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Cycles of time called Yugas: common Jaina and Vedic Heritage


By Arun Kumar Upadhyay, IPS, B-9, CB-9, cantonment Road, Cuttack-753001 Phone-91-671-2304172/2304433, Mobile +91-9437034172 Email arunupadhyay30@yahoo.in (22 May 2009 (Summary) World civilization has progressed in cycles matching with glacial cycle of the world. Glaciations destroyed the northern hemispheres and center of power shifted to equatorial regions. Glacial floods made temperate climate more suitable and power shifted north wards. However, India, being bound in north by Himlaya remained protected from devastation and maintained long continuity of civilization. The geographical protection gave matching nature of the population to preserve ancient wisdom and tradition. The unification and foundation of knowledge gave rise to Vedas which are collected wisdom of is for at least 26,000 years. Its scientific explanation as per branch of knowledge and language of current time was by Jaina texts, whose tradition was maintained by munis. In general, same persons were called i as well as muni. Thus, the two traditions are since time immemorial in India and are complementary. Bauddha system of verbal logic is base of all texts explained in words. Mechanical science, farming, trade, and rules of govt. etc. are based on Chrvka were also part of both. There has been many cycles of time called yugas. Micro to largest time cycle have two opposing parts called avasarpi (descending) and utsarpi (ascending). However, historic cycle is of 24,000 years in 2 parts, called a day of human Brahm, or Kalpbda. 10th part of each is kali, avasarpi starts with satya, tret, dvpara, kali, It is followed by utsarpi of 12000 years in reverse order with kali. At present we are running in 3rd Kalpbda. whose kali had started in 3102 BC. Tret of utsarpi has started in 1999 AD. By mixing up with large time-scales of astronomy, we have given up to 1016 years life period to abhadevaj, which is more than life of sun itself. We feel disrespect in reducing the number or similar ages of other great men. Their greatness is not in having life span of million times that of earth, but in achieving world consciousness in normal life and uplifting mankind. This article attempts to outline Jain and Vedic traditions from 61,902 B, based on Pura calender. 1.Time Scales - atapatha Brhmaa (12/3/2/5) defines svedyana equal to 15-8 parts of a day, i.e. about 11,20,000 parts of a second, and (10/4/4/2) links the number of lomagartta (= 15 svedyana) in a year (1012) with number of stars in galaxy. Its image is human brain having same number of cells. Smallest time has been defined in Bhgavata pura (chapter 3/16) as the time taken by light ray in crossing smallest length. Starting from man of about 1.35 meter (average of length, breadth) size, smaller worlds are smaller in ratio of 10-5 up to 7 levels (Dhynavindu upaniad, 4). Thus, the smallest world is of 1.35 x 10-35 meters. This is called Plancks length. Light will take 10-43 seconds to cross it, which is called Plancks time in modern physics. Jaina texts also define similar micro units. To the largest end, astronomical yuga is of 12,000 divya years, where a divya year is of 360 solar years (Srya siddhnta, chapter 1). This is the period in which planets up to Saturn at 1000 sun diameters make integral number of revolution. That gives rise to cycles of reversal of magnetic poles and motion of geographical poles (also viewed as continental shift).1000 such yugas make 1 kalpa or day of Brahm in space. This period of 4.32 billion years is the period up to which planetary motion is expected to remain. In this period, earth will cover distance in its orbit equal to circumference of galaxy (Srya siddhnta, chapter 12). Night of Brahm is of same period. 30 day-nights make 1 month and 12 months (+5 = 365 days) make 1 year. 100 years of life of Brahm is equal to 1 nimea (twinkling of eye. For man, it is taken as 4/45 seconds) of Viu.100 years life of Viu is 1 day of iva, and his 100 years are 1 nimea of akti. These time scales are similar to estimates of half life of proton-decay which is still a wild guess. In the present Kalpa of 4.32 billion years, 6 manvantaras of 71 yugas and 7 sandhy, each of 1 satyayuga of 1728,000 years have passed. In the 7th manvantara, 27 yugas have passed. In 28th yuga, Satya, tret, dvpara were completed on 17/18-2-3102 BC Ujjain midnight. Then, kali of 432000 years has started. This comes to 1,97,31,44,000 years of the total day of Brahm of 432 crore years. After deducting 47400 x 360 years spent in creation, it is 1,95,58,80,000 years till start of kali. Sri Vasudeo Poddar in his book-Viva ki Kla Ytr- has assumed that two-day nights of Brahma of 864 crore years each have passed and it is the time in 3rd day. Thus, the total time passed is about 1926 crore years. This tally with the modern estimates of 10 to 25 billion years life of cosmos. Third day of Brahm has been indicated in-Bhaviya pu, pratisarga (1/1/3), Yajurveda (12/75), gveda (10/97/1), Brahma (1/2/6/59, 16, 51, 52, 61, 70, 76) and (2/3/1/8). ryabhaa has taken 1 kalpa of 14 manvantaras of 72 yugas each, i.e. 1 kalpa =1008 yugas. He takes 4 equal part-yugas each of 10,80,000 years. Here also, kali started on 17-2-3102 BC. However, historic yuga is also of 12,000 divya years, but here divya year means 1 solar year. This is clear from Vyu pura (57/17, 99/419) where saptari vatsara is stated to be 3030 mnua (human)

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years or of 2700 divya years at another place. Manuya (man) has mana (mind) which is an image of moon as per Purua-skta (7). So Mnua year is 12 rotation of moon around earth = 12 x 27 = 324 days. Divya also means bright, and it is due to sun. Thus solar year can be called divya year of 365.25 days. Assuming these figures, 3030 mnua years = 2717 solar years. 17 (or 18) extra years have been indicated as sansarpa kla (Chandrvadna Kla-Tantra, by Chandrakanta Bali, page 76). Similarly, Dhruva-year (in Brahma pura 1/1/2/29/18) called Kraucha year (in Vyu pura 57/18) is of 9,090 mnua years or 8100 solar years. Thus, we take 24,000 years of historic yuga with first half of 12,000 years avasarpi starting with satya, tret, dvpara, kali. Second half utsarpi is in reverse order of yugas. In this also, 3rd day is running with kali of avasarpi starting on 17/18-2-3102 BC Ujjain midnight. The 3rd day of Brahm started with Vaivasvata Manu from whom Satya yuga started. His father Vivasvn had started this system in Srya siddhnta (Vivasvn and Srya - both mean sun). Thus, period of Vivasvn is 4800 + 3600 + 2400 = 10,800 years before 3102 BC i.e. in 13,902 BC. His calendar started with Chaitra month bright half when sun enters Mea sign (now at time of spring equinox). Mahbhrata, vana parva chapter 230 tells that Krttikeya had started year from Dhanih ( Delphini) star after pole had shifted from Abhijit (Vega) star in about 15,800 BC. Since year started with rains (var), it was called vara. That tradition of starting year with rains when sun started southward motion was continued from earlier tradition of Asuras who were supreme before Krttikeya. Till today, Srya siddhnta calls it Asura day. This yuga system did not exist in period of Brahm, so satya yuga did not start with him, he was in earlier (dya) tret (Vyu pura 9/46, 31/3, 33/5). 2. Historic cycles - For history, Matsya pura (129/76, 77), tells that after Svyambhuva Manu there were 43 yugas till Vaivasvata Manu. Bhaviya pura, pratisarga parva (1/4/26) tells this period as 16,000 years. Thus, each yuga here is only of 360 years-called a divya year in astronomy. Divya-day (translated as Ba-dina) starts with northward motion of sun, which was originally meant to be start of Julian calendar year in 46 BC, but people started after 7 days to coincide with start of Paua dark half of Vikrama year 10. The start of north motion was termed Ka msa (Chris-mas) as night is longest on that day in north hemisphere.. These texts also mention 28 yugas or 10,000 (360 x 28 = 10,080) or more correctly 10,800 years after Vaivasvata Manu-till Kali start when Puras were finalized by Veda-Vysa (Ka Dvaipyana). Combining both, Brahma pura (1/2/9/36, 37) tells that 26,000 years or 71 yugas (called manvantara, historic one) have passed from Svyambhuva Manu till kali start. In historic cycle also, 24,000 years period has been called Brahmbda in Bhaviya pura, pratisarga parva , (91/1/3) and Ayanbda yuga in Vyu pura (31/29). Thus, there are two complementary cycles(1) 26,000 years of 71 yugas of 360 years each (more correctly, of 365 years equal to days in solar year. (2) 24,000 years in 2 halves- avasarpi of 12000 years starting with satya, tret, dvpara, kali-of 4,3,2,1 parts, followed by utsarpi is in reverse order of yugas. 26,000 years is the period of precession of earths axis, called ayana-chakra in Indian astronomy. From position of equinox point or of solstices, we can verify the yuga mathematically. Civil yuga is the real cycle of glacial periods which is a combination of rotation of major axis of earths orbit in about 1,00,000 years and precession of equinoxes in 26,000 years in reverse direction. When earth is at apogee (highest point of earths orbit) or is farthest from sun, it gets least heat. Combined with that, if the north-pole is inclined away from sun, glaciation sets in. When north-pole is towards sun at apogee, then there will be glacial flood. Thus, glacial cycle will be joint effect of the two cycles, as propounded by Milancovich of Czechoslovakia in 1923. That comes to 21,600 year cycle-

However, the real cycle is of 24,000 years as the speed of precession varies and there is nutation also. Rotation of major axis also has some long term components of 4,12,000 years and above. It can be seen that nodes of glacial cycle have always occurred in tret - floods in avasarpi and ice age in utsarpi. In taking 24,000 year cycle, we are merging 312000 year cycle part of major axis rotation with precession-

The yuga cycle also tallies with civilization as stated in Mahbhrata, nti parva (232/31-34). Dvpara is time of changes and revival, but yaja (science of production) reaches to top in tret only. By taking cycle of 24,000 years instead of 26,000, there has to be correction in cycle of 24,000 years, called Bja-sanskra by Brahmagupta in his Brhma-sphua-siddhnta (1902 edition), madhyamadhikra, 61. Bhskarchrya2 has in his Siddhnta-iromai, bh-paridhi, 7-8 has stated in his comments that he does not know the logic, it was since gama (pura tradition). Combining, dhruva-saptari and glacial cycles, the yuga cycle from 61,902 BC will be as belowYuga Cycle Day Of Brahm Part BC year Start of Yuga Glacial cycle Notes/Saptari period 61,902 Satya Ice age 69,200 (in Tret of previous utsarpi) Avasarpi 57,102 Tret Glacial flood 58,100 BC-Maij era, time of some sktas as 53,502 Dvpara calculated on basis of nutation in veda-klaniraya by Dark age 51,102 Kali Dinanatha Shastri Chulet, Indore, 1925.

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Day 1 Ut sarpi

Avasarpi Day 2 dya (initial) yuga (Svyambhuva Manu) Dhruva-0 Utsarpi Dhruva-1

49,902 Kali 48,702 Dvpara 46,302 Tret Ice age 45,500 42,702 Satya 37,902 Satya 33,102 Tret Glacial flood 31,100 29,502 Dvpara dya Tret-Brahm-Varha Kalpa 27,102, Kali 29,102 25,902 Kali 24,702 Dvpara 22,302 Tret 18,702 Satya 13,902 Satya 43 x360 = 16,000 years Ice age 20,000

27,376-

19,276-

13,102-Vaivasvata Manu 11,176Glacial flood 9,200 28 x 360 = 10,000 3,102 Kali 8476-End of 5,7763,076-Laukika-

Dhruva-2 Avasarpi Ikvku-Saptari-1 Saptari-2 Day 3 (current) Saptari-3 (Vaivasvata Manu) Ut sarpi technology 3. Parts of Yuga-(1) Parivarta yuga-Brahma pura (1/2/6/6-8) tells that the current kalpa or day of Brahm is called Varha-kalpa. Parts of yuga are counted only for this kalpa. In list of 28 Vysas, each part of a yuga has been called parivarta. 1 parivarta = 360 years (Paridhi = circumference divided into 3600, parivartana = change). 1 Tret = 3600 years = 10 Parivarta Yuga. Start of Tret was in 22,302 and in 9,102 BC. These had 10 +10 = 20 parivarta or parts. Even after second Tret ended in 5,502 BC, this counting continued till age of Rma (birth on 11-2-4433 BC as per horoscope in Vlmki Rmyaa) as era of advancement continued. Vyu pura, chapters (70, 86, 98) mentions these partsAsura king Bali-3rd Tret This count should start from 22,302 BC, but this yuga-system itself started after Vaivasvata Manu, hence it should more properly be counted 3600 years before 13,902 BC, i.e. from 17,502 BC. Second Tret will be completed in 16,802 BC and the third will continue till 16,442 BC. In this period of Bali, Vmana had achieved supremacy of 3 lokas for Indra. But Asuras thought that they could have defeated Devas in war and continued attacks. Finally Krttikeya defeated them convincingly. In his period, pole star had shifted from Abhijit to Dhanih and in consultation with Brahm, he started year with entry of sun in Dhanih (Mahbhrata udyoga parva, 230/8-10). That should be in 16,000 BC. Bali period is 1 saptari = 2700 years after completion of Dhruva cycle in 19,276 BC, i.e. after 16,576 BC when Asura empire based in Kraucha Dvpa (north America) was most powerful.. Year started with south ward motion of sun, or var (rains), so year itself was called vara. Datttreya -10thTret,-It appears to be in 9102 BC when second Tret started after end of glacial floods. Mndht - 15th Tret-started in 9102-4 x 360 =7,662 BC and continued till 7,302 BC. 18 generation after him was Bhu, who had been defeated by Yavanas with help of Haihaya, Tlajangha, aka, Prada, Kmboja, and Pahlavas (Brahma pura, 2/3/63/119-120). Megasthenes, Arian, Solin and other Greek authors have given the date of this first Yavana attack by Dionysus (Bacchus) as 6451 years 3 months before Alexander, i.e. in 6,777 BC. Paraurma-19th Tret - It started in 5502 + 2 x 360 = 7222 BC. After his death, Kalamba (Kollam) samvat started in 6,177 BC which still continues in Kerala. As incarnation of Viu, he has been called Hercules (as sun or Viu, he holds the earth). He was 15 generations after Dionysus as per Greek writers. He destroyed kings (kingdoms) 21 times, which has been called republic era for 120 years by the Greeks. This should start 120 years before the death of Paraurma in 6297 BC, when he must have been about 30-35 years. Thus, he lived up to at least 155 years of age, so he is famous as long lived. Rma-24th Tret- This actually started 3 parivartas after end of Tret, i.e. 5502-3 x 360 = 4422 BC, i.e. when was 11 years of age. Thus his life was mostly in 24th Tret. (2) Saptari era-As per, Rjatarangi,1/50-52), Laukikbda started with death of Yudhihira in kali year 25, i.e. in 3076 BC when Saptaris left Magh after 100 years stay in that star. 3 Saptari cycles i.e. 8100 years are cycle of Dhruva starting after death of King Dhruva, grandson of Svyambhuva Manu as per 9,102 Tret 5,502 Dvpara 3,102 KaIi

