from , i.e., write Lewis (iv) Draw structure of the skeletal structure representing the shared pairs. ( U = V electrons molecules (v) Complete the structure by showing the unshared S) and ions, d)1Formal following charge steps are Tota number Total of its number of non 1 Total number of The charge Formal charge at an atom = used : lvalence present at electrons bondin electrons around 2 bondin it electrons each atom g g e)1Drawbacks of octet theory of a Octet theory cannot explain covalent H molecules (i) Nature of force between atoms in the 2 , Cl 2 etc. like compound (neutral, or BCl 3 BeCl 2 AlCl 3 etc. (electron deficient compounds) ion) is(ii) Formation of called(iii) Formation of, SF6 , I 7 etc. its PCl 5 formal F ,NO 2 etc. NO (iv) charge, Formation of odd electron molecules like which (v) Shapes of molecules is Downloaded from http://onlineteachers.co.in,portalforCBSE, ICSE, State Boardsand EntranceExams. PreparedbyAlpha Education, Sec-4, Gurgaon, Haryana. sales@onlineteachers.co.in

5 Bond Length: It is the average distance betwen the nuclei of two bonded atoms. It depends upon

( HF Size of the atom: Bond Length increases with increase in HBr size of atom the >

. 7

C=

C )

Type of hybridisation : More scharacter, Bond shorter is the Angle : lone pairs on central atom, smaller is the bond angle due to lp - bp repulsion. More It bond length, is the electronegative central atom, more is the bond angle. More greater is the internal electronegative surrounding atom, less is the bond angle. More acidity with angle comparable sonance : betwen compound. In the some molecules and the orbitals all the actual containing properties structure is (a)1Differ electron cannot inbetween of ent in be pairs allexplained structures (c)1Resonating structures are imaginary. thethese by structures, have single valence structure called same (e)1More shell of the number of canonical forms of nearly same energy, greater is the stability of molecule. and the resonance positions central Bond Theory (VBT) alence hybrid. This is of molecule atoms, atom in a supposed phenomenon almost molecule verlapping of atomic orbitals of valence shell of two atoms leads to formation of a covalent bond. called is to have equal H many resonance. energies, bond is formed by lateral overlapping. s , p Main features same p bond formation no number of s shared and bond and bond is non-directional. unshared The direction of bond is same as the direction of overlapping of orbitals. electrons. s p p The strength of

2.

a)1Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory :

Main postulates of this theory are

Thus the molecule will have minimum energy and maximum stability. e. g.
4,

etc.

of molecule is unsymmetrical or it has irregular geometry. Lonepair-lonepair>lonepair-bondpair>bond pair - bond pair.

7
Pentagonal bipyramidal

redistribution of their energies to form new orbitals of identical shape and equal energy. N brid orbitals form

> lp > bp lp brid orbitals tend to remain far apart, therefore, replusion order is = Number of its sp sp sp ifferent types of hybridization are Hy
3

d sp 3