V

m
=

g
V
W
w = =

= h gA F V A Q =

1
= =
m
V
v
( )
water of density Weight
liquid of density Weight
SG
l
=

+ = h
h A
I
h
G *
2 2 2 1 1 1
V A V A =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
dy
du
t

= v
12
3
Re
bd
I
c G
=
0 ) ( ) ( ) ( =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
w
z
v
y
u
x t

|
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
=
2
0
1
1
t t
l
| o

36
3
bh
I
Trian G
=
0 =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z
w
y
v
x
u

2
0
t t
g
| o

+ =
64
4
d
I
circle G
t
=
3
2 2
) ( 36
4
h
b a
b ab a
I
Trape G

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+ +
=
d
p
droplet liquid
o 4
=

d
p
bubble Hollow
o 8
=

VD VD
e
R = =

2 2 2
w v u k w j v i u V + + = + + =


d L
L
p
Jet Liquid

=
2 o

z
w
c
c
=
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
=
y
u
x
v
z
W
2
1

t
u
z
u
w
y
u
v
x
u
u
dt
du
x
a
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= =


v
x
=
c
c

u
y
=
c
c

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
=
z
v
y
w
x
W
2
1

t
v
z
v
w
y
v
v
x
v
u
dt
dv
y
a
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= =
g w
dz
dp
= = gz p =
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
=
x
w
z
u
y
W
2
1

t
w
z
w
w
y
w
v
x
w
u
dt
dw
z
a
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= =
const z
g
v
g
p
= + +
2
2

W Vorticity = 2
2 2 2
z
a
y
a
x
a k
z
a j
y
a i
x
a A + + = + + =


(

= 1
0
S
S
x h
h
(

=
0
1
S
S
x h
l

x
u
c
c
=
|

y
v
c
c
=
|

( )
w v u
z y x
k j i
V W
c
c
c
c
c
c
= V =

2
1
2
1

t-tube) (For pito
gh C v
gh v
v actual
l theoritica

=
=
2
2

0
2
2
2
2
=
c
c
+
c
c
y x


0
2
2
2
2
2
2
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
z y x
| | |

|
|

c
c
=
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
y x
x y


sbach) (Darcy-Wei
d g
v L f
h
f


=
2
4
2

gauge atm ab
P P P + =

0 = + +
c
vdv gdz

P

gh
a a
a a
C v a Q
d er venturimet
2
2
2
2
1
2 1
2 2

= =



c v d
C C C =

6
4
10 4000 Re
Re
079 0
- for
.
f =

(

= 1
0
S
S
x h
h

ous Flow i.e. Visc for f 2000 Re
Re
16
< =


d
V L
d
V L
d
V L
g
f
H
series (

+ + =
3
2
3 3
2
2
2 2
1
2
1 1
2
4

S
S
x h
l
(

=
0
1
formula) (Chezy's v L
A
P
g
f
h
'
f
2
=
(

|
.
|

\
|
=
5 2
2
2
2
2
16 4
2
4
4
d
L
g
f Q
g d
d
Q
fL
H
equivalent

h
h h
C
f
d

=
2
2
2 2
1
2
1 1
2 2 gd
V L
gd
V L
ipes: Parallel p =
Lg
V
F
F
F
g
i
e
= =
gh
V
C
v
2
=
5
3
3
5
2
2
5
1
1
5
d
L
d
L
d
L
d
L
+ + =
2
sin cos
2
0
v
A C dA dA P F
D D

u t u = + =
} }

2
0
2
v

f =
v
d V
v
VL

VL
R
e

= = =
2
sin cos
2
0
v
A C dA P dA F
L L

u u t =
} }
) v AV(v S
1 2
= RT C =
4
d
m
P
A
= =
L
h
f
g
V
f
'
=
0 = + +

d
A
dA
v
dv
const gz
v
p
dp
= + +
2
2

K
d
dp
c = = KRT C =
( )
g
V V
h
e
2
2
2 1

=
const z
g
v
p
g
p
e
= + +
2
log
2

1
2
1 1 0
2
1
1

(

+ =
k
k
M
k
P P

P/
V
F
F
E
p
i
u
= =

const z
g
v
g
p
k
k
= + +
|
.
|

\
|
2 1
2

| |
|
|
.
|

\
|
-

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
- -

=
=
(

k
k
n

p
k
k
p

p
k
k
v
M
v
dv
c
v
v
dv
A
dA
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1 1

/L
V
W
e
=
C
V
F
F
M
e
i
= =

1
1
2
1 1 0
2
1
1

(

+ =
k
M
k

| | M
v
dv
c
v
v
dv
A
dA
1 1
2
2
2
=
(

= C

K
=
(

=
+
-
k
k
k
n n p
k
k
A m
1 2
1 1 2
1
2

1
2
1
1
2
1
+
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

k p
p
n
k
k
k
k

C
v
M =
2 2
L D R
F F F + =
(

=
+
-
k
k
k
n n p
k
k
A m
1 2
1 1 2
1
2

1
1
2 max
1
2
1
2
1
2

+
|
.
|

\
|
+

-
+
=
k
k
k ) k(k
k
k
A m

(

+ =
2
1 1 0
2
1
1 M
k
T T


1
1
2
1
2

p
k
k
v -
+
=

k
k
k
er venturimet
p
p
A
A
p
p p
k
k
m
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|

(
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

HGL =

h




EGL =

Skin friction

(for turbulent)

(for laminar)

Laminar flow in pipe

Laminar flow in pipe
u(r) =

Laminar flow in pipe

Poiseuilles law

laminar

laminar

von Karman eq.

Prandtl eq.

(turbulent flow)
Colebrook equation

, ,
xx yy zz
u v w
x y z
c c c
c c c
= = =
c c c
1
xx yy zz
DV u v w
V Dt x y z
c c c
c c c
= + + = + +
c c c
1 1 1
, ,
2 2 2
xy zx yz
u v w u v w
y x x z z y
c c c
| | | | c c c c c c | |
= + = + = +
| | |
c c c c c c
\ .
\ . \ .
( )
sys
CV CS
dB
b dV bV ndA
dt t

c
= +
c
} }

(parallel pipe)

flow through a converging nozzle

Fanno line eq.

Rayleigh line eq.