1,902 Kali Mahvra 1905, Siddhrtha Buddha 1887 702 Dvpara draka-755, kambhar aka-612 1,699 AD Tret 1700-Industrial revolution 5,299 AD Satya 2000-End of Tret junction-Information

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Bhgavata pura. It was called Kraucha year, when Asura kings up to Bali were supreme in that continent. (3) Glacial cycles have been given as per modern estimates. (4) Brahm-There were 7 human Brahm as per Mahbhrata, nti parva (chapters 348, 349)1. Mukhya From mukha (mouth) of Nryaa) or main Brahm-He taught Vaikhnasa. 2. From eyes-He was taught by Soma and himself taught Blakhilyas. 3. From V He has been called Apantaratam, son of V in Mahbhrata, nti parva (349/39). He taught Trisupara i. As per puras, he lived on banks of Gautam (Godvar). The supara, is stated to have entered sea-tending coastal land has been called Rehi (gveda 10/114/4), so farmers in Andhra are still called Reddi. Brhm script of 64 letters still continues as Telugu and Kannada having vowels of 1, 2, 3 meters. 4. In di kta yuga (37902-33102 BC)- Brahm was from ears. He taught Vedas with rayaka, Rahasya, and Sangraha to Svrochia Manu, ankhapada, dikpla Suvarbha. 5. In di kta yuga -From nose of Nryaa-He taught Vraa, Raibhya Muni, and Kuki (Dik-pla = Ruler of a region). 6. Aaja Brahm-taught Barhiad Muni, Jyeha Smavrat, king Avikampana. 7. Padmanbha Brahm taught Daka, Vivasvna, Ikvu-This could not have been a single man from Vivasvn in 14000 BC to Ikvku in 8576 BC. This appears to be institution of Brahm who was first consulted by Krttikeya for new calendar. His tradition appears to have continued till 9,500 BC at time of abhdevaj after glacial floods. He might have been in east Himalayas. Catchment of Brahmaputra river is called Brahma-viapa in Triviapa (Tibet), or at Manipura which means navel (of Nryaa) giving birth to Brahm, adjacent country. One of the Brahm in di kta yuga was in Pukara (Bukhara of old Persia, now in Uzbekistan), which has been stated 120 west of Ujjain (Viu pura, 2/8/26) and at 350 north latitude (maximum day length of 16 hours in Vednga jyotia).- See gveda (6/16/13), Brahma pura (8/87), Gopatha Brhmaa (1/16). Till today, the convention of scripts centered around place of Brahm is continuing-north east part of China, Japan write down wards, east part (India) writes to right and west Asia in left direction. That institution appears to have continued till Svyambhuva Manu who was king at Ayodhy. (5) Kayapa, and Manus-In astronomy, 7th Manu period is running and 7 more are yet to come. These are periods of geological changes which has been also described in puras and Vedas. But in historic era, all 14 Manus have passed. There were 7 main Manus and their 7 cousins, called Svari in same periodsSl. No. Main Manu Svari Manu 1. Svyambhuva Meru Svari 2. Svrochia Daka Svari 3. Uttama Brahma Svari (Kayapa) 4. Tmasa Dharma Svari 5. Raivata Rudra Svari 6. Chkua Rauchya 7. Vaivasvata Bhautya Brahma pura (1/2/36/65) tells that 4 Manus- Svrochia, Uttama, Tmas, Raivata were descendants of Priyavrata, elder son of Svyambhuva Manu. Mother of Svrochia was kti who was daughter of Svyambhuva Manu and was married to Ruchi Prajpati, father of Rauchya Manu. The other 3 were sons of Priyavrata. Brahma pura (3/4/1/23-24) tells that the other 5 Svari Manus were sons of Priy (Kriy), daughter of Daka Prajpati. Harivama pura (2/15) tells that Chkua Manu was son of Ripu, grandson of King Dhruva. Almost same exists in Vyu pura (4/100, 58/30). Prior to Vaivasvata Manu, list of kings is scanty. That gives 52 kings from Svyambhuva to Chkua and then 12 kings up to Vaivasvata Manu. Kayapa influence is for 5 generations from Chkua Manu to Pthu, between them came V, Anga, Vena. Svyambhuva.. Chkua. Vaivasvata 40 generations 12 generations 52 generations (incomplete list) = 15,120 years. 1 generation = 15,120 52 = 290 years. Period of Kayapa and Chkua = 29102(Svyambhuva) i- 40 x 290 = 17,500 BC. Pthu period = 17,500 5 x 290 = 16,050 BC. Thus, Kayapa period is from 17,500 to 16,050 BC. It may be noted that Institute of Brahm from Svyambhuva Manu continued till glacial ice period in 20,000 BC. Then, it was revived by Kayapa. After that, period of each Vysa till abhadeva can be taken as 2 parivarta = 720 years. Period of 6thVaivasvata-Yama is taken as 4 parivarta = 1440 years as there was deluge in his period. After abhadeva, period of all Vysa is taken as 1 parivarta = 360 years. (6) Mahvra, Buddha etc-Jain scriptures are unanimous that Mahvra was at the end of avasarpi , thus he has to be before 1902 BC. The horoscope given in astrology book tallies with the date 11-3-1905 BC which was Chaitra ukla 13th. Date of Siddhrtha Buddha is known more accurately-Birth 31-3-1886 BC, Vaikha ukla 15th, i.e. prim till 5-24 gha. Departure for Kapilavastu-29-5-1859 BC, Sunday, ha ukla 15. Achieving

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Buddha stage-3-4-1851 BC, Vaikha prim till 11 gha before sunrise. Death of his fatheruddhodana 25-6-1848, rvaa prim, Saturday. Nirva (death) of Buddha-27-3-1807, Tuesday, Vaikha prim, slightly before sunrise. Rma birth at Ayodhy at 81024 east, 26048 north, on 11-2-4433 BC at local time 10-47-48 h/m/s. lagna-90001, sun-9000, moon-90001, mars-298000, mercury-21000, Jupiter- 90001, venus357000, Saturn-200000, Rhu-1200426, balance in period of Jupiter-4 years. Ka birth at Mathur 27025 north, 77041 east, on 17-7-3228 BC at midnight. Sun-139048, moon47042, mars-9106, mercury-152048, Jupiter-148054, venus-102054, Saturn-224042, rhu 106024, lagna-500. ankarchrya at Kla 10040 north, 760 east, on 4-4-509 BC, Tuesday, 2252 hrs LMT, vaikha ukla 5 till 1132 hrs, punarvasu star from 4-4-509 BC -0139 hrs till 5-4-509, 0406 hrs. Lagna-261024, sun25038, moon-90068, mars-305019, mercury-44034, Jupiter-247045, venus-67053, Saturn-343022, rhu-31047. draka- He was born as Indrgupta in Brhmaa family and was king of Mlav (Ujjain). He united 4 main royal families in a yaja at Abu (Arbuda parvata) performed by Viu incarnation Buddha born as son of Ajina in Kkaa (Magadha). draka-aka was started in 756 BC on that occasion indicated in Jyotiadarpaa of Yallaya. For uniting 4 kings, he was called draka as honour and his era was called Kta (satya) yuga. These 4 families-Pratihra, Paramra (Pramara), Chlukya, Chhamna (Chauhna)-took lead in protecting the country against attack by Asuras (Assyria),so they were called of Agni-kula. Agni normally means fire, but atapatha Brhmaa (2/2/4/2) defines it as agni (agr) =agra =leader. Pratihra, and Paramra stopped Asuras and Chlukya continued to block, but decisive victory was by king Chhamna who completely routed Asura capital Nineve in 612 BC. This has been indicated in Bible as final destruction of Asura empire by king of Medes east of Indus river (= Madhya-dea between Gang and Himlaya). Chhamna were devotees of kambhar whose blessing for destroying Asuras in Kali era is indicated in Durg-saptaat (11/49). Era was started on that occasion has been indicated by Varhamihira in Bhat-samhit (13/3). After Chhamna, there was temporary incursion by akas of central Asia who were trounced by r-Hara of Mlav, in 456 BC and set up a pillar (Viu-dhvaja = Kutub-minar), called pillar of Hercules by Megasthenes. It has also been indicated by Ibn-Batuta, traveler from Morocco in 13th century. This samvat has been mentioned by Al-Biruni and Abul-Fazal. The 300 year period of Mlava-gaa has been stated by Greek writers like Megasthenes as 300 years of democracy. (6) Other Buddhas-There were 28 Buddhas listed in Bauddha text-Stpa (Thpa) vama. Viu incarnation Buddha was born as son of Ajina in Kkaa (Magadha) slightly before drala-aka i.e. in about 800 BC. He was not among 28 Buddhas. Majur Buddha was born in China-he might be among 7 Brahm, and was called Fan. Kayapa Buddha was in 17,500 BC. Praa Kayapa was in Kasap (Rohtas district in west Bihar) in time of Siddhrtha Buddha. Amitbha Buddha was in China at time of Rma whose teaching to Rvaa is called Lankvatra stra. In Yoga-Vsiha, Nirva khaa, chapters 14-17, he has been called Kkabhuui, who was north east from Meru, i.e. in China. Vasiha had gone to him for learning. His views have been criticised in Vlmki Rmyaa, Ayodhy ka, chapters 108-109. In verse (109/34) he has been called Budha, Buddha, Tathgata, akyatama (kya). Sumedh Buddha taught Paraurma after Dhanua yaja at Mithil when Rma was married. He lived at Mahendragiri where a place named Baudha still exists which is a district. His teaching to Paraurm is called Tripur-Rahasya. He is the same i who taught Durg Mhtmya to king Suratha. His explanation of akti as 10 Mahvidy is called 10 Praj-pramit in Baddha texts. kya sinmha Buddha had gone to Nepal just before Mahbhrata in time of king Jitedasti. Fahien has described times and places of 3 Buddhas just before Siddhrtha Budda. Krakucchanda, Kanakamuni and Kayapa. Stpa of Kanakamuni had been doubled by king Ashok in14th year of his rule. After Siddhrtha, there were 3 Lokadhtu Buddhas, out of which 2 were in Kashmir-at time of Ashoka, 48 th king of Gonanda vama (1400 BC), and in time of 53 rd king Kanika (1505 BC). Maitreya Buddha was in Dhnya-Kataka which is Cuttack in Orissa, a region of dhnya (paddy) with places as Chauliaganja, Dhnamandal, Salepur, etc. As per Fahien, he was about 300 years after death of Siddhrtha Budda (1807 BC) i.e in1500 BC. Dpankara Buddha was after Sumedh. Orissa king Indrabhti was his disciple. His son Padmasambhava started Lama tradition in Tibet. Siddhrtha has named 3 more Buddhas whose teachings did not survive inabsence of written text-Vipay, ikhi, Vivabh. 4. List of Vysa-On these logics and calculations, Sri Kunvar Lal Jain Vysa-iya in his books (Puron men Vamnukramika Kla-krama, and Puron men Aitihsika Parivarta Yuga-Itihas Vidya Prakashan, Delhi, 1990) has indicated period of 28 Vysas given in many puras (Vyu, Brahma, Krma etc). This is quoted by 18 Vol. Indian History by Sripad Kulkarni from BHISHMA, Thane, Mumbai-in vol. 4). 1. Svyambhuva Manu (Brahm)-(29,102-17,500 BC)-Svrochia, Tmasa, Raivata also were in this period. 2. Kayapa (Brahma-Svari Manu)-(17,500-16,050 BC)-Chkua, and other Svari Manus. In this period Pthu (17,050 BC) was most important king who did extensive mining all over the world-so earth was called Pthv. This led to co-operation between Deva and Asuras for samudra-manthana which was world-wide joint exploration of minerals. Vena was father of Pthu and possibly a jaina Trthankara as he

