A TRAINING REPORT AT

ON MOBILE COMMUNICATIONS (GSM)

SUBMITTED TO: MR. SANJIV KUMAR (HOD-ECE) V.I.T., JAIPUR SUBMISSION DATE: AUGUST 2012 SUBMITTED BY: PAWAN SHARMA ROLL NO. 09EVJEC086

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMM . VIVEKANANDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, JAIPUR

Abstract
GSM, the Global System for Mobile communications, is a digital cellular communications system which has rapidly gained acceptance and market share worldwide, although it was initially developed in a European context. In addition to digital transmission, GSM incorporates many advanced services and features, including ISDN compatibility and worldwide roaming in other GSM networks. The advanced services and architecture of GSM have made it a model for future third-generation cellular systems, such as UMTS. This paper will give an overview of the services offered by GSM, the system architecture, the radio transmission structure, and the signalling functional architecture. The development of GSM is the first step towards a true personal communication system that will allow communication anywhere, anytime, and with anyone. The functional architecture of GSM, employing intelligent networking principles, and its ideology, which provides enough standardization to ensure compatibility, but still allows manufacturers and operators freedom, has been widely adopted in the development of future wireless systems.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
It is a matter of great pleasure and privilege for me to present this report in 45 days on the basis of practical knowledge gained by me during practical training at AIRCEL LIMITED, GURGAON during session 2011-2012.

I am very thankful to Mr. SREENIVASA REDDY, AVP - Product Management of AIRCEL GURGAON, who permitted me for practical training & I also attribute my hearties thanks to all engineering departments, engineers, supervisors and workers for their ample guidance during my training period at AIRCEL, GURGAON.

I with full pleasure converge my heartiest thanks to Mr. SANJIV KUMRAR, head of electronics and communication engineering department, V.I.T., JAIPUR (Raj.).

FROM: PAWAN SHARMA VII SEM, ECE V.I.T. JAIPUR

PREFACE
Practical training in must for each and every student and especially for technical students for their success in completion of technical education. Study remains incomplete without having practical knowledge of what we have gone thought the theory. It is rather important of every student to be practical along with his the practical knowledge. Today time need more perspective and systematic alignment of a student along with his knowledge. Without having any lagging effect a student should have admirable knowledge of his practical field. Enclosures regarding his field should be made with every receipt and view point. In the conclusion it is opinion that practical training is more important for each and every technical student along with theoretical knowledge. I am very thankful to Mr. SREENIVASA REDDY, AVP - Product Management
of AIRCEL, GURGAON for taking personal interest and helped me in making this

training successful.

INDEX

S. No. 01.

Description INTRODUCTION Company Profile Presence Financial Performance Awards & Recogination

Page No. 7

02.

OVERVIEW OF TELECOM INDUSTRY History Further Development & Milestone Telephony OF

12

03.

UNDERSTANDING TECHNOLOGY Mobile Technology Benefits Drawbacks

MOBILE 21

04.

G.S.M. Introduction Objectives of G.S.M. Evolution of G.S.M.

25

05.

Mobile Subscriber Identity In G.S.M

29

06.

G.S.M. & G.P.R.S. Technology

33

07.

Benefits Of Telecom Growth

48

08.

Challenges Of Indian Telecom Industry

53

09.

Action Plan For Challenges In Telecom 57 Industry

10.

Conclusion

60

11.

References

62

INTRODUCTION
COMPANY PROFILE The Aircel Group is a result of alliance between Maxis Communications Berhad of Malaysia (74% equity) and Sindya Securities & Investments Private Limited (26% equity). The Aircel Group, formed in 1994, offers affordable and outstanding mobile services to a vast subscriber base in India. Aircel has a vision of delighting its customers by giving them the respect they deserve.Our goal is to provide our customers with exemplary service and persistently look for new ways to surpass their expectations.

