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TM pol. pol
1. What is the surface plasmon (polaroton)? 2. What is the dispersion relation of SPs? 3. How can the SP modes be excited? 4. What can we play with SPPs for nanophotonics?
Key notes
Bulk plasmons
+ +
Plasmons in the bulk oscillate at p determined by the free electron density and effective mass
drude
Ne 2 = m 0
Plasmons confined to surfaces that can interact with light to form propagating surface plasmon polaritons (SPP)
ksp =
Localized plasmons
m d c m + d
particle
drude
1 Ne 2 = 3 m 0
SPP
TM pol.
/
4
Surface plasmons p
(Gary Wiederrecht, Purdue University)
Definitions: collective excitation of the free electrons in a metal Can be excited by light: photon-electron coupling (polariton) Thin metal films or metal nanoparticles Bound to the interface (exponentially decaying along the normal) Longitudinal surface wave in metal films Propagates along the interface anywhere from a few microns to several millimeters (l l illi t (long range plasmon) or can b extremely l ) be t l confined in nanostructures (localized plasmon)
Note: SP is a TM wave!
vs.
(Surface Plasmon, SP)
Dielectric () ++ Metal ++
m
z
x
e 1z
++
e 2z
TM pol.
Surface plasmons
Material permittivity
D( ) = 0 r ( ) E ( )
r ( )
Insulating media (dielectric) : Lorentz model Conducting media (Metal, in free-electron region) : Drude model Conducting media (Metal, in bound-electron region) : Drude-Sommerfeld model ( ) Extended Drude model (Lorentz-Drude model)
Material permittivity
N ( ) = 1 + 1 N
j j j 1 3 j j
2 p
,
j
2 p / N j j = 2 , j 2 i
2 = j
Cj m
2 L 2 ( 2 ) + i L L
Metal permittivity
N e2 = 0 c 0 = = m 0
2 p 2
N e2 0 = : static conductivity m
Bulk plasmons
Dispersion relation:
= (k )
H i = i 0 i Ei Ei = +i0 H i
Ei ( x, y, z ) = Ei ( z )e jkxi x H i ( x, y, z ) = H i ( z )e jk xi x
TE mode
TM mode
TE modes :
H i = i 0 i Ei Ei = +i0 H i
Ei ( z ) = (0, E yi , 0) H i ( z ) = ( H xi , 0, H zi ) 0
2 E yi z
2
2 + (k02 i k xi ) E yi = 0
We want wave solutions propagating in x-direction, but confined to the interface with evanescent decay in z-direction.
= i0 H xi H xi ( z ) = iAi
k zi
eikx x e kz z
Boundary cond.
Ad = Ad & Ad (k zd + k zm ) = 0
Ad = Am = 0
No surface modes exist for TE polarization !
TM modes :
(ik zi H yi ,0, ik xi H yi )
(i i E xi ,0,i i E zi )
k zi H yi = i E xi
k zm H ym = m E xm
k zd H yd = d E xd
Exm = Exd
H ym = H yd
k zm
H ym =
k zd
k zm
H yd
k zd
TM modes :
2 k 2 = i = k x2 + k zi , where k x k xm = k xd c
SP Dispersion Relation
m d kx = c m + d
TM modes :
x-direction:
m d k x = k 'x + ik "x = c m + d
2 2 zi
1/ 2
' " m = m + i m
2 i
1/ 2
kx > i c
+ for z < 0 - for z > 0
< d
' m
m d k x = k + ik = c m + d
' x " x
1/ 2
' " m = m + i m
k = ' " c ( m + d ) 2 + m 2
' x
1 2
( ) ( )
2 + 4 + " e m d e 2
1 2
2 " m d 2 2 + 4 + " 2 2 e e m d
1 2
1 2
( ) ( )
' ' ' " m < 0, m > d , and m >> m in most of metals, ,
' kx
' c m + d
' m d
1/ 2
3/ 2
( )
" m
' 2 m
Propagation length
The length after which the intensity decreases to 1/e : h l h f hi h h i i d / Li = ( 2k
" 1 x
, where k = ' c 1 + 2
" x ' 1 2
3/ 2
1" 2(1' ) 2
p2 m ( ) = 1 2
Plot of the dispersion relation:
m d kx = c m + d
When m d , k x , sp =
k x = k sp =
( 2 p ) d
2
(1 + d ) 2 p
p
1+ d
k zi = c m + d
i2
1/ 2
2 2 = p + c 2 k x2
ck x
Radiative modes
('m > 0)
real kx real kz
Quasi-bound modes
p
1+ d
z x
Dielectric: d
imaginary kx real kz
Bound modes
('m < d)
real kx l imaginary kz
Re kx
2 2 p 2 p 2 m = 1 +i 1 + 2 2 + 3 3
Cut-off frequency of SP
2 2 p p p 2 2 2 When m = 1 2 = d , p = d = sp = 1+ d 1+ d
Ag/air, Ag/glass
2 2 p 2 p 2 m = + i = B +i 1 + 2 2 + 3 3 ' m " m
300
E [eV]
1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0.1 1 10 100
Gold(Au) dispersion
1 kx [um-1]
5
SP Au/air light line air
L [um] [ ]
300
Copper(Cu) dispersion
5
kx [ um -1 ]
SP Cu/air light line air
L [um]
300
SP Cu/glass
E [eV]
L [um]
[nm]
[nm]
E [eV]
[nm]
vac=360 nm
SiO2 Ag
Penetration depth
At large k x (1' 2 ), zi
1 . kx
Gooood waveguide!