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has been blamed as Jaina in many Puras. There are many sktas by him. ukra planet was named venus after him. 3 an Kvya or ukrchrya (16,050-15,330 BC)-Son of Bhgu. Atharva-veda was by Bhgu-Angir. He was Guru (Preceptor) of Asura, Daitya, Dnava. Treatises on Rjanti (politics+economics), Dhanurveda, yurveda, Puras were written. Krttikeya starts new calendar in 15,800 BC with year from entry of sun in Dhanih star. 4. Bhaspati -(15,330-14,610 BC)-Complete form of Vedas. He explained grammar for each word separately which is still used in China- where there is separate sign for each word. 5. Vivasvna (Savit)- (14,610-13,900 BC)-New calendar and yuga-system as per Srya-siddhnta. Year started from vina month with entry of sun in mea sign and crossing of equator in north motion of sun. Avasarpi yuga started with Satya yuga. Then Tret, Dvpara came and ended after (4800 +3600 +2400 = 10,800 years) in 3102 BC. 6. Vaivasvata-Yama (13,900-12,460 BC)-He was Ahur-Mazda (Asura-Mahdeva) of Zend-Avesta. There was deluge in his period. He had explained the secrets of death to Nachiket (Kahopaniad), so he is called rddha-Deva also. He is called younger brother of Vaivasvata-Manu, but in action only. There is large difference between their periods. His place was called Yama-loka, place of dead with capital at Sanyaman Pur. These are now called Yaman, Amman, Sana, Dead sea etc. 7. Indra-atakratu (12,460-11,740 BC)-ata =100, Kratu = yaja = science of producing desired objects in cycles. Most needed object is food, whose production is most important yaja done in annual cycle. Other human activities also match the natural cycle of revolution of earth-like financial or educational session. Ideal for man is to do yaja for 100 years life-time. There were many Indras in 3600 years supremacy of Devas, but 14 among them were important who ruled for 100 years each-and were called atakratu . In space, Indra is the radiation which is present even in vacuum i.e. unsrah. On earth, Indra means king. That too is called unsrah because his influence is everywhere or he is owner of un-claimed property (with no owner). Most of the sktas of Vedas were written at time of 7th IndraVaikunha. Indra was Lokapla (ruler) of east direction (from center of India). With assistance of Marut (Lokapla of north-west) who was expert in science of sound-he made Deva-ngar script with 49 letters for 49 maruts in space of galaxy. It has 33 letters for 33 devas which are pra of 33 dhmas of solar system. Being a Chiti (City, arrangement) or nagara of devas in symbols, it is called Deva-ngar which is still used from Indra (east) to north-west (Marut). Samvatsara is yaja (atapatha brhmaa 11/1/1/1), Samvatsara is Indra unsrah (Taittirya brhmaa 1/7/1/1) 8.Vasiha (11,740-11,020 BC)-He was son of Mitra (Sun-Iran)) and Varua (Ahur-Mazda in Arab) bothmay be link between two regions. 8th maala of k-veda is by him. 9.Apntaratam or Srasvata (11,020-10,300 BC)-Son of Sarasvat-Alambu in gotra (family) of Dadhya-Atharvaa. He lived on banks of Gautam (Godvar) where Brhm script is still current as Telugu and Kannaa. 10.Tridhm or Mrkaeya (10,300-9,580 BC)-Datttreya taught Yoga-tantra and Mrkaeya taught pura. 11.abha-deva ji (9,580-8,860 BC)-After deluge he brought back supremacy of Bhrata as its Chakravart king (paramount power in world, with famous all-powerful weapon chakra of Viu). He was the first jaina-Trthankara of the current avasarpi. His son also was Chakravart and as this country fed the world, t he king was called Bharata and the country as Bhrata. Earlier, it was named Ajanbha-vara. In his period, Maya-Asura of Mexico revised Srya-siddhnta of Vivasvn which developed errors due to slowing down of axial rotation of earth in deluge (more pressure on equator region increases angular momentum-to preserve it, rotation speed will be less). The international conference was at Romakapattana,900 west of Ujjain (Rabat in Morocco). Due to worldwide authority of abha-deva ji, it was accepted for the whole world. abha-deva ji restored the civilization started by Svyambhuva Manu, so he is called his descendant. As ruler of world, he was incarnation of Viu and as teacher (abha =source of knowledge), he was 9th iva (Krma-pura). In Veda-sktas of his name and in Jaina texts, he has been called initiator of Asi-masi-ki (= sword, ink, agriculture). abha also means Bullock, which does agriculture and carries load, so he is depicted as iva on bull-carrying burden of country and feeding it. 12. Atri (8,860-8,500 BC)-Bhauma-Atri (of India, Bhmi or Bhloka among 3 lokas of Indra) was chrya (propounder) of yurveda. He also made shorter method of solar eclipse. Snkhya-Atri went to north-west direction where his Roman script has 25 (or 26 with extra-x) letters is still used, for 25 elements of Snkhya. 13.Dharma or Nara-Nryaa (8,500-8,140 BC) - He taught Vedas in Badarikrama. Guru tradition of ankarchrya starts with this Nryaa. This is period of Kva-Medhtithi i and king Duyanta and his son Bharata. 14. Suchkaa or Suchku (8,140-7,780 BC)-Period of Kings Marutta, Avikita, Karandhama and is Gautama, Vmadeva. 15. Tryrua (7,780-7,420 BC)-Period of king Mndht in line of Ikvku, and king Angra of Gndhra. 16.Dhanajaya (7,420-7,060 BC) i Bharadvja was contemporary-Da-rja war in about 7,200 BC. Attack by 17.Ktajaya (7,060-6,700 BC) Gaysura or Asita-Dhanv on India in 6,777 BC- Dionysus, or Bacchus) as per

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18.tajaya (6,700-6,340 BC) Megasthenes. 19. Bharadvja (6,340-5,980 BC)-Purohita (advisor) of emperor Chyamna (of Persia) and Divodsa (of K)-both. 20.Gautama (5,980-5,620 BC)-He resided on banks of Gautam (Godvar)-wrote stras of Nyyadarana. Period of Jamadagni, Harichandra. Paraurma, Krttavrya Arjuna. 21. Vchaspati or Niryantara (5,620-5,260 BC)-Yavanas were expelled by king Sagara, supremacy on oceans. His grandson Bhagratha brought down Gang (some glaciers of Himlaya merged with it. 22. Sukalya or Somaua (5,260-4,900 BC)-is Pulastya and Virav. Institute of Paraurma ends with tret. 23. Tavindu (4,900-4,540 BC)-He was emperor. His daughter married to Pulastya, father of Rvaa, Kubera. 24.Vlmki (4,540-4,180 BC)-Period of Rma, son of Daaratha (4433-4262 BC). Also of Rvaa, Hanumn. 25. akti-Vsiha (4,180-3,820 BC)-Method of Veda-pha (recitation). 26. Jtkarya (3,820-3,460 BC)-Student of Parara, but period is before him. Kada wrote Vaieikastras. 27. Parara (3,460-3,100 BC)-Teacher of Viu-pura. Divided Pura-samhit in 100 crore verses into 18 puras of 4 lakh verses. 2 streams of astronomy-of ryabhaa (Svyambhuva or Pitmaha) and Parara (Srya-siddhnta or Maitreya mentioned in Viu-pura). 28. Veda-Vysa (from 3,100 BC till today)-Son of Satyavat (later on married to king antanu) and Parara-Ka-Dvaipyana. Wrote Bhgavata pura, Brahma-stra, commentary on Yoga-stra of Patajali. Divided Vedas into many branches to preserve the knowledge. There was no further Vysa , so it is still called 28th kali. 5.Detailed Chronology(1) Srya-vana started with rule of Ikvku on 1-11-8576 BC. He has been called son of Vaivasvata Manu (13902 BC) but could have been descendant, or he re-established his system of calendar and polity. In Kish-chronicle of Iraq, his son or descendant Vikuki has been called Ukusi in 8,320 BC. Obviously, some kings for lesser periods have been left out from the list. Only list of main kings is available now(1) Vaivasvata Manu (13902 BC), (2) Ikvku (1-11-8576 BC), (3) Vikuki (Ukusi in 8320 BC), Purajaya or Kakutstha (also called baka =hump of bull)-He defeated Sujambha, second son of Prahlda in sixth Deva-asura war. (5) Anen, (6) Pthu-not the earlier king of Kayapa period, (7) Vivagava, (8) rdra, (9) Yuvanva-1, (10) rvasta ( set up rvast town), (11) Bhadava, attacked by Dhundu Asura. (12) Kuvalayva did the job, so he was called Dhundhumra. Firdausi (Persian poet) has called him Keraspa in his Shhanm. (13) Dhva, (14) Pramoda, (15) Haryava-1, (16) Nikumbha, (17) Samhatva, (18) Kva, (19) Prasenajita, (20) Yuvanva-2, (21) Mndht-About his kingdom saying was famous that sun always sets and rises in his kingdom (Vyu pura 88/68, Viu pura 4/2/65, Mahbhrata, Droa parva 62/11). This was copied by the British in praise of British empire. His subordinate kings wereAngra (Gndhra), Marutta, Asita (Asita-Dhanv in atapatha brhmaa 13/4/3/12 was an Asura kingnot Dionysus but his predecessor), Gaya, Anga-Bhadratha, Janamejaya, Sudhanv, Nga. His 3 sons ruled different states, and main line continued at Ayodhy. 3 sons of Mndht 22. Purukutsa Ambara Muchukunda 23. Trasadasyu Yuvanva-3 24. Sambhta Hrta (Brhmaa) Purukutsa was contemporary of king Sudsa of famous Darja-war, described in igveda. (25) Anaraya was son of Sambhta-He fought with Rvaa who was earlier than the famous Rvaa of Rmyaa. (26) Trasadava, (27) Haryava-2, (28) Vasumna, (29) Tridhanv, (30) Tryrua, (31) Satyavrata or Trianku-He was being set by yaja of Vivmitra to Svarga, but was stopped midway by Indra. (32) Harichandra-He donated entire kingdom to Vivmitra and worked as chla at K. (33) Rohitva, (34) Harita, (35) Chachu, (36) Vijaya, (37) Ruruka, (38) Vka, (39) Bhu-He was defeated and killed in combined attack of Yavana, Kmboja, etc in 6,777 BC. (40) Sagara-He took back the whole empire and spread influence over seas due to which they were called sgara. He punished Persians by making their beard goat-shaped and expelled Yavanas from Arab when the settled in Greece which was called Ionia (Herodotus). His 60,000 sons were burnt by sage Kapila, who might have been author of Snkhya-stras. In Gt, he has been named as foremost Siddha and Sryasiddhnta, chapter 12 tells Siddhapura at 1800 east of Ujjain, so many persons take his place at California (assumed to be Kapilraya).. (41) Asamajasa was expelled. (42) Anumna-grandson of Sagara became king. (43) Dilpa, (44) Bhagratha succeeded in bringing Gang from Himlaya which was called Bhgrath. (45) ruta, (46) Nbhga-was a relation, not son. (47) Ambara-2, (48) Sindhu, (49) Ayutyu, (50) tupara, (51) Sarvakma, (52) Sudsa, (53) Kalma-pda (His feet became black due to curse of akti, son of Vasiha), (54) Amaka, (55) Urukma, (56) Mlaka-He was at time of Paraurma and was hidden among women for saving him, so he was named Nr-kavacha. (57) ataratha, (58) Iavia, (59) Kakarma, (60) Sarvakma, (61) Anarya (or Anaraya), (62) Nighna, (63) Anamitra or Raghu-1, (64) Duluha, (65) Vivamahat, (66) Dilpa.

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(67) Raghu-2-He is the hero of Raghuvama, epic of Klidsa. On his name, the clan was called Raghuvama. Whole of ancient India was under him. (68) Aja, (69) Daaratha, (70) Rma was his most famous son (4433-4372 BC) who killed Rvaa and set up world empire. His rule is still considered standard for propriety. (71) Kua, (72) Atithi, (73) Niadha, (74) Nala (different from famous Nala of Niadha), (75) Nabha,(76) Puarka, (77) Kemadhanv, (78) Devnka, (79) Ahinagu, (80) Ruru, (81) Pariytra, (82) ala, (83) Dala, (84) Bala, (85) Uktha, (86) Sahasrva, (87) Chandrvaloka, (88) Trpa, (89) Chandragiri, (90) Bhnuchandra, or, Bhnumitra, (91) rutyu, (92) Ulka, (93) Unnbha, (94) Vajranbha, (95) ankhana, (96) Vyuitva, (98) Hiraya-nbha-He learnt yoga from Yjavalkya and spread it. (99) Kaualya, (100) Brahmiha, (101) Putra, (102) Puya, (103) Arthasiddhi, (104) Sudarana, (105) Agnivara, (106) ghraga, (107) Maru, (108) Prasuruta, (109) Sandhi, (110) Pramaraa, (111) Mahasvn, (112) Sahasvn, (113) Vivabhava, (114) Vivasva, (115) Prasenajita, (116) Takaka, (117) Bhadbala-He was killed in Mahbhrata war (3139 BC) by Abhimanyu, son of Arjuna. After Mahbhrata-(1) Bhatkaa, (2) Uruyaka, (3) Vatsavyha, (4) Prativyoma, (5) Divkara, (6) Sahadeva, (7) Bhadva, (8) Bhnuratha, (9) Pratitasva, (10) Supratka, (11) Marudeva, (12) Sunakatra, (13) Kinnara, (14) Antarika, (15) Supara, (16) Amitrajita, (17) Bhadbhja, (18) Dharm, (19) Ktajaya, (20) Raajaya, (21) Sajaya, (22) kya, (23) uddhodana, (24) Siddhrtha -Gautama Buddha (1887-1806 BC), (25) Rhula, (26) Prasenajita, (27) Kudraka, (28) Kundaka, (29) Suratha, (30) Sumitra-ended in 1634 BC. (2)Chandra-Vama-(1) Soma (=Chandra) was son of Atri, (3) Budha was son of Soma, (Tya-mahbrhmaa 24/18/6, Mahbhrata, udyoga parva 147/3). (3) Budha was married to I, daughter of Vaivasvata-Manu. Son of I was Aila Pururav, first emperor in this line. His basic name was Puru. As son of I, he was Aila. He started institution of yaja (3 agnis for that). He was like vabha (bull) of yaja and was making rava (vibration). So, he was called rav. This means that he was capable of production, hence rav is still used as word for respect around Kashi. 3. Pururav 4. yu Dhmn Amvasu Viyu 5. Nahua Katravddha Rambha Raji Anen Yati 6. Yayti Sanyti +others 5. Nahua had held the post of Indra also for some period when Indra had to leave after Brahma-haty by killing of Vtra. Later on, had to become serpent (a tribe of men where he ruled) by curse of a i. His daughter Ruchi was married to Apanvn, grand-son of Bhgu. Bhgu +Wives daughter of Hirayakaipu Divy, Paulom ukra, called Uan, or Kvya. Chyavana married to Sukany Tva, aa, Marka. Dadhchi Apanvn + Ruchi Trir Vivarpa (Vivakarm) chka+ Satyavat Jamadagni Paraurma Noah of Bible or Nuh of Koran = Manu (h), Rayu (Bible) = yu, Nahur (Bible) = Nahua First son of Nahua was Yati who became sanys (renunciate), so second son Yayti became the king. His first wife Devayn was daughter of ukrchrya (Kvya in Kaaba, Arab) who had 2 sons- Yadu, Turvasu. Second wife armih was daughter of Asura (Dnava) king Va-parv (va= Taurus, parvata = mountain-in Turkey). She had 3 sons-Druhyu, Anu, Puru. Due to fraudulent second marriage, ukrchrya cursed Yayti to become old. Then the youngest son Puru only agreed to take his old state, so he was given main kingdom, and in his name the clan was called Puru-vama. Yadu got north east part-in that line Ka (3228-3102 BC) was born. Druhyu got west part, Anu north (nava = yavana) and Turvasu in south-east. One branch of Yadu clan is stated to have gone under Ezypt rule where they were called Yid=Yahud (Jew)-escaped to Israel. (7) Puru, (8) Janamejaya-he did 3 Avamedha-yaja. (9) Prchnavn or Aviddha, (10) Pravra, (11) Manasyu or Namasyu-He rules from Sindhu river to east ocean and Vindhya mountain to Himlaya. (12) Abhayada or Subhr, (13) Subvanta or Dhundhu, (14) Yavuyna or Bahugva, (15) Samyti, (16) Ahamyati, (17) Raudrva, (18) Rucheyu-One of his 10 sisters was married to Atri whose son was Svasti. He had 3 sons-Soma (different from the first of Chandra line), Datta (Datttreya), and Durvs. His daughter Apl also was seer of mantra of gveda. (19) Matinra, (20) Apratrtha-His son i Kva Medhtithi was seer of many mantras. Her sister Gaurs son was Mndht-famous world emperor of Srya-vama. (21) Tamsu or Sumati, (22) lina, or Sudyumna , (23) Duyanta-from his wife akuntal was born famous emperor (24) Bharata-hero of Abhijna-kuntalam-famous play of Klidsa. is of his time were-chka, Jamadagni, Vivmitra, and Bharadvja. Bharata was married to Sunand, daughter of Sarvasena, king of K. From her, a son Bhmanyu was born by niyoga (artificial birth) by Bharadvja. (25) Bhmanyu (26) Bhatktra Nara Garga Mahvrya (27) Suhotra Samkti ini Urukaya (28) Hasti Guruvta Rantideva Trayyrui Pukarin Kapi