Aircel commenced operations in 1999. In our first decade of operations, we concentrated on building our foundations in the southern part of the country, and soon emerged as the regional market leaders. We worked hard and achieved that success by remaining focused on growth opportunities. Soon after our company began with its expansion in 2005 and has now set its sight on becoming a pan India operator. Our project pipeline is robust, allowing for sustainable long-term growth. In addition to our leadership position in Tamil Nadu, Aircel met with extraordinary success in the Eastern frontier circles. We pride ourselves on customer satisfaction and managed to emerge as the market leaders in Assam and North Eastern states within 18 months of operations. During this period, our company gained a strong foothold in 10 circles, to provide better access to our customers. The company is present in all 23 telecom circles including Chennai, Tamil Nadu, Assam, North East, Orissa, Bihar, Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, West Bengal, Kolkata, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Delhi, UP(West), UP(East), Maharashtra & Goa , Mumbai, Haryana , Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Gujarat and Rajasthan. Aircel provides 3G service in Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar & Jharkhand, Chennai, Jammu & Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Kolkata, North East, Orissa, Punjab, Tamil Nadu.
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Aircel offers its customers, services and products that are easy to understand and use. All offerings are stimulating and at the same time extremely unique as Aircel continues to re-invent itself constantly to deliver the best and most up-to-date services. With our foundations deeply set on our brand vales of simplicity, creativity, trust and excitement, we will continue to deliver superior services to our customers and will do our best to live up to their high expectations.

PRESENCE Aircel today has a presence that spreads across almost the entire length and breadth of India. Operations commenced in south India, where Aircel established its leadership and from there extended itself to the pan India operator. Aircel today is operating in 23 telecomm circles and is all geared for dynamic expansion plan in the near future.

Andhra Pradesh Assam Bihar Chennai Delhi Gujarat Haryana Himachal Pradesh Jammu Kashmir Karnataka Kerala Kolkata Madhya Pradesh Maharashtra Mumbai North East Orissa Punjab Rajasthan Tamil Nadu UP East UP West West Bengal

FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE

Chennai-based Aircel is beginning to play a major role in the financial performance of Malaysias Maxis Communications ever since it was acquired in March 2006 from C Sivasankaran of the Sterling Group.

Aircel, in which Malaysia-based Maxis Communications holds 74 percent stake, posted gross revenue of Rs 1,649.61 crore for the quarter ended 31, December 2011, up 3.78 percent against gross revenue of Rs 1,580.52 crore for the quarter ended 30, September 2011.

For the quarter ended 31 December 2010, Uninor's gross revenue stood at Rs 1,438 crore.

At the quarter ended 31, December 2011, Aircel's total subscriber base stood at 61.64 million, increased 22.87 percent against subscriber base of 50.17 million for the quarter ended 31, December 2010.

However, for March 2012, Aircel lost 0.68 million customers during the month and its subscriber base stood at 62.57 million.

Gross revenue of the Indian telecom industry for the quarter ended 31, December 2011, reached Rs 49365.18 crore, up 15.3 percent against Rs 42,916.81 crore for the quarter ended 31, December 2010. However, in terms of q-o-q growth, gross revenue declined 1.16 percent, as gross revenue for the quarter ended 30, September, 2011 recorded at Rs 49,942.25 crore.

Aircel will be investing Rs 7,500 crore to expand its network in 3G telephony and wireless broadband (BWA) segments. The company recently restructured itself into two divisions, operations-led OpCo and network-led NetCo, with plans to spin them off into separate companies once the contours of the in-the-works New Telecom Policy would become clear.

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Aircel is also planning to participate in the upcoming 2G spectrum auctions following the recent cancellation of 122 licences by the Supreme Court. The company, which is the fifth largest Indian telecom operator, spent close to Rs 10,000 crore on 3G alone, besides spending about Rs 3,500 crore in acquiring BWA spectrum.

Aircel possesses 4G/BWA licenses for 8 circles, which includes Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Bihar, Orrisa, Assam, North East and Jammu and Kashmir.

Other major telcos, who won BWA spectrum in 2010, includes Reliance Infotel (formerly Infotel Broadband Services), Qualcom, Tikona, Aircel and Augere.

AWARDS & RECOGNITION

Aircel has won many awards for its services. Aircel was honored at the World Brand Congress 2009 with three awards, Brand Leadership in Telecom, Marketing Campaign & Marketing Professional of the Year. Aircel was honored by CMAI INFOCOM National Telecom Award 2009 for, Excellence in Marketing of New Telecom Service. Aircel had been selected as the best regional operator in 2008 by Tele.net. Aircel was rated as the top mid-size utility company in Business Worlds List of Best Mid-Size Companies in 2007. Aircel got the highest rating for overall customer satisfaction and network quality in 2006 by Voice and Data.