E
+q q -q q +q q -q q N S N S
Common Features
- Non-radiative modes scale down of control elements - Smaller group velocity than light coupling to SP - Enhancement of field and surface photon DOS
A layer of a high-permittivity dielectric on the surface of a metal plays the role of a near-perfect mirror causing the t t l reflection of SPP from it. i i th total fl ti f SPPs f it total t t t l external reflection l fl ti
Importance of understanding the dispersion relation : Broadband slow and subwavelength light in air
SiO2 Si3N4
d =0 dk
d <0 dk
p
1 + SiO 2
Re kx
SiO2 Si3N4 Al
1 + Si 3 N 4
= nbp k 0 = 1 c
2 p 2
2 2 2 = p + c 2 k bp
m ( ) d k sp = nsp k0 = m ( ) + d c
m ( ) =
2 p
2 + i
k0
Radiative modes
( ( 'm > 0)
real kx real kz
p
1+ d
Dielectric: d
Bound modes
('m < d)
z x
real kx imaginary kz
Re k
nh
2 2 p p ) r ( ) = 2 = +i + i 2 + 2 3 + 2
2 p
k //,d = ksp mG
k // d = kd sin = d //,
k sp = k //,d mG
sin
d
metal
=
c
kd
+G
ksp
kd
k //,d = kd sin
Lycurgus cup, 4th century (now at the British Museum London) Museum, London). The colors originates from metal nanoparticles embedded in the glass. At places, where light is transmitted through the glass it appears red, at places where li ht i scattered near l h light is tt d the surface, the scattered light appears greenish.
p = 4 0 R 3
p E = E0 p + 2 0
(surrounding medium, m ) p (particle, )
-!
Frohlich condition
Re p () + 2 = 0
For free particles in vacuum, resonance energies of 3.48 eV for silver ( p g (near UV) and 2.6 eV for g ) gold ( (blue) are calculated. ) When embedded in polarizable media, the resonance shifts towards lower energies (the red side of the visible spectrum).
n + 1 Re p () = embedded n
For a 60 nm gold nanosphere embedded in a medium with refractive index n = 1.5. (use of bulk dielectric functions (e.g. Johnson and Christy, 1972))
By the Mie theory for cross-sections By the Mie theory for spherical particle By the Rayleigh theory for ellipsoidal particles.
a/b = 1+3.6 (2.25 Eres / eV)
The red-shift observed for increasing size is partly due to increased damping and to retardation effects. The broadening of the resonance is due to increasing radiation damping for larger nanospheres.
Influence of the refractive index of the embedding medium I fl f th f ti i d f th b ddi di on the resonance position and linewidth of the particle plasmon resonance of a 20 nm gold nanosphere. Calculated using the Mie theory.
Resonance energy for a 40 nm gold nanosphere embedded in water (n = 1.33) with increasing thickness d of a layer with refractive index n = 1.5.
SEM image
550 nm
For the special case a TM mode ( Hz = 0) with no winding m=0 (fundamental mode).
(TM mode with m = 0) : ai = 0 E = 0, Hz = 0 1 (dielectric) 2 (metal)
Continuity of the remaining tangential field components Ez and H at the boundary requires that
Setting the determinant of the above matrix equal to zero (det M=0) immediately yields the dispersion relation,
In the limit of
When
(nanoscale-radius wire)
k = nk0 k
For
, the phase velocity v p = c / n( z ) 0 and the group velocity vg = c / [ d (n ) / d ] 0 The time to reach the point R = 0 (or z = 0)
Intensity
Energy density
In Summary
Permittivity of a metal y
p2 p2 +i 2 m ( ) = 1 2 2 + + 2
1 p2 / 2
Dispersion relations
kSPP
dm = c d + m
1/ 2
Type-A : low k
Type-A
- Low frequency region (IR) - Weak field-confinement - Most of energy is guided in clad - Low propagation loss
H. Won, APL 88, 011110 (2006).
Type-B : middle k
Type-B
- Visible-light frequency region
Nano-hole
Type-C : high k
Type-C yp
- UV frequency region - Strong field confinement -V Very-low group velocity l l it Nano-focusing, Nano-lithography SP-enhanced LEDs
Light emission
QW
SE Rate : 1 1 R= = ( ) 2 0
f pE i
( )
Photon DOS (Density of States)
Final comments
Key notes
1. What is the surface plasmon (polaroton)? 2. What is the dispersion relation of SPs? 3. How can the SP modes be excited? 4. What can we play with SPPs for nanophotonics?
Challenges of SPs
Ekmel Ozbay, Science, vol.311, pp.189-193 (13 Jan. 2006).
Some of the challenges that face plasmonics research in the coming years are
(i) demonstrate optical frequency subwavelength metallic wired circuits with a propagation loss that is comparable to conventional optical waveguides; (ii) develop highly efficient plasmonic organic and inorganic LEDs with tunable radiation properties; (iii) achieve active control of plasmonic signals by implementing electro-optic, all-optical, and piezoelectric modulation and gain mechanisms to plasmonic structures; (iv) demonstrate 2D plasmonic optical components, including lenses and grating couplers, that can couple single mode fiber directly to plasmonic circuits; h l i l d fib di l l i i i (v) develop deep subwavelength plasmonic nanolithography over large surfaces.