Class V11 FA2 Notes Light and Reflection Ray of Light A very narrow path of light represented by a line

line with an arrowhead showing the direction of light Beam of light Several rays together Speed of light 300,000 km/s or 3 x 108m/s Reflection = The bouncing back of light when it falls on a shiny or polished surface

What happens to light which falls on a surface? Some portion of light passes through the surface if the surface is transparent Another portion of light can be absorbed on the surface Some portion of light is reflected back to the same medium

Terms used in Reflection a) Incident ray A ray of light which falls on the mirror surface. The ray travels from the light source to the mirror b) Point of incidence - The point at which the incident ray strikes the mirror c) Reflected ray A ray of light which is sent back by the mirror after reflection. The ray travels away from the mirror d) Normal A line perpendicular to the mirror surface at the point of incidence. This is an imaginary line between the incident ray and reflected ray e) Angle of incidence The angle between the incident ray and Normal f) Angle of reflection The angle between the reflected ray and normal

State the laws of reflection in a plane mirror 1) When a ray of light falls on a mirror, it is reflected in such a way that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection 2) The incident ray, the normal at the point of incidence and the reflected ray all lie in the same planes

Draw a diagram of the periscope Mark the angle of incidence and angle of reflection

Differentiate
Regular Reflection Takes place when light strikes a smooth surface A parallel beam is formed by reflected rays Clear image is formed Diffuse reflection Takes place when light strikes a rough uneven surface The rays are reflected in different directions Blurred image or no image is formed

Real image
Can be obtained on a screen Image is inverted Formed where the reflected rays meet Formed on the same side of the mirror Size depends on the distance from the mirror

Virtual image
Cannot be obtained on a screen Image is erect Formed where the reflected rays appear to meet Formed behind the mirror Size varies with the mirror

Reproduction in Plants Read the questions given and mark the answers in your text
1) What is reproduction? 2) Define the term species 3) Why is a flower called the reproductive part of the plant? 4) What is asexual reproduction? 5) Explain the following types of asexual reproduction with examples

Spore formation Fragmentation Regeneration 6) Draw a flowchart representing natural and artificial methods of asexual reproduction 7) Why is artificial propagation preferred to natural propagation of species 8) Describe the process of grafting with a diagram 9) Describe the process of layering with a diagram 10) What are undifferentiated cells? Write a note on tissue culture.

Extra questions 1) Why is reproduction necessary for living organisms? Reproduction is necessary for the continuity and preservation of the species. Reproduction increases the number of the species 2) Examples of reproduction by asexual methods: a) Vegetative propagation Mint, Dahlia, Sweet potato and Guava reproduce by roots. A vegetative bud called adventitious bud arises from the root. These buds give rise to leafy shoots at a little distance from the main plant. These plantlets give rise to new plants. b) Stem propagation Strawberry, Potato (tuber),Ginger (rhizome), Onion (bulb), gladiolus (corn) propagates by giving rise to buds on the stem.

c) Leaf propagation Bryophyllum leaf gives rise to buds on the margin and tip of the leaf. These buds grow into new plants.

Explain how grafting is done Select a scion and a stock. The scion is the stem being fixed and the stock is the plant fixed in the soil. They are cut in shapes like V,M,W etc, so that the scion fits into the stock Wax is applied to the sides to prevent infection. The set up is tied with a string A polythene bag is wrapped around the graft. A single plant grows from the graft. The stock supplies the minerals and water. The scion supplies the food

ABOUT CHEMICAL CHANGES 1) What are Radicals? Groups of atoms which combine as a single unit and cannot exist independently are known as Radicals. Examples of Radicals are: Sulphate SO4 Nitrate NO3 Hydroxide OH 2) What are the steps in the writing of compounds? a) The symbol of the metal is written first, followed by that of the non metal b) Two metals cannot form compounds c) Write the symbols of the elements d) Write the valency of each element e) Change over the valency from one element to another f) Write below the line after the symbol g) Write them close together and ignore 1 to get the formula

3) Write the formula of these compounds using four step methods. Calcium hydroxide, Copper chloride, Iron sulphate, Sodium carbonate, Copper nitrate, Copper oxide, Lead sulphide, Magnesium chloride, Zinc sulphate, Potassium hydroxide

FIBRE, FABRIC AND CLOTHING 1) Why is clothing a basic necessity of life? Clothes protect us from injury Clothes protect us from heat and cold Clothes make us look beautiful 2) Some terms related to clothing Plant fibres obtained from plant sources. Cotton, Coir and Jute are plant fibres. Yarn Thread made from a fibres twisted together. Takli a device used in spinning Ginning Separating cotton fibres from the cotton seeds Weaving Interlinking two sets of yarn

3) Why is fibre made into yarn? Fibres are thin and small and cannot be made into fabric directly. It is first made into a thread called yarn which is longer, thicker and stronger. This can be woven into fabric. 4) Describe the sequence by which wool is made ready for use Wool forms a protective covering called fleece of a sheep. It is a natural fibre. Wool is removed from the sheep by shearing The fleece is checked for quality Scouring - The wool is washed with hot water and detergent to remove grass, dirt and grease. It is then dried out Carding The fibres of wool are combed to straighten them out Sorting Fibres are sorted according to texture, length and color Spinning The fibre is made into yarn Knitting or weaving The woolen yarn is made into fabric

Dyeing Coloring the wool can be done at any stage after washing, spinning or knitting

5) How is weaving different from knitting? Weaving is made from two sets of yarn. Knitting uses a single yarn. Knitting is done using needles while weaving is done on machines. 6) Name some animals other than sheep which give us wool Angora wool is obtained from the Angora rabbit Mohair is obtained from the Angora goat Cashmere wool is obtained a special kind of goat Merino, Alpaca and Llama also gives us wool 7) What are the characteristics of cotton fibres? Cotton is cool to wear. It absorbs water easily. It is soft to touch and creases easily. It can be washed and ironed easily 8) Why are woolen clothes worn in winter? Wool is an insulator and keeps the body warm. While knitting or weaving, air space between the yarns traps the air and prevents body heat from going out.