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OVERVIEW OF TELECOM INDUSTRY AND ITS JOURNEY

India's telecommunication network is the third largest in the world on the basis of its customer base and it has one ofthe lowest tariffs in the world enabled by the hypercompetition in its market. Major sectors of the Indiantelecommunication industry are telephony, internet and broadcasting.Telephonic network in the country which is in an ongoing process of converging to Next Generation Network,employs an extensive system of network elements such as digital telephone exchanges,Mobile Switching Centers,Media gateways and Signalling gateways at the core, interconnected by a wide variety of transmission systems usingmedia such as Optical fiber or Microwave radio relay. The access network which connects the subscriber to the coreis highly diversified with different copper-pair, optic-fibre and wireless technologies. DTH, a relatively newbroadcasting technology has attained significant popularity in the Television segment. Introduction to private FM hasgiven a fillip to the radio broadcasting in India . Telecommunication in India is assisted by the INSAT system of theCommunications in India 2country, one of the largest domestic satellite systems in the world. India possesses a diversified communicationssystem that link all parts of the country by telephone, Internet, radio, television and satellite.[2]Indian telecom industry underwent a high pace of market liberalization and growth since 1990s and now has becomethe world's most competitive and one of the fastest growing telecom markets.[3][4] India has the world'ssecond-largest mobile phone user base with over 929.37 million users as of May 2012.[2] It has the world'sthird-largest Internet userbase with over 121 million as of December 2011.[5]The industry is expected to reach a size of 344921 crore (US$62.43 billion) by 2012 at a growth rate of over 26 percent, and generate employment opportunities for about 10 million people during the same period. According toanalysts, the sector would create direct employment for 2.8 million people and for 7 million indirectly.[6] The totalrevenue of the Indian telecom sector grew by 7% to 283207 crore (US$51.26 billion) for 201011 financial year,while revenues from telecom equipment segment stood at 117039 crore (US$21.18 billion).[7]Telecommunication has supported the socioeconomic

development of India and has played a significant role tonarrow down the rural-urban digital divide to some extend.

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THE HISTORY OF INDIAN TELECOM The history of indian telecom can be started with the introduction of telegraph. The Indian postal and telecom sectors are one of the worlds oldest. In 1850, the first experimental electric telegraph line was started between Kolkata and Diamond Harbour. In 1851,it was opened for the use of the British East India Company. ThePosts and Telegraphs department occupied a small corner of thePublic Works Department,[9] at that time.Subsequently, the construction of 4000 miles (unknownoperator: u'strong' km) of telegraph lines connecting Kolkata (then Calcutta) and Peshawar in the north along with Agra, Mumbai (then Bombay) through Sindwa Ghats, and Chennai (then Madras) in the south, as well as Ootacamund and Bangalore was started in November 1853. William O'Shaughnessy, whopioneered the telegraph and telephone in India, belonged to the Public Works Department, and worked towards the development of telecom throughout this period. A separate department was opened in 1854 when telegraph facilities were opened to the public. In 1880, two telephone companies namely The Oriental Telephone Company Ltd. and The Anglo-Indian Telephone Company Ltd. approached the Government of India to establish telephone exchanges in India. The permission was refused on thegrounds that the establishment of telephones was a Government monopoly and that the Government itself would undertake the work. In 1881, the Government later reversed its earlier decision and a licence was granted to the Oriental Telephone Company Limited of England for opening telephone exchanges at Kolkata, Mumbai, Chennai and Ahmedabad and the first formal telephone service was established in the country. On 28 January 1882, Major E. Baring, Member of the Governor General of India's Council declared open the Telephone Exchanges in Kolkata, Bombay and Chennai. The exchange in Kolkata named the "Central Exchange" had a total of 93 subscribers in its early stage. Later that year, Mumbai also witnessed the opening of a telephone exchange.

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FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS AND MILESTONES Pre-1902 Cable telegraph 1902 First wireless telegraph station established between Sagar Island and Sandhead. 1907 First Central Battery of telephones introduced in Kanpur. 19131914 First Automatic Exchange installed in Shimla. 1927 Radio-telegraph system between the UK and India, with Imperial Wireless Chain beam stations at Khadki and Daund. Inaugurated by Lord Irwin on 23 July by exchanging greetings with King George V. 1933 Radiotelephone system inaugurated between the UK and India. 1953 12 channel carrier system introduced. 1960 First subscriber trunk dialling route commissioned between Lucknow and Kanpur. 1975 First PCM system commissioned between Mumbai City and Andheri telephone exchanges. 1976 First digital microwave junction. 1979 First optical fibre system for local junction commissioned at Pune. 1980 First satellite earth station for domestic communications established at Sikandarabad, U.P.. 1983 First analogue Stored Program Control exchange for trunk lines commissioned at Mumbai. 1984 C-DOT established for indigenous development and production of digital exchanges.