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(28) Hasti made a town in his name-Hastinpura, As this became capital of kings of India, Chinese called this country as elephant (hasti) kingdom. East and south parts of India adjacent to China are in shape of elephant head, whose trunk (ua) has gone to the end of Indonesia after which there is strait of u. India was main part of Jamb-dvpa (Asia), so, jumbo also meant elephant. After Hasti, his son (29) Vikuhana became king. All his 3 sons-Ajamha, Purumha, Dvimha-were brhmaas, but on order of sage Bharadvja, eldest son (30) Ajamha became king. He was contemporary to Srya-vama king Tridhanv. After that, the list is in-complete, but these names are found-(31) ka-1, (32) AhamyatiHe married Bhnumat, sister of Krttavrya-Arjuna. (33) Sarvabhauma, (34) Jayattsena, (35) Avachna, (36) Ardha, (37) Mahbhauma, (38) Ayutanay, (39) Akrodhana, (40) Devatithi, (41) Ariha. The list as per Vyu-pura is- (30) Ajamha, (31) ka, (32) Parkita, (33) Janamejaya, (34) Suratha, (35) Bhmasena, (36) Jahnu,-in time of Bhagratha, Srya-vama king who brought down Gang, so it is called Jhnav also. (37) Suratha, (38) Vidratha, (39) Sarvabhauma,(40) Jayatsena, (41) rdhita or Akrodhana, (42) Mahsattva, (43) Ayutyu, (44) Akrodhana, (45) Devatithi, (46) ka, (47) Dilpa, (48) Pratpa, (49) ntanu. Matinra was in time of Mndht in about 7,300 BC and ntanu was great-grandfather of Pavas in about 3,200 BC. Many other names are missing like Kuru, son of Samvaraa, in whose name the clan is called Kuru-vama. Samvaraa had been defeated by a Pchla king and was living on banks of Sindhu river he was married with Tapat, daughter of Srya (or of his line). Their son Kuru, re-established kingdom and times are found after that Samvaraa wife Tapat (4159-4071 BC) Kuru-wife ubhng (4071-3999 BC) Abhisvn Sudhanv (3999-3919 BC) Jahnu 9 kings as per Bhgavata pura Suhotra (3919-3826 BC) Chyavana (3826-3788 BC) Kmi or Kti (3788-3751 BC) Parkita Uparichara Vasu (3751-3709 BC) (Pratpa or Chaidya) Janamejaya Bhadratha (3709-3637 BC)-capital at Girivraja (Rjagha=Rajgir now) Kugra (3637-3567 BC) Bhmasena abha (3567-3497 BC) Satyahita (3497-3437 BC) Pratpa (3370-3310 BC) Puya or Pupavanta (3427-3394 BC) ntanu (3310-3251 BC) Devpi Bhlka Satyadhti (3394-3351 BC) (wives) Gang Satyavat Sudhanv (3351-3308 BC) Chitrngada (3248 BC) Vichitravrya (up to 3238 BC) Sarva (3308-3265 BC) Bhma (3238-3218 BC) Pu (3218-3213 BC) Sambhava (3265-3222 BC) Dhtarra (3213-3174 BC) Jarsandha (3222-3180 BC) Duryodhana (3174-3138 BC) Sahadeva (3180-3138 BC) Dharmarja Yudhihira (3138-3102 BC) (Brhadratha vama of Magadha) (As per Mahhbhrata,1/95/74-82-from Pratpa) Kings after Dharmarja Yudhihira in kali- All sons of Pavas were killed in Mahhbhrata war. His yoynger brother Arjuna had a son from wife Subhadr, sister of Ka Abhmanyu. Abhmanyu also was killed, but his son in womb of Uttar was miraculously made alive by Ka after he was killed by brahmstra used by Avatthm after war. He became first king after Ka left the world at start of kali. (1) Parkita (3102-3041 BC)-he was son of Abhimanyu, He was killed by Takaka, Nga king, probably from Takkail. (2)Janamejaya retaliated against Ngas, called (nga-yaja) and their region turned into mass-graveyard, now called Moin-jo-daro (place of dead) and Harapp (place of bones). (3) atnka, and his son (4) Avamedhadatta arranged revision of puras at institute (mahl) of aunaka at Naimiaraya. (5) Adhismaka, (6) Nichaku-In his period there was a great natural upheaval which submerged Hastinpura in Gang due to which capital had to be shifted to Kaumb. Probably this was at same time ats drying up the great river Sarasvat in west India. The kingdom remained for name sake only and King of K had to take charge of managing the country. Probably, he was also named Yudhihira, but after 5 years of rule, he took sanysa as Prvantha (23rd Jaina Trthankara) in 2634 BC, when Jainas take start of Yudhihira aka. (7) a (Bhri), (8) Chitraratha, (9) uchidratha, (10) Vimna, (11) Suea, (12) Suntha, (13) Nichaku-2, (14) Rucha, (15) Sukhabala, (16) Pariplava,(17) Sunaya, (18) Medhv, (19) Npa (Ripu-) jaya, (20) Durva, (21) Tigmtm, (22) Bhadratha, (23) Vasudna, (24) atnka, (25) Udayana (Hero of plays by Bhsa, in time of Pradyoota, mentioned in epic Meghadta of Klidsa), (26) Vanara, (27) Daapi, (28) Niramitra,(29) Kemaka-ended in 1634 BC by Magadha king Mahpadmananda. (5) Magadha kings in Kali1.Brhadratha vama-Started with Sompi, son of Sahadeva killed in Mahbhrata war. (1) Sompi (Mrjri)-(3138-3080 BC), (2) rutarav (3080-3016 BC), (3) Apratpa (3016-2980 BC), (4) Niramitra (2980-2940 BC), (5) Sukta (2940-2882 BC), (6) Bhatkarman (2882-2859 BC), (7) Senajita (2859-2809 BC), (8) rutajaya (2809-2769 BC), (9) Mahbala (2769-2734 BC), (10) uchi (2734-2676 BC), (11) Kema (2676-2648 BC), (12) Auvrata (2648-2584 BC), (13), Dharmanetra (2584-2549 BC), (14) Nirvtti (2549-2491 BC), (15) Suvrata (2491-2453 BC), (16) Dhasena (2453-2395 BC), (17)

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Sumati (2395-2362 BC), (18) Suchala (2362-2340BC), (19) Sunetra (2340-2300 BC), (20) Satyajita (2300-2217 BC), (21) Vrajita (2217-2182 BC), (22) Ripujaya (2182-2132 BC) Total-22 kings for 1006 years (Brahma pura 2/3/74/121, Viu pura 4/23/12 etc) 2. Pradyota vama-Last Brhadratha king was Ripujaya killed by his minister unaka (or Pulaka) and made his son-in-law Pradyota, as king (Brahma pura 2/3/74/122, Skanda pura 12/2 etc). (1) Pradyota (2132-2109 BC), (2) Plaka (2109-2085 BC), (3) Vikhaypa (2085-2035 BC), (4) Janaka (2035-2014 BC), (5) Nandivardhana (2014-1994 BC)-Total 5 kings for 138 years. 3. iunga vama- (Kaliyuga Rja Vttnta 2/2, Bhgavata pura 12/2/8 etc.)-(1)iunga (19941954 BC), (2) Kkavara or akavara (1954-1918 BC), (3) Kemadhanv (1918-1892 BC), (4) Katrauja (1892-1852 BC), (5) Vidhisra (Bimbisra) or reika (1852-1814 BC), (6) Ajtaatru (18141787 BC), (7) Daraka (1787-1752 BC), (8) Udyi (1752-1719 BC), (9) Nandivardhana (1719-1677 BC), (10) Mahnandi (1677-1634 BC). In this period Siddhrtha, son of uddhodana became Buddha, who was incarnation of my and moha, not of Viu (Viu pura 4/23 etc). He was 5 years younger to Bimbisra and died in 8th year of Ajtaatrus rule in 1806 BC. Udyi in 4 year of his rule established Paliputra on confluence of Son and Gang (Vyu pura 119/318). Ten kings of this dynasty ruled for 360 years. 4. Nanda vama- Mah-Padma-Nanda was the son of last iunga king Mahnandi by his dr wife. After death of his father he became king 1500 years (more accurately 1534 years after birth of Parkita in 3138 BC) stated in all puras as a landmark of history. He won most of India by exterminating all katriya kings like second Paraurma. (Viu pura 4/24/104, Bhgavata pura 12/1/10). He ruled for 88 years followed by 8 sons for 12 years (Matsya pura 270/20, 273/23)-a total of 100 years from 1634 to 1534 BC. 5. Maurya vama-Kauilya Chakya destyoed and made Chandragupta as king. His family belonged to Mur town (in Sambalpur of Orissa, now submerged in Hirakud reservoir) which was center of iron ore called mura (murrum). So the family was called Maurya. 12 Maurya kings ruled for a total of 316 years (Kaliyuga Rja Vttnta 3/2, Matsya pura 270/32, Vyu pura etc.)- (1) Chandragupta (1534-1500 BC), (2) Bindusra (1500-1472 BC), (3) Aoka (1472-1436 BC), (4) Suprva (Suyaa, or Kula)- (14361428 BC), (5) Daaratha (Bandhuplita)-(1428-1420 BC), (6) Indraplita (1420-1350 BC), (7) Haravardhana (1350-1342 BC), (8) Sangata (1342-1333 BC), (9) lika (1333-1320 BC), (10) Soma (Deva-) arm (1320-1313 BC), (11) atadhanv (1313-1305), (12) Bhadratha (Bhadava)-(1305-1218 BC). There was another Aoka in Gonanda-vama (43rd king) in (1448-1400 BC) who had become Bauddha due to which Bauddhas from central Asia destroyed the kingdom. Many of the inscriptions in name of Aoka are by him (Rjatarangi , 1/101-102). No inscriptionincluding one at Hathi-gumpha mentions that had become Buddhist. Only mention is in Bauddha text Divyvadna (chapter Aokvadna) that Aoka was a good Bauddha because he had killed 12,000 Jaina monks on victory over Kalinga. This is too high a figure for a normal war. There is no basis of figure of 1,50,000 killed, 350,000 injured and 550, 000 arrested. This exceeds the population of the then Kalinga and more than current strength of Indian army. Alexander Army was only 120,000 with 20,000 horses, which was afraid of Magadha army of 600,000. Only possibility maybe that Jainas might be powerful in Kalinga administration which was lost after war. Another fallacy is spread that Magadha empire was destroyed due to adoption of non-violence by Aoka. Actually, non-violence is feature of Yoga-stra and more stressed in Jainism. Rather, Bauddha themselves including Siddhrtha Buddha himself were strongly opposed to vegetarian food even for Bhikus. It is surprising as to how Buddha was moved by sacrifice of animals in yaja, which is for food, not for God. Maurya kings were never against Brhmas, minister of Last king Puyamitra was himself a Brhmaa who killed king and became king himself. 6.unga-Vama-10 unga kings ruled for 300 years (Kaliyuga Rja Vttnta, Matsya, Vyu pura). (1) Puyamitra (1218-1158 BC), (2) Agnimitra (1158-1108 BC), (3) Vasumitra (1108-1072 BC), (4) Sujyeha (1072-1055 BC), (5) Bhadraka (1055-1025 BC), (6) Pulindaka (1025-992 BC), (7) Ghoavasu (992-989 BC), (8) Vajramitra (989-960 BC), (9) Bhgavata (960-928 BC), (10) Devabhti (928-918 BC). 7. Kava-Vama-4 Kava kings ruled for 85 years ((Viu pura 4/24/39-42 etc). (1) Vsudeva (918-879 BC), (2) Bhmimitra (879-855 BC), (3) Nryaa (855-843 BC), (4) Suarm (843-833 BC). 8.ndhra-Vama-33 ndhra kings ruled for 506 years. During that rule, saptari-cycle of 2700 years started in time of kingYudhihira (saptari in Magh from 3176 BC)-(Matsya pura chapter 270 etc.). Detailed list is in Kaliyuga Rja Vttnta, list in other puras miss some names. (1) imukha (Sindhuka or Sumukha)-(833-810 BC), (2) rka takar (810-792 BC), (3) rmalla takar (792-782 BC), (4) Protsanga (782-764 BC)-In his time Kalinga king Khrvela became independent from Magadha which was suffering under attack from west Asia. He repaired Prch canal in 5th year of his rule (Prch inscription) which was 803 (Tri-vasu-ata ) years after coronation of Nanda (1634 BC), thus his rule started in 1634-(803-4) = 835 BC. (5) r takar (764-708 BC), (6) Skandhastambin (rvasvan)-(708-690 BC), (7) Lambodara (690-672 BC), (8) pilaka (672-660 BC), (9) MeghaSvti (660-642 BC), (10) ta-Svti (642-624 BC), (11) Skanda-Svti (624-617 BC), (12) MgendraSvti-Kara (617-614 BC), (13) Kuntala (614-606 BC), (14) Saumya (606-594 BC), (15) ata-Svti-Kara (594-593 BC), (16) Pulomvi-1 (593-557 BC), (17) Megha (557-519 BC), (18) Aria (519-494 BC), (19)

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Hla (494-489 BC)-author of Gth-sapta-at, contemporary of ankarchrya. (20) Maalaka (489484 BC), (21) Purandara-Sena (484-463 BC)- saptari-cycle completed in 476 BC in his period. (22) Sundara- takar (463-462 BC), (23) Chakra-Vsih-Putra and Mahendra (462-461 BC), (24) iva-1 (461-433 BC),(25) Gautam-Putra-takar (433-408 BC), (26) Pulomvi-2 (408-376 BC), (27) iva-2 (376-369 BC), (28) ivako ( 369-362 BC), (29) Yajar (362-343 BC), (30) Vijayar (343337 BC), (31) Chandrar (337-334 BC), (32) Pulomvi-3 (334-327 BC)-He was a child son of Chandrar whose queen had links with commander Chandragupta who killed the king and kept his infant son as namesake king. His father Ghaotkacha-Gupta was commander to 2 kings-(30) Vijayar and (31) Chandrar. Finally, Chandragupta killed the son also and became the king himself. 9. Gupta-Vama-They have been called ndhra-bhtya also, as they were serving as commander under them (Matsya pura 273/17). Their place is called r-Parvata which should be r-ailam of Andhra Pradesh as the kings were from that area, not of Nepal as surmised. At start of this rule, Alexander attacked India in 326 BC. His historians have mentioned last kings of ndhra and first 2 kings of Gupta clan as well as strength of army of ndhra kings. Names as mentioned by Megasthenes areGhaotkacha (Ghaa = head, Utkacha = remover of hairs) - barber, Chandrar. (Chandra-Bja)Agrammas (Xandrammas)-31st. ndhra king Chandragupta-1-Sandrocottus, Samudragupta-Sandrocryptus, Chandragupta-2 was famous as conqueror or Amitrocchedas (=wiping out enemies)-Amitrochades. Gupta kings adopted titles of earlier great kings of Maurya periodChandragupta-1-Vijayditya. Samudragupta-Aokditya, Chandragupta-2-Vikramditya. This was only a title. Famous Paramra king of Ujjain of this name was later on. rgupta-Ghaotkacha-Chandragupta-1 (327-320 BC)-Founder Kacha (320 BC) Samudragupta (Aokditya (320-269 BC) Rmagupta Chandragupta-2 (Vikramditya) (269-233 BC) Kumragupta-1 (233-191 BC) Skandagupta (191-175 BC-Issueless) Puragupta (guardian of Budhagupta) Vainyagupta (175-174 BC) Kumragupta-2 (174-172 BC) Budhagupta (172-166 BC) Narasimhagupta (Blditya-1)- (166-126 BC) Kumragupta-3 (126-85 BC) Viugupta (85-82 BC) Later Guptas at Valabhi-Bharka of Maitraka family of Valabhi in Gujrat was commander of Kumragupta-3 called Kramditya. He became independent in Saurashtra but continued to call himself as Seanpati and governor of Gujrat. He shifted the capital from Girnar to Valabhi and ruled for 44 years. His son Dharasena-1 also continued allegiance to Guptas. His younger brother Droasimha came to power in about 147 BC when Narasimhagupta (Blditya-1)- was Gupta emperorand attended his coronation. Then Druvasena-1 ruled in Gupta era (starting in 327 BC) 206-226 i.e. 121-101 BC.Then his brother Dharapatta came followed by his son Maharaja Guhasena (92-81 BC) They had some areas of Magadha empire for which they showed Gupta legacy. Their rule continued till 319 AD when it was destroyed by their tyranny when the business community took help of Shakas. Then Valabhi-bhanga or Valabhi-samvat was started (Al-Biruni, Rajaehara Sri in Prabandha-Kosha, 1362 AD and some inscriptions). Last Gupta is Mahsena Gupta, king of Malva whose son Mdhava Gupta was vassal of Haravardhana (606-648 AD). (6) Kings of Kashmir-This is given in Rjatarangi. Taranga (chapter)-1, describes Gonanda-vama from 3450 BC. Names of first 5 kings are not known. 6 Gonanda-1 (3238-3188 BC), (7) Dmodara-1 (3188-3140 BC)-He was killed just before Mahbhrata war, then his queen Yaomat ruled. (8) Gonanda2 (3138-3083 BC)-He was killed by Pava king Parkita 20 Pava kings-( 9) Parkita who became 9th king and ruled from (3083-3041 BC), (10) Harnadeva was second son of Parkita , (11) Rmadeva, (12) Vysadeva, (13) Droadeva, (14) Simhadeva, (15) Gopladeva, (16) Vijaynanda, (17) Sukhadeva, (18) Ramaadeva, (19) Sindhimna, (20) Mahnadeva, (21) Kamandeva, (22) Chandradeva, (23) nandadeva, (24) Drupadadeva, (25) Haranmadeva,(26) Sulakhnadeva, (27) Senditya, (28) Mangalditya. Another Kashmir dynasty-(29) Kemendra, (30) Bhmasena, (31) Indrasena, (32) Sundarasena, (33) Galagendra, (34) Baladeva, (35) Nalasena, (36) Gokara, (37) Prahlda, (38) Bambru, (39) Pratpala, (40) Sangrmachandra, (41) Lorikachandra, (42) Bramachandra,(43) Babighena, (44) Bhagavant-with these 16 kings-a total of 36 Pava kings ruled for 1331 years (3083-1752 BC) Gonanda-vama again-(45) Lava (1752-1713 BC), (46) Kua or Kueaya, (47) Khagendra, (48) Surendra (Issueless). One relation (44th in Gonanda line) became king named (44) Godhara in 1596 BC. (45) Suvara, (46) Janaka, (47) achnra died issueless in 1448 BC. (48) Aoka was grandson of Janakas brother. He became king in1448 BC. Under influence of Lokadhtu Buddha, he became Bauddha and was named Dharmoka. He made many vihras and stpas, many of which are thought to be by Maurya Aoka. Bauddhas of central Asia captured his kingdom. By grace of a aiva saint, he got back his kingdom and got a son named Jlauka. He ruled up to 1400 BC and established rnagara town. (49) Jlauka (1400-1344BC), (50) Dmodara-2 (1344-1294 BC), Again, Bauddhas of central Asia ruled the state for 60 years,3 kings- Huka, Juk,a Kanika (1294-1234 BC). Gonanda-vama (52) Abhimanyu (1234-1182 BC), -52 Gonanda kings for 2268 years (3450-1182 years.

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(53) Gonanda-3, (54) Vibhaa, (55) Indrajita, (56) Rvaa, (57) Vibhaa-2, (58) Kinnara, or Nara, (59) Siddha, (60) Utpalka, (61) Hirayakula, (62) Vasukula, (63) Mihirakula (704-634 BC)-These 3 were kashmiri aivas, not foreigners. (64) Baka, (65) Kitinandana, (66) Vasunandana, (67) Nara, (68) Aka, (69) Gopditya (417-357 BC)-He built ankarchrya temple in 367 BC which is now called Takhta-eSuleman. (70) Gokara, (71) Kinakhila, (72) Narendrditya, (73) Andha-Yudhihira-he was short-eyed not blind,-73+5=78 kings (3450-272 BC) Taranga-2-Relations of Hara-Vikramditya-(1) Pratpditya, (2) Jalaukasa, (3) Tujina, (4) Vijaya, (5) Jayendra, (6) Sandhimati-(272-80 BC) Gonanda-vama-Descendent of Andha-Yudhihira (80) Meghavhana (80-46 BC), (81) Pravarasena, rehasena or Tujina (46-16 BC), (82) Hiraya-(His younger brother Torama made coins in his own name-died in jail)-He died issueless-(16 BC-14 AD), 83-Mtgupta (Sent by king Vikramditya of Ujjain)(14-19 AD), (84) Pravarasena-2-Son of Torama (19-79 AD),(85) Yudhihira -2 (79-118 AD)contemporary of king livhana, grandson of Vikramditya of Ujjain, (86) Lakmaa (Narendrditya) (118-131), (87) Tujina or Rditya, poet (131-173), (88) Vikramditya (173-215), (89) Blditya (215252)- end of Gonanda-vama. Karkoaka-vama-(1) Durlabhavardhana (son-in-law of Blditya the last king of Gonanda-vama)-(252288), (2) Durlabhaka or Pratpditya (288-338), (5) Lalitditya or poet Muktpa (431-467), (6) Kuvalayditya (467-468), (7) Vajrditya, Vpyyika or Lalitpa (468-525), (8) Pthivypa (525-569), (9) Sangrmapa (7 days), (10) Jaypa, scholar and poet (569-620), (11) Lalitpa (620-672)Chinese traveler Huensang had come in this period, (12) Sangrmapa -2 (672-729), (13) Chipyata,or Jaypa (729-781), (14) Ajitpa (781-837), (15) Anangpa (837-840) (16) Utpalpa (840-845), (17) Sukhavarm (845-852) Utpala-vama-Avantivarman (town Avantipura in his name) and his son ruled in (852-936). Poets nandavardhana, and Ratnkara in that period. Grand-daughter of Bhma-h was Didd who ruled in name of her son Abhimanyu Gupta for (957-971) and countered attack of Mahmud of Gajani. Then Eka and tyrant Hara ruled in (1086-1110). Shahmir ruled in name of Shamsuddin in 1318. His family ruled till 1561 when Moghul king Akbar captured Kashmir. Nepal Kings-This is given because Nepal was always independent and its king list is not distorted. This has important links with other kings of India. Gopla-vama-(1) Bhuktamngata Gupta (4159-4071 BC), (2) Jayagupta (4071-3999 BC), (3) Paramagupta (3999-3919 BC), (4) Haragupta (3919-3826 BC), (5) Bhmagupta (3826-3788), (6) Maigupta (3788-3751 BC), (7) Viugupta (3751-3709 BC), (8) Yakagupta (3709-3637 BC). He died issueless. Ahra-vama-Three kings of India ruled for 200 years-(9) Varasimha, (10) Jayamatasimha, (11) Bhuvanasimha. Kirta-vama-(12) Yalambar, (13) Pavi, (14) Skandar, (15) Valamba, (16) Hti, (17) Humati-he had accompanied Pavas in forest. (18) Jitedst-He died in Mahbhrata war on Pava side. This is also described in Kirta-parva under Vana-parva of Mahbhrata and famous epic Kirtrjunyam of Da. 7 kings ruled for 300 years (3437-3138 BC), (19) Gali (3138-3137 BC). Then 22 kings ruled for 782 years till 2319 BC. (20) Pushka, (21) Suyarma, (22) Parbha, (23) Svnanda, (24) , (25) Stuvanka, (26) Giighri, (27) Nane, (28) Lka, (29) Thora (30) Thoko, (31) Varm, (32) Guja, (33) Pukara, (34) Keu. (35) Sunsa, (36) Sammu, (37) Guana, (38) Kimbu, (39) Pauka, (40) Gasti. Soma-vama-(41) Nimia, (42) Mnka, (43) Kkavarman, (44-48)-Unknown, (49) Paupreka Deva-In his period many persons came from India in 1867 BC (period of Buddha and Mahvra in Bihar). These 9 kings ruled for 464 years (2319-1875 BC). (50-51)-Unknown, (52) Bhskaravarman-He conquered India (some adjacent parts) and without any son. He adopted Aramna of Srya vama who became king in 1712 BC in name of Bhmivarman. Srya vama-(53) Bhmivarman (1712-1645 BC), (54) Chandravarman (1645-1584 BC), (55) Jayavarman (1584-1502 BC), (56) Vavarman (1502-1441 BC), (57) Sarvavarman (1441-1363 BC), (58) Pthvvarman (1363-1287 BC), (59) Jyehavarman (1287-1212 BC), (60) Harivarman (1212-1136 BC), (61) Kuberavarman (1136-1048 BC), (62) Siddhivarman (1048-987 BC), (63) Haridattavarman (987-906 BC), (64) Vasudattavarman (906-843 BC), (65) Pativarman (843-790 BC), (66) ivavddhivarman (790736 BC), (67) Vasantavarman (736-675 BC), (68) ivavarman (675-613 BC), (69 Rudravarman (613-547 BC), (70) Vadevavarman (547-486 BC)-In his period ankarchrya had come in 486 BC for debate with 12 Bodhisattvas. Due to his blessing the king got a son who was named after the saint. (71) ankaradeva (486-461 BC), (72) Dharmadeva (461-437 BC), (73) Mnadeva (437-417 BC), (74) Mahideva (417-397 BC), (75) Vasantadeva (397-382 BC), (76) Udayadevavarman (382-377 BC),(77) Mnadevavarman ( 377-347 BC), (78) Guakmadevavarman (347-337 BC), (79) ivadevavarman (337276 BC), (80) Narendradevavarman (276-234 BC), (81) Bhmadevavarman (234-198 BC), (82) Viudevavarman (198-151 BC), (83) Vivadevavarman (151-101 BC). After him his son-in-law became king. hkur-vama-(84) Amuvarman (101-33 BC)-Paramra king Vikramditya of Ujjain came in 57 BC and started his Vikrama-samvat at Paupatintha from Chaitra ukla 1st. (85) Ktavarman (33 BC-54 AD), (86) Bhmrjuna (54-147 AD), (87) Nandadeva (147-172 AD), (88-89)-Unknown (172-299), (90) Vradeva (299-394),(91) Chandraketudeva (394-450), (92) Narendradeva (450-516), (93) Varadeva (516-570)Avalokitevara and one ankarchrya (of a Pha) came in 522 AD. (94) Naramudi (570-615), (95)

