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Limits (Solutions) Benjamin E. Swerdlow

These are solutions to the problem set 1) lim = 25 6x

25 1 lim 6 x x 25 = 0=0 6

2) lim

x2 2x 3 x3 x3 (x 3)(x + 1) = lim x3 x3 x+1 = lim =3+1=4 x3 1 8 11x

3) lim =

x0+

8 1 lim+ ; this limit Does Not Exist, but goes to +; therefore 11 x0 x 8 = (+) = + 11 x23 x 5x23 + 2x15 19x7 the numerator is x23 and, since the greatest power in the denominator is 5x23 , as x , the denominator eectively becomes 5x23 because 5x23 will become vastly larger than any other term in the denominator as x because x23 is the largest power in the denominator; therefore the limit can be rewritten as x23 x 5x23 1 = 5 lim sin(8x) 8x 8x = u
x0 u0

4) lim

5) lim

lim

sin(u) u

=1

6) lim

sin(y) cos(y) 3y 3 4y 2 + 2y sin(y) cos(y) = lim y y(3y 2 4y + 2) sin(y) cos(y) = lim lim y y 3y 2 4y + 2 y cos(y) = 1 lim ; since 1 < cos(y) < 1 then y 3y 2 4y + 2 1 cos(y) 1 lim < lim < lim y 3y 2 4y + 2 y 3y 2 4y + 2 y 3y 2 4y + 2 cos(y) <0 0 < lim 2 4y + 2 y 3y cos(y) therefore, by Squeeze Theorem, lim =0 y 3y 2 4y + 2 sin(y) cos(y) therefore, lim y 3y 3 4y 2 + 2y =10
y

=0 7) lim (sec2 y 1)(cot2 y + 1)


y0

using the trigonometric identities tan2 y + 1 = sec2 rearranged to tan2 y = sec2 y 1 and cot2 y + 1 = csc2 y, the limit can be rewritten as
y0

lim (tan2 y)(csc2 y)

1 sin2 y y0 cos2 y sin2 y 1 = lim y0 cos2 y =1 = lim 16 cos(z) 16 z2 cos(z) 1 cos(z) + 1 = 16 lim z0 z2 cos(z) + 1 2 cos (z) 1 = 16 lim 2 z0 z [cos(z) + 1]

8) lim

z0

using the trigonometric identity sin2 (z) + cos2 (z) = 1 rearranged as sin2 (z) = cos2 (z) 1, the limit can be rewritten as

16 lim

sin2 (z) z0 z 2 [cos(z) + 1] sin(z) sin(z) 1 = 16 lim z0 z z cos(z) + 1 1 = 16 1 1 1+1 1 = 16 1 1 2 = 8

9) lim

x2 4 x2 x3 + 4x2 3x 18 (x 2)(x + 2) = lim x2 (x + 3)2 (x 2) x+2 = lim x2 (x + 3)2 2+2 = (2 + 3)2 4 = 25

10) lim

sin(x) cos(x) 2 cos2 (x) 1 using trigonometric identities sin(2x) = 2 sin(x) cos(x) rearranged 1 as sin(2x) = sin(x) cos(x) and cos(2x) = 2 cos2 (x) 1, the limit can be rewritten as 2 0.5 sin(2x) lim x0 cos(2x) 1 = lim tan(2x) x0 2 1 = tan(2 0) 2 =0
x0

c Benjamin E. Swerdlow, 2012

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