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 1995 First mobile telephone service started on non-commercial basis on 15 August 1995 in Delhi. 1995 Internet Introduced in India starting with Mumbai, Delhi, Calcutta, Chennai and Pune on 15 August

Development Of Broadcasting: Radio broadcasting was initiated in 1927 but became state responsibility only in 1930. In 1937 it was given the name All India Radio and since 1957 it has been called Akashvani.[13] Limited duration of television programming began in 1959, and complete broadcasting followed in 1965. The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting owned and maintained the audio-visual apparatusincluding the television channel Doordarshanin the country prior to the economic reforms of 1991. In 1997, an autonomous body was established in the name of Prasar Bharti to take care of the public service broadcasting under the Prasar Bharti Act. All India Radio and Doordarshan, which earlier were working as media units under the Ministry of I&B became constituents of the body. Pre-liberalization statistics: While all the major cities and towns in the country were linked with telephones during the British period, the total number of telephones in 1948 numbered only around 80,000. Post independence, growth remained slow because the telephone was seen more as a status symbol rather than being an instrument of utility. The number of telephones grew leisurely to 980,000 in 1971, 2.15 million in 1981 and 5.07 million in 1991, the year economic reforms were initiated in the country. Liberalization and privatization: Liberalization of Indian telecommunication industry started in 1981 when Prime Minister Indira Gandhi signed contracts with Alcatel CIT of France to merge with the state owned Telecom Company (ITI), in an effort to set up 5,000,000 lines per year. But soon the policy was let down because of political opposition. Attempts to liberalizethe telecommunication industry were continued by the following government under the prime-minister-ship of Rajiv

15

Gandhi. He invited Sam Pitroda, a US based Non-resident Indian NRI and a former Rockwell International executive to set up a Center for Development of Telematics(C-DOT) which manufactured electronic telephone exchanges in India for the first time. Sam Pitroda had a significant role as a consultant and adviser in the development of telecommunication in India. In 1985, the Department of Telecom(DoT) was separated from Indian Post & Telecommunication Department. DoT was responsible for telecom services in entire country until 1986 when Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) and Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) were carved out of DoT to run the telecom services of metro cities(Delhi and Mumbai) and international long distance operations respectively. The demand for telephones was ever increasing and in 1990s Indian government was under increasing pressure to open up the telecom sector for private investment as a part of Liberalisation-Privatization-Globalization policies that the government had to accept to overcome the severe fiscal crisis and resultant balance of payments issue in 1991. Consequently, private investment in the sector of Value Added Services (VAS) was allowed and cellular telecom sector were opened up for competition from private investments. It was during this period that the Narsimha Rao-led government introduced the National Telecommunications policy (NTP) in 1994 which brought changes in the following areas: ownership, The policy service and the regulation concept of of

telecommunications

infrastructure.