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ankaradeva (615-627), (96) Vardhamnadeva (627-640), (97) Balideva (640-653), (98) Jayadeva (653668), (99) Balrjunadeva (668-685), (100) Vikramadeva (685-697), (101) Gukmadeva (696-748), (102) Bhojadeva (748-756), (103) Lakmkmadeva (756-778), (104) Jayakmadeva (778-798). (7) Mlav kings-United India which continued from Nanda in 1634 BC to Maurya, unga, and Kava periods till 833 BC disintegrated and attacks started after rise of Assyrian empire in west Asia. They attacked directly or the tribes chased by them attacked. They attacked up to Magadha capital at Patna, due to which it had to be shifted. Khravel of Kalinga tried to chase Has from Patna till Sindhu river and even attempted Rjasya yaja, but it was short lived. Finally, Viu incarnation Buddha born in Brhmaa family of Magadha performed a yaja at b mountain to unite leading kings, called Agni-kula. 4 kings formed federation under King draka of Mlav in 756 BC when draka-aka was started. The 4 kings were-(1) Pramara, or Paramra, (2) ukla or Chlukya, (3) Pratihra,(4) Chhamna or Chauhna. They checked the attacks and finally king Chhamna of Delhi completely destroyed Asura capital at Nineve in 612 BC when a new era was started (indicated by Varhamihira in Bhat-Samhit 13/3). Nineve in Jewish Encyclopedia and Medes in Easton's Bible Dictionary, 1897 (bible.tmtm.com/wiki/) have given many references to Bible. Chhamna was devotee of kambhar, so the year may be called kambharaka. His descendants ruled at Ajmer and Delhi called Chauhna kings. Gardabhilla king Darpaa of Ujjain had kidnapped Sarasvat, sister of Jain muni Klakchrya (599-527 BC), who went for help to 96 chiefs of Hinduga (Hindukush). Those chiefs had to save themselves from Darius of Persia (550 BC) and with help of Balamitra, king of Saurra, captured Ujjain. aka king Nahpna or Nahasena was made ruler of Ujjain and accepted Jain path. For this work, Klakchrya was called Vra and after his death in 527 BC, Vra-samvat started. Nahpna ruled for 40 years (550-510 BC). Then his son-in-law Uavadattas son Dinika, Mitra etc. ruled. In 457 BC, r-Hara-Vikramditya defeated them and became king of Ujjain. He was son of Govinda-arm, who was teacher of ankarchrya as Govinda-Pda. Bharthari (yog and author of Nti-ataka etc) was elder brother of r-Hara (author of Naiadha-Charita). Again in 437-420 BC, Chaana, commander of aka king Yaomati ruled Ujjain. There after Jayadamana (420-390 BC), Rudra-damana-1 (390-360 BC), Damajadsri, Jivadamana, his brother Rudrasimha-1 (360-317 BC), Rudrasimha-2 (317-293 BC) ruled in some parts of north-west India till 57 BC. After Hara-Vikrama, Paramra kings captured Ujjan. Pramara was Smaved Brhmaa, after being Agnikula, he was called Brahma-katra. Their list as per Bhaviya pura, pratisarga (4/1) is-(1) Pramara (197-191 BC), (2) Mahmara (191-188 BC), (3) Devpi (188-185 BC), (4) Devadta (185-182 BC), (5) Gandharvasena (182-132 BC), (6) ankha (132-102 BC), (7) Gandharvasena (102-82 BC)-after sudden death of his son ankha. (8) Vikramditya (82 BC-19 AD)-He started Vikrama samvat in 57 BC at Paupatintha in Nepal from Chaitra and at Somantha from Krttika month. He ruled up to Arab in west and he has been praised by Arab poets. He had 9 jewels like Varhamihira, Betla-Bhaa, Ghaakharpara, anku, Kapaaka, Klidsa, Vararuchi etc. Poet Klidsa with him was second who wrote Raghuvama, Meghadta, Kumra-sambhava and then Jyotirvidbharaa. First Klidsa was dramatist under Agnimitra unga (1158-1108 BC) as stated in his drama Mlavikgnimitram. Under Betla-Bhaa, Puras were revised in 3 Vil towns. (9) Devabhakta (19-29 AD), (10) livhana (29-89 AD)-After death of Vikramditya, India was divided into 18 parts and was attacked from all directions by Tatars, Shakas, Hunas, Chinese etc who looted, raped and kidnapped in mass scale. Sanskrit had been official language till Vikramditya, but after 18 parts, each had its own language (Sarasvat-Kahbharaa).Finally, he defeated all invaders and started livhana-aka in 78 AD. After resurrection Jesus Christ came to Shrinagar in Kashmir (called heaven on earth )and met livhana. (11) lihotra (80-139), (12) livardhana (13) akahant (189-239), (14) Suhotra (239-289), (15) Havihotra (289-339), (16) Indrapla (Indrvat) (339-389), (17) Mlyavn (Mlyavat) (389-439), (18) ambhudatta (439-489), (19) Bhaumarja (489-539), (20) Vatsarja (539-589), (21) Bhojarja (589-639)-He had gone to Balkha with his army, and was contacted by Mohammad, who sought his help in establishing Islam. This is indicated in Islamic history also. Klidsa-3 advised him against helping Mohammad, but many of his men supported Mohammad in his war. This third Klidsa was a tntrika and expert in quick wit and poetry. His contemporary was Jaina Muni Mnatunga. Here, lists are correct, but all kings after livhana have been assigned average of 50 years. Famous Bhoja was 10 generations and 500 years after this king. Mlav kings were feudatory to Rrakas. ryaka Hara (949-973 AD) was first great king in later era. His son Muja (73-995 AD) was a great scholar and patron of poets Padmagupta and Dhanajaya. He annexed regions up to Jodhpur in north-west, Vetravat in north east, Tp in south. East to west, it was from Sbaramat to Kalachuri. Finally he was caught in a war by Chlukya king Tailapa and was executed. His nephew was Bhoja (10181060 AD). He expanded his empire and was supreme in India then. He set up a university at Dhara called Sarasvat-mahlaya. His famous works are- Sarasvat-Kahbharaa (grammar and alankra-both), Samarngaa-Stradhra, Yukti-Kalpataru, Vyavahra-Samucchaya, Rja-Mgnka, abdnusana, yurveda-sarvasva etc. After Bhojas death, his son Jayasimha was killed in battle in 1064 AD followed by weak kings. Finally, t was annexed by Muslim sultans of Delhi. Chhmna kings-From Amia-Kla-Rekh, by Sri Parameshvarnath Mishra, Kolkata, and Souvenir of Akhil Bharatiya Pitah Parishad, Patna, 2001. It has also given list of ankarchryas of 4 Phas.

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(1)Chhmna, (2) Smantadeva, (3) Mahdeva, (4) Kubera, (5) Bindusra, (6) Sudhanv - He set up 4 Phas of ankarchryas for which an order was issued on copper plate dated 2663 Yudhihira aka (485 BC) on vina ukla 15. (7) Vradhanv, (8) Jayadhanv, (9) Vrasimha, (10) Varasimha, (11) Vradaa, (12) Arimantra, (13) Mikyarja, (14) Pukara, (15) Asamajasa, (16) Premapura, (17) Bhnurja, (18) Mnasimha, (20) Hanumn, (21) ambhu, (22) Mahsena, (23) Suratha, (24) Rudradatta, (25) Hemaratha, (26) Chitrngada, (27) Chandrasena, (28) Vatsarja, (29) Dhadyumna, (30) Uttama, (31) Sunka, (32) Subhu, (33) Suratha, (34) Bharata, (35) Styaki, (36) atrujita, (37) Vikrama, (38) Sahadeva, (39) Vradeva, (4) Vasudeva, (41) Vsudeva (king in 551 AD)-his 2 branches started kingdoms. One branch ended with last king of Delhi-Pthvrja-3 killed in 1192 AD. The other branch had Vra Gogdeva who fought with Mahmud Gazanavi in desert. Delhi-Ajmer branch- (42) Smanta, (43) Naradeva or Npa, (44) Vigraharja-1, (45) Chandrarja-1, (46) Gopendra-rja or Gopendraka, (47) Durlabha-rja, (48) Govinda-rja or Guvaka-1-in time of Pratihra king Ngabhaa-2. (49) Chandra-rja-2 (843-868 AD), (50) Govinda-rja or Guvaka-2 (868-893 AD), (51) Chandana- Govinda-rja (893-918 AD), (52) Vkpati-rja-1 (Vappayarai) (918-943 AD), (53 A) Vindhya-rja-very short period followed by his brother. (53 B) Simha- rja. He had 4 sons-Vigraha-rja-2, Durlabha-rja-2, Chandra-rja, Govinda-rja. (54A) Vigraha-rja-2 (from 973 AD)-He had defeated Mlarja of Gujrat and made pur temple in Bhgu-kacchha. He had sent army in 997 AD to help Lahore king against Subuktagin. (54B) Durlabha-rja-2 (998 AD), (55) Govinda-rja-3 (999 AD), (56A) Vkpati-rja-2 (999-1018 AD), (56B) Vrya-rja (1018-1038), (56C) Chmua-rja (1038-1063 AD)these 2 were brothers of 56A. (57A) Simhala-eldest son of 56C. (57B) Durlabha-rja-3 (1063-1079 AD)son of 56C. (57C) Vigraharja-3 (1079-1098 AD)-brother of 57B. (58) Pthvrja-1 (1098-1105 AD), (59) Ajaya- rja (Ajayadeva or Salhana)-(1105-1132 AD)-built Ajmer. (6) Arorja (Analdeva, Anna, Anaka)(1132-1151 AD), (61A) Jagadeva (1151 AD)- He had killed his father Arorja for which he was killed by his brother Vigraharja-4 (61B) Vigraharja-4 (Viladeva)-(1151-1167 AD)-he had defeated Chlukyas. (61C) Somevaradeva (1169-1177 AD)-Brother of 61B, as Pthvrja-2-son of 61A had no son. (62A) Apara-Gngeya or Amara-Gngeya-son of 61B. (62B) Pthvrja-2-son of 61A. He defeated 61A and died issueless in 1169 AD. (62C) Pthvrja-3 (1177-1192 AD)-last Hindu king of Delhi. He defeated Mohammad Ghori in 1191, but was defeated in 1192 AD due to Jayachanda of Kannauj. (8) Sdhya-yuga- (before 29,100 BC)-Chronology from 61,902 BC has been indicaed in Puras which was start of the first day of Brahm. It was after Ice age in 69,200 BC. Civilization was primitive in Satyayuga and the institution of yaja developed in Tret (57102 BC) as per mahbhrata after glacial floods in 58,100 BC. Pt. Dinanath Shastri Chulet in his Veda-kala-Nirnaya (Indore, 1925) has indicated that many sktas of veda and atapatha Brhmaa etc. are of that period on basis of calculation of nutation (chyuti) of earth axis. He has used the linear scale of Hansen formula which calculates the inclination of earth axis in current era which is declining for about 6000 years. But it has been wrongly assumed that it was always declining. It was never more than 260, but its values upto 540 has been taken. Summary is also given in his introduction to atapatha Brhmaa (5 vols, Nag Publishers, Delhi) and Report of Calender Committee, Indore, 1931. Gradual development in satya-yuga is in dark, but we get many names and references in Veda and Puras. Last verse of Purua-skta (yajurveda 31/16) tells that in era before devas, Sdhyas existed who worshipped yaja through yaja itself. Here, the verb-yaj-has been translated as worship. But, in Gt (3/10,15), yaja has defined as production of desired objects in cycles and we are to take only the residue so that yaja continues for ever. Thus, it means that there are chains of production cycles-one yaja is foundation of next yaja. That means that product of one process is raw material of another. The civilization has been called Maij-as it had started excavation of minerals (mai) and using them for industrial chain of production. Brahma pura (1/2/6) etc indicate that devas in that era were using Vimnas. Thus, Pt. Madhusudan Ojha has concluded in Jagadguru Vaibhavam (Rajasthani Granthagar, Jodhpur) that it had developed up to the current level of technology. The Devas were called Yma (Vyu pura (chapter 31 etc). Leading men were Sdhyas like Brhmaas of Vedic era. Siddhi- means accomplishment of any process or technology. Now, only limited meaning of siddhi as yogic technique is taken. A person having siddhi is Siddha and there tribe is Sdhya who researched into methods and technologies of various sciences. The ruling classes were called Mahrjika (like Katriyas) of 120 types-for prorecting against Barbaraslater on called Asuras. Persons in trade were bhsvara (like Vaiyas) of 64 types. Persons expert in technology (ilpa) were Tuita (like dras) of 36 types. This civiilization prospered due to yaja which maintains the population from local resourses and man remains in harmony with surroundings and natural cycles of time. This is the quality of India told by all Greek writers like Megasthenes, Solin, Arian, Plutarch etc. that India is self sufficient in everything, so it is the only country whose people never had to migrate, nor any race came from outside. Same applies to other 2 lokas of Devas (Yma then)-China (people were called Mahna = Han) and ka (Russia)-called Aparjit-dik (un-conquered). Zenda-Avesta also tells that in ancient times there were 15 zones on earth, of which India was the best and self-sufficient. The Barbaras, did not try to manage their needs locally and always attacked. Mostly the Maij could protect themselves. But as in modern era, disputes arose due to alternative theories of world and there were internal and external wars. 10 types of theories of that era are mentioned in Nsadya-skta of gveda (10/129/1-7). These have been explained in Daavda Rahasya and separate books on each vda

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by Pt. Madhusudan Ojha. He has added 2 more theories to complete the science of that period indicated in Vedas-Vijna Itivtta Vda (Successive development) and Siddhnta-vda (conclusion). It may be noted that Jaina gamas also are divided into 12 angas, and they also include Siddhas in 5 daily Namokars. These 12vdas are named as(1)Sat-Asat Vda-Sat means anything which can be seen or perceived. Asat are beyond perception due to very small size, large distance, formless or without light. There are 3 types of theories-world is from Sat, from asat, or both sat-asat. Their combination is in 7 vimara (consideration) at several places in Vedas. Thus, there are 7x 3 =21 types of theories. This is the first verse of Vedas (Atharva-veda-which was unique Veda-later on divided into 3 more) which means-The world is pervaded by 3 sevens. Verbal logic of Jainas also starts with asti (yes), nsti (no), syt (may be) and makes their combinations, called sapta-bhang nyya (=7 fold logic). A praise of Ka in Bhgavata pura (10/2/26) indicates 3-satyas and 7 other satyasSatyavratam satya-param tri-satyam, sayasya-yonim nihitam-cha satye, Satyasya-satyam ta-satya netram, satytmakam tvm araam prapadye. (2) Rajo-Vda-Raja means dust particles. motion, riches, lokas. All lokas (cosmic strucrures) like galaxies, stars, planets are moving in space like dust particles. Explaination of their creation, decay and motion is rajo-vda. (3) Vyoma-vda-Source of all visible creation is vacant space which is called Vyoma (Vi+om), i.e. it was even without any sound (Om). The creation is by 3 guas of Prakti. (4) Apara-vda-Para = tm (conscious being). It is called Chetan as it causes chiti =arrangement. Apara (or Apar) = Prakti. It is base of creation like Mt (mother), so all objects are called matter. Thus creation is by inanimate matter and conscious being-called Para-Apara-vda or Apara-vda in short. (5) varaa-Vda-Each created object is in a boundary called varaa. Its creation is called Vayun. Combination of particles and objects is vayana (weaving) and their link is vayo-ndha (weaving). The creation is study of these relations. (6) Ambho-vda- Root form of universe is homogenous matter called rasa (Taittirya Upaniad 2/7/2) or Ap. When there is vibration in it, it becomes Ambha, with waves it is Salila. Blocks of body are Drapsah (drops). As it emerges from source rasa, it is called Skanda (separated, fallen). Expanse of Ap is samudra (ocean) whose forms in universe, galaxy and solar system are Nabhasvn, Sarasvn, and Arava. Parent form of these structures (ditya = which starts, di = initial) are Aryam, Varua, and Mitra. The 3 zones (Dhma) are upper-Svayambh = universe, middle is Parameh = Galaxy, and lower is Saura (Solar sytem). Combined sourse of Rasa Is Parama- Dhma. (7)Amta-Mtyu-Vda-Source form rasa is Amta (permanent) and the creation from that is transient. It is released from ocean of rasa, so it is called Muchyu which has become Mtyu indirectly (Gopatha Brhmaa, prva 1/7). All the created forms are Kara or Mtyu and root source is Amta-both are embedded within each other. Some aspects of all bodies is changing, some aspect is constant. (8) Ahortra-Vda-Creation of forms from the formless is called day (ahar) of Brahm and the reverse process is called night (rtri). Two opposite processes are always running-creation and decay. These are called sambhti and asambhti, or sachara and prati-sachara. Each cycle has two opposite partsexpansion-contraction, udgrbha-nigrbha, avasarpi-utsarpi etc. (9) Daiva-vda-Devas are levels of Pra localized at each place. Their spread is Asura which is dark and formless. Centre of energy or is sun, 33 levels of energy in 33 zones (dhma) are 33 devat. There are 3 asuras in each zone-Bala (interaction among parts), Vtra (curling force), namuchi (boundary surface). Creation is only from devas, not from Asuras which are 3 times more. Thus created universe is only one fourth. (10) Samaya-Vda- Actual situation of creation is always uncertain, as even devas did not exist then. Thus, there are many alternate theories. None is perfect as logic has a limit beyond which it is not valid. Thus, there is always siome doubt as to what theory will apply to what extent. (11) Vijna-Itivtta-vda-Sequence of change (Itivtta) is not arbitrary, it is decided by rules of science (Vijna). Man also can create by following rules of science. Science of change is explained in Puras (=pur+navati), i.e. how old becomes new. Itihsa (history) is merely sequence of change-not the reason. (12) Siddhnta-Vda-This is combination and unification of all models, which has been described in Brahma-siddhnta by Pt. Madhusudan Ojha. This is the purpose of Vedas to see unity is diversity. Finally that was codified in Brahma-stra of Veda-Vysa, who showed that many diverse theories in different names are actually descriptions of the same Brahma. (9) Brahma-yuga-(a) 2 parts-This was from Svyambhuva Manu (29100 BC) to Kayapa (17,500 BC). This was in two parts-one started after glacial floods which has been called Dha-kla, i.e. period of intense heat from sun. After gradual revival, there was unification of theories that had developed in earlier era. This continued up to the glacial ice age in 20,000 BC. After Svyambhuva, 5 more Manus came who led the mankind. After ice age, Kayapa revived the institute of Brahm and was head of Deva, Asura and Mnava-all. Like Manus of earlier age, there were Svari (similar) Manus in his period. Brahm was also called Parameh, which is name of Jaina-trthankaras of this period. In each halves-there were 24 trthankaras. Bhgavata pura, part 5 indicates that the 7 dvpa and intervening oceans in earth of solar system (planetary system up to Uranus) was measured by Priyavrata, elder son of Svyambhuva. Then Dhruva (son of younger brother of Priyavrata) was the great king after whose death Dhruva-samvatsara

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started. These and some is might have been trthankaras. Jain tradition counts only kings among is as trthankaras who could guide the society. (b) Asura era-After Kayapa, Asuras were supreme for 3600 years or 10 yugas as stated in many puras (e.g. Brahma 2/3/72/69-93, Vyu 98/51-91). Their supremacy was cahallenged by incarmations of Viu who were prime strength of Devas. He had developed Chakra weapon which was superior to asura weapons. Hiraka was killed by Varha and his brother Hirayakaipu by Nara-simha incarnations. But Asura supremacy continued. It is stated that Asuras followed the same Vedas learnt from Kayapa, but interpreted different meanings of same word-da. Thus Asura tradition also regarded king as form of Viu and Hirayakaipu wanted to be worshipped as such. Deva kings always regarded themselves as servant to Viu. Finally, Vmana incarnation took the kingdom of 3 lokas fom Bali, grandson of Hirayakaipu for Indra. Bali had promised 3 steps of land as part of his yaja, which was as per Vedas. Vmana interpreted it as 3 steps of sun on earth-where 1 step is motion of sun from equator to 240 north (Tropic of Cancer). Thus, land up to 720 north latitude (in polar circle) was taken over by Indra. That was in Indian hemisphere only-with India, China and Russia as 3 lokas. It was not merely promise of king Bali. Devas were sufficiently powerful to challenge Asuras, who feared blood-bath and agreed to leave Deva part of the world. Some Asuras thought that they could have won in war and continued wars. (c) Joint mining- Krma incarnation explained that the fight is for property only and if it is not produced, then there is nothing to fight for. Asuras agreed for co-operationg inproduction of mineral wealth, which had been widely surveyed during time of king Pthu. Asuras were experts in mining, so they agreed to excavate in prime mineral area of Chhotanagpur plateau. It has a rod shaped hill in north-south direction called Mandra at whose north tip lies Vsuki-ntha. Vasuki nga was the prime man to co-ordinate the work. Nga were engaged in sea trade and sea lanes are called Nga-vthi. The asuras who came from Africa have titles related to minerals-Mu = iron ore (Mura= iron ore, murrum), Khalko = Chalcopyrite (copper ore), Xalko = copper, Hembram = mercury (Hg symbol), Oram = gold (Aurum in Greek), Hansada = location of minerals, Kerketta = locating on map (karkaa = compass), Kisk = blast furnace, This is unit of heat in Vaimnika rahasya. The excavation was called samudra-manthana. Expanse of earths crust is ocean and excavation is its churning. It is stated that Asuras worked in hotter part of Vsuki Nga near his mouth, i.e. hotter pit or mouth of mine. Devas were experts in refining minute quantity of metal from ores of gold and silver. So they worked at Zimbabwe, whose gold is famous as Jmbnada svara. That was south of Ketumla, i.e. mountain chain of north Africa. That Jamb river has been stated to flow from Meru mountain, so Sri Vinaya Jha has taken Mount Kilimanjaro as Meru in his model for rain forcast. Silver was refined in Mexico, due to which it was called mkika in Sanskrit. (d) Deva supremacy- Finally, Krttikeya militarily defeated Asuras. It is stated that he destroyed Kraucha mountain or continent (north America in shape of Heron bird) by akti (missile) and then captured it. Actual capture needs naval power in Pacific ocean. Army of Krttikeya was called Mayra (peacock), so men of his navy are still called Maori and surprisingly, their language remains the same from Hawai to Newzealand and Philippine to Pagos islands-separated by 15000 kms of ocean. There is no other explanation. Pt. Venugopal Sharma of My (Karnataka) has explained all inscriptions of Mexico and Peru as per Kannada script, a branch of Brhm which was followed by Krttikeya, but Pacific region retained short script for military use. Krttikeya had 6 centers of army in India called his 6 mothers in Taittirya Samhit (4/4/5/10) and Taittirya Brhmaa (3/1/4/4)-Dul (Orissa, Bengal), Abhrayant (Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra), Nitatni (Tamilnadu, Karmataka), Meghayant (Rajsthan, Gujrat, where Meghani, Meghawal titles exist), Chupuk (Chopra) in Punjab, Varayant (Asam) where rains start. Krttikeya was called Bhuleya, i.e son of mother Bahul who is called sister of Jagannthas mother. Vmana was named Viu, and Krttikeya was also in time of king Bali. He had started a new calendar in 15,800 BC in which year started with sun in Dhanih from rains. For military purposes, Krttikeya formed a shorthand of Brhm as Tamil, where first 4 letters in each consonant group are merged. Discrete objects are Brahma, merging is Subrahma. So Tamil is Subrahma and Krttikeya is Subrahmaya. For writing ancient texts, a separate grantha-script is used in Tamil. From his time, India was free of foreign attack or for 15000 years as noted by Megasthenes and others. It has been omitted with protest by editors but re-stressed by Louis Jacolliot (1837-1890 AD) in his book- Nine Unknown Menhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Unknown_Men (d) Some Jainas-Vena was father of Pthu and has been called a jaina. Sktas of both are in gveda. ukra was named Venus on name of Vena. He might have been a Trthankara. Jainas continue the Deva practice for eating in day time only called Go-char by Munis. Chara means to move or to eat. In both senses Asuras were Nicharas-who ate and moved in night. Muslims in that tradition eat only at night in Roza, exactly opposite to Jain practice. (e) Current traditions-Ratha-ytr had started as victory celebration which was at beginning of year in rains. Till today, it is observed at start of ha month from which rains started at start of Vikrama era. In earlier calendar, year started with Mgha month, so ratha-ytr at Mgha ukla saptam also is done. Vmana had taken hold of 3 lokas on Bhdra ukla 12, so periods of kings are still countedfrom that day only in Orissa, called Anka system. There is alternate counting in which numbers with 0, 6 at unit place are dropped. Thus, there are 3 types of ruling period of kings-normal years, anka of two types. Sahasra is used in 2 meanings-aproximate. When it means 1000, the years are actually days.