introduced

telecommunication for all and it's vision was to expand the telecommunication facilities to all the villages in India. Liberalization in the basic telecom sector was also envisaged in this policy. They were also successful in establishing joint ventures between state owned telecom companies and international players. Foreign firms were eligible to 49% of the total stake. The multi-nationals were just involved in technology transfer, and not policy making. During this period, the World Bank and ITU had advised the Indian Government to liberalise long distance services to release the monopoly of the state owned DoT and VSNL and to enable competition in the long distance carrier business which would help reduce tariff's and better the economy of the country. The Rao run government instead liberalised the local services, taking the opposite political parties into confidence and assuring foreign involvement in the long distance business after 5 years. The country was divided into 20 telecommunication circles for basic telephony and 18 circles for mobile services.
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These circles were divided into category A, B and C depending on the value of the revenue in each circle. The government threw open the bids to one private company per circle along with government owned DoT per circle. For cellular service two service providers were allowed per circle and a 15 years license was given to each provider. During all these improvements, the government did face oppositions from ITI, DoT, MTNL, VSNL and other labour unions, but they managed to keep away from all the hurdles. In 1997, the government set up TRAI (Telecom Regulatory Authority of India) which reduced the interference of Government in deciding tariffs and policy making. The political powers changed in 1999 and the new government under the leadership of Atal Bihari Vajpayee was more pro-reforms and introduced better liberalisation policies. The government corporatised the operations wing of DoT on 1 October 2000 and named it as Department of Telecommunication Services (DTS) which was later named as Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL). The proposal of raising the stake of foreign investors from 49% to 74% was rejected by the opposite political parties and leftist thinkers. Domestic business groups wanted the government to privatize VSNL. Finally in April 2002, the government decided to cut its stake of 53% to 26% in VSNL and to throw it open for sale to private enterprises. TATA finally took 25% stake in VSNL. This was a gateway to many foreign investors to get entry into the Indian Telecom Markets. After March 2000, the government became more liberal in making policies and issuing licenses to private operators. The government further reduced license fees for cellular service providers and increased the allowable stake to 74% for foreign companies. Because of all these factors, the service fees finally reduced and the call costs were cut greatly enabling every common middle-class family in India to afford a cell phone. Nearly 32 million handsets were sold in India. The data reveals the real potential for growth of the Indian mobile market. Many private operators, such as Reliance Communications, Tata Indicom, Vodafone, Loop Mobile, Airtel, Idea etc., successfully entered the high potential Indian telecom market. In March 2008 the total GSM and CDMA mobile subscriber base in the country was 375 million, which represented a nearly 50% growth when compared with previous year. As the unbranded Chinese cell phones which do nothave International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) numbers pose a serious security risk to the country, Mobile network operators therefore planned to suspend the usage of around 30 million mobile phones (about 8 % of all mobiles in
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the country) by 30 April. 56 years the average monthly subscribers additions were around 0.05 to 0.1 million only and the total mobile subscribers base in December 2002 stood at 10.5 millions. However, after a number of proactive initiatives taken by regulators and licensors, the total number of mobile subscribers has increased rapidly to over 929 million subscribers as of May 2012. India has opted for the use of both the GSM (global system for mobile communications) and CDMA (code-division multiple access) technologies in the mobile sector. In addition to landline and mobile phones, some of the companies also provide the WLL service. The mobile tariffs in India have also become lowest in the world. A new mobile connection can be activated with a monthly commitment of US$0.15 only. In 2005 alone additions increased to around 2 million per month in 200304 and 200405. Sectors: Major sectors of telecommunication industry in India are telephony, internet and broadcasting. The primary regulator of telecommunications in India is the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI). It regulates all of the segments mentioned below. Telephony The telephony segment is dominated by private-sector and two state-run businesses. Most companies were formed by a recent revolution and restructuring launched within a decade, directed by Ministry of Communications and IT, Department of Telecommunications and Minister of Finance. Since then, most companies gained 2G, 3G and 4G licenses and engaged fixed-line, mobile and internet business in India. On landlines, intra-circle calls are considered local calls while inter-circle are considered long distance calls. Foreign Direct Investment policy which increased the foreign ownership cap from 49% to 74%. Currently Government is working to integrate the whole country in one telecom circle. For long distance calls, the area code prefixed with a zero is dialled first which is then followed by the number (i.e. To call Delhi, 011 would be dialled first followed by the phone number). For international calls, "00" must be dialledfirst followed by the Communications in India 6 Market share of major operators in India as on 29 February 2012 country code, area code and local phone number. The country code forIndia is 91. Several international fibre-optic links
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include those to Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Russia, andGermany. Some major telecomoperators in India include Airtel, Vodafone, Idea, Aircel, BSNL, MTNL,Reliance Communications, TATA Teleservices, Infotel, MTS, Uninor, TATA DoCoMo, Videocon, Augere, Tikona Digital. Fixed Telephony Until the New Telecom Policy was announced in 1999, only the Government-owned BSNL and MTNL were allowed to provide land-line phone services through copper wire in India with MTNLoperating in Delhi and Mumbai and BSNL servicing all other areas of the country. Due to the rapid growth of the cellular phone industry in India, landlines are facing stiff competition from cellular operators. This has forced land-line service providers to become more efficient and improve their quality of service. Land-line connections are now also available on demand, even in high density urban areas. India has over 31 million main line customers.

Mobile Telephony In August 1995, Chief Minister of West Bengal, Shri Jyoti