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(f) Asura Veda-Asuras also read the same Veda and did yaja by Vedic methods as by king Bali. Even in austerity like a Muni, they were ahaead of Devas. Hirayakaipu and his brother Hirayka did more tapa than Devas, so they were victorious. Still, there were 2 main branches of Vedic views discussed in detail by Pt. Madhusudan Ojha in Indra-Vijaya. Supporters of Indra considered the zone lighted by Sun as svarga and radiation as start of creation. There are different zones of Indra-svarga-zones from earth to Uranus orbit are svargas of 17-25 ahargana. North pole of ecliptic is Nka svarga around which axis of earth rotates in 26,000 years. As the great axis (Kuha=pole), it is Vaikuha. The entire region of solar system for 33 dhmas is location of Devas as pra (average energy of each zone). Bright and dark regions of Saturn are zones of Dharma and Yama. 3 main rings of Saturn are Vaitara river with shepherd satellites as dogs mentioned in Atharva-veda (entire18 ka, especially 18/2/48). 3 zones of rings are 3 levels of svarga called Udanvat, Plumati, and Pradyau. All 33 dhmas or outer part is ivaloka. Asuras take the inert matter spread in galaxy as the source. That space is mostly filled with molecules of Ethyl alcohol (gveda 1/154/4-5) found by modern astronomy also (Life Itself - F H C Crick - Simon & Schuster, Newyork,1982 etc). That spread of dispersed matter is ocean of Varua, so its matter is Vru (alcohol). On earth, nearer zone of sun is Mitra (friend) and farther is Varua (Arab). Galaxy has been called Janah-loka in puras, and Jannat in Koran. Viu pura (2/7/12,20) tells that souls remain there till kalpa (qayamat in Koran). Both these are alternate models, starting from different points. (g) Super human Veda-Vedic mantras are seen by human (purua) is only, but they are considered Apaurueya (super human in the following senses-(1) is were beyond individuality and had consciousness of world, or God. (2) Mantra is seeing unity of 3 world systems-dhidaivika, dhibhautika, dhytmika, and not individual theory of any man or system. (3) It is average of all individual thoughts and thus free from bias. is means link or rassi (rope) in Hindi. Is link between world (God) realization and ordinary humans. That person is called Rasul in Koran. It is also link between 3 world system or 5 types of dynamics or yaja. As primordial form, it is string of 10-35 meter called asat -pra (invisible force) in atapatha brhmaa (6/1/1/1). 40 types of theories about creation of vedas have been discussed in Upaniad Vijna Bhya Bhmik, vol.1 by Pt. Motilal Sharma. (h) Jaina texts- In each age there were texts to explain current knowledge for explaining different branches of sciences at different levels of study. Veda is universal al time knowledge which is same for 3 worlds. Jaina text is separate for each time, subject, context, language and teaching level. To know real meaning, its science needs to be understood. Then any expression in language needs verbal logic, which is essence of Bauddha philosophy. But it is limited to only 2 options -yes and no. It does not have statistical view of Aneknta Vda. But it does not mean that Jaina theory had different measures of length, time, mass etc. No country or society can run if different people have different units-nobody will understand each other. (10) Vaivasvata yuga-It started in 13,902 BC after supremacy of Devas was well established. There were 14 main Indras who ruled for about 100 years each and were called atakratu =100 yajas, each year is a yaja, because main yaja agriculture and related yaja are in cycle of a year. Overall, they ruled for 10 yugas or 3600 years, till glacial floods in time of Vaivasvata Yama. Vivasvn (sun) started his calendar starting with Chaitra month when sun enters mea sign and of yuga system of 12,000 divya years. In historic sense, divya year is solar year. For astronomy, it means 360 solar years. Parallel Vednga jyotia also remained. His son was the last Manu called Vaivasvata Manu whose descendants were called. In astronomy, it is 7 th out of 14 manvantaras. After glacial floods in about 10000 BC, Matsya was in 9533 BC, when Prabhava samvatsara was in both systems of 60 years Jovian cycle. It was same after 5100 years when Rma was born (Viu dharmottar pura 82/7,8). The seeds preserved by Matsya were used by abhadeva J (about 9,500 BC). As he started the Vedic civilization of Svyambhuva Manu, he is called his descendant-though there is gap of 20,000 years between them. Like, Viu, he managed the people, like iva, he gave the lost knowledge, and like Brahm, he created grains by revamping agriculture-so he has been called incarnation of all the three- Viu, iva, Brahm, He had re-started Brhm-script in new form in name of his daughter. So, Jain texts say that he started Asi-masi-ki (i.e. sword, ink, cultivation). As starter of cultivation or carrying burden of people, he has been called Vabha (or, abha)-meaning bull. Images of iva in human form depict him only. Though, Krma pura, chapter 10 and other tells about 28 human ivas. Defintely, the ivas who killed Jalandhara Daitya or destroyed yaja of Daka-were in human forms and different on each occasion. After him, his son Bharata continue to feed the world, so he was called Bharata and the country itself was named Bhrata. Earlier, it was called Aja-nbha-vara. None of the sons of Bharata ruled after him, he chose another successor. About 1000 years after Ikvku, in line of Vaivasvata Manu became king on Mea-sankrnti day on 1-118576 BC. He was about 5326 years after and could have been descendant only-but called son. From him, Srya-vama (solar clan) rule started. After that, almost all kings of this are described till Rma (44334262 BC) and most of them were world emperors. Only in 6777 BC, king Bhu was killed in attack by Dionysus. Important names till start of Kali (3102 BC) are available. There was important incarnation of Paraurma (about 6330-6176 BC) who destroyed kings 21 times, i.e. there were 21 republics whose period of 120 years is indicated by Greeks. He was in 19th Tret and after his death Kalamba samvat (Kollam) started in 6176 BC which is still used in Kerala. There were many important kings who had become sanys later on. Many among them could be Jaina Trthankaras, but their sanysa name only is known. After sktas of abhadeva J, there are almost no sktas of any other

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i. Thus, Veda was almost in final shape after revival by abhadeva J, who is called11th Veda-Vysa. There were many centres of Vedas set up by kings, called Veda-pariads. (11) Kaliyuga-The civilization started by abhadeva J, was destroyed in Mahbhrata war. After that King Yudhihira became king on 17-12-3139 BC, from which his Yudhihira aka started. After 5 days on 22-12-3139 BC, Bhma expired on start of north motion of sun, after lying on bed of arrows for 58 days. Some time after that, King Parkita was born which is an important landmark date in history. After 36 years of rule, Ka expired at age of 125 years on 17-2-3102 BC. Then Dwrak was drowned in sea and its people brought to Mathura where Vajranbha was made king. Parkita was made king of Hastinpura. Vijaya samvatsara running since kali start ended and at start of Jaya samvatsara, Pavas went to Himlaya for abhyudaya. So that is called Jaybhyudaya-aka. After death of Yudhihira in Kali year 25, (3076 BC), Laukika era started. After that, saptari cycle of 2700 years ended at end of Andhra rule. There was mass disorder after death of 165 lakhs persons in mahbhrata war. One standard of guiding the society was needed, for which Nemintha J, became 22nd Trthankara. He has not been mentioned by this name in Vedic texts, but it is assumed that the name Arianemi indicates him. He has been called cousine of Ka in Jain texts. We are not sure about his pre-sanysa name. His records in India have been lost, but in list of Nepal kings, it is indicated that had gone there and Kirta king of Nepal-probably Pushka who became king in 3137 BC became his disciple. After that, the kings were called Gopla vama who were kings before Kirtas. Nemintha J himself was from gopla family. As the country was blessed by him (called Nemuni = Nemi-muni), it was named Nepal. Earlier name was Guhyaka dea. In India most records are destroyed but his name may be linked with these-(1) Nema (Nema) district of Madhya Pradesh-now divided into east and west parts. It has famous jyotirlinga of Onkrevara-Mndht. Nearby in Ujjaina, his brother Ka and may be he also was taught by Sndpani. (2) There is a Nema in Orissa also near Cuttack which has been old pha since time of Ka where Achyutnanda did sdhan about 500 years ago.(3) Just after Kali start, Nimbrka explained Vednta and lastly, Chaitanya was called Nim. Nim is derived from Nemi-ntha or Nimba tree. (4) As repentance of mass murders in Ngayaja, on Dpval day of Jaybhyudaya-aka 89, King Janamejaya gave grant of land to Muni-VndrakaKetra on Tungabhadr river bank near nger in west Karnataka. Muni word indicates Jaina tradition. 6 generations after Parkita, (about 2700 BC, 400 kali years), Hastinpura was submerged in Gang in time of King Nichaku and the capital was shifted to Kaumb, where Pava rule remained in name only. That was probably linked with great climatic upheaval which also dried up Sarasvat river which ruined west India. In this situation, only king of Vras was most powerful to manage the country. The king was probably named Yudhihira, as the Jaina texts take start of Yudhihira aka from 2634 BC which should be the date of his sanysa as Prvantha, 23rd Jaina Trthankara, or date of his nirva (death). Like Rma in earlier era, he thought sanysa as more effective way to revive the society. 4 Brhadratha kings of Magadha look like his disciples-(12) Auvrata (2648-2584 BC), (13), Dharmanetra (2584-2549 BC), (14) Nirvtti (2549-2491 BC), (15) Suvrata (2491-2453 BC), After mahbhrata war, India was thought as weak and King Parkita was killed by Nga king Takaka. In retaliation, his son Janamejaya completely decimated their empire and stopped only when he was asked to stop genocide by is led by stka. Two places in that area are still famous as places of dead personsMoin-jo-daro = place of dead, and Harappa = place of bones. But one good effect was that no west Asian invader tried to look at India for at least 2200 years. Thus, people in India followed diverse paths of Dharma without any worry or fear. Time of Siddhrtha Buddha is known accurately-31-3-1886 BC to 27-31807 BC. He had gone to learn yoga from Mahvra and found it too difficult, so he adopted middle path. Thus must have been at least 15 years elder to him. Jain tradition tells that he was at the end of Avasarpi which was till 1902 BC. A horoscope of Mahvra given at end of astrology book by Kochhar, indicates his birth time as 11-2-1905 BC. He expired 15 years after Buddha, i.e. in 1792 BC, Age of 113 years for a yog like Bhagwn Mahvra is not unusual. Philosophy of Aneknta re-started traditions of democracy in regions near Mahvra and Buddha.-in north Bihar and west U.P. It is written with pride by Bauddha texts that 4 branches of thought were uprooted by Siddhrtha Buddha. The names suggest that these are related to 4 main streams of mathematics mentioned by Bhskara-1 in his commentary on ryabhaya. These are-Makkhali Gola (Maskari), Prana Kassap (Praa), Modgalyana (Mudgala), Ptana (not indicated by Buddha-probably already extinct). Bauddha texts also claim stopping of surgery and sacrifice of animals for non-violence. But surprisingly, meat was not prohibited even for Bhikkhus in Bauddha mahas. Buddha expelled his bother Devadatta from sangha only because he had demanded that at least Bhikkhus should abstain from meat. Buddha had been operated By Jvaka vaidya in stomach due to excess meat eating. He was prohibited by surgeon not to take meat again, but on offer by a disciple at Sarnath, he again took and expired. (12) Revival-In 800 BC, Asura empire rose in Assyria and Babylone. Due to their pressure, akas and other tribes pushed into India. Within India itself, democracies developed indecision and corruption. King Ajtaatru of Magadha took advantage of internal disputes and annexed them. Then, Mah-Padma-Nanda annexed most kingdoms in India which marked the end of rules by Srya and Chandra vama. Revival of India began with Viu incarnarion of Buddha, born to Ajita Brhmaa in Kkaa (Magadha) who united 4 kings of India-Paramra, Pratihra, Chlukya, Chhamna-under King draka of Mlav in 756 BC at Mount Abu. Finally with blessing of kambhari, Chhamna wiped out Asura capital Nineve in 612 BC. Revival of knowledge started with Jain Muni Klakchrya (599-527 BC) of Ujjain who re-created many lost scriptures of Jaina gamas. His disciple Kumrila Bhaa (557-493 BC) revived Vedas with a

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commentary on Mmns darana. After death of his revered Guru, he was charged with treachery with jaina Guru by supporting Vedas also, as if 2 branches of knowledge are aopposed to each other. Kumrila like his guru did not believe that jaina gama is opposed to Vedas, but to show his devotion to Guru, he burnt himself in slow fire of straw in 493 BC at Prayga, where ankarchrya had his last meating. Finally, ankarchrya took help of Kumrilas disciple Maana Mira on west bank of Son river in sal forest area. (Between Bikramaganja and Ara in Bhojpur district of Bihar). Politically, it resulted in r-Hara expelling akas in 456 BC. He was son of Govinda arm,who was guru of ankarchrya as Govinda-pda. Kutub-minar a model of Meru was set up (likely in 456 BC). It has been called Viu-dhvaja in iron pillar inscription of Chandragupta-2. Later on, Megasthenese has called the town Palibothri as set up by Hercules (Viu, sun). This is indicated as pillar of Hercules. This time is alsoindicated by Moroccon traveler Ibn-Batuta in 13th century. Alexander had seen this India revived in period of ankarchrya and powerful Gupta empire in Magadha. After decay of Guptas in 82 BC, Paramra king Vikramditya of Ujjain expanded his empire till Arab where he has been praised by poets. His astrologers gave certificate that Jesus was a great man. His era in 57 BC was followed even in Roman empire under Julius Caesar when his calendar in 46 BC had to start 7 days late to tally with Paua month of Vikrama era. Vikramditya ordered re-editing of puras under Betla Bhaa at 3 Vil towns (Ujjain, Vaishali and Badri-Vishal). After death of Vikramditya in 17 AD, India had disintegrated into 18 parts and was ravaged by invasions from all directions. In 29 AD, his grand-son livhana, recaptured all parts and expelled akas west of Indus river in 78 AD. In his time Jesus Christ had come to rnagar and his 2 disciples Francis and Thomas took shelter in Goa and Tamilnadu. This shows that India was then the safest and best place of shelter and progress. It was not always ravaged by foreign attacks as shown. Bhojarja in 10th generation of had gone with army to Balkha (Persia) when he was requested by Mohammad to help him in starting a new religion. Klidsa-3 with him opposed, but many in his army and Mohyali Brhmaas helped Mohammad. Brahma-spua-siddhnta by Brahmagupta in his rule was followed in starting Hizri era in 622 AD which followed Vikrama era for 11 years. After 632 AD, on death of Prophet Mohammad, there was no body to enforce extra months and the practice stopped. This astronomy text has been written under patronage of king of Vyghrapada gotra of Mlav. This was the gotra of Pavas and their branch Paramras. Due to close academic link, the book was translated as Al-Zabar Ul-Miquabala within 15 years in time of Calif Al-mansur. This is origin of word Algebra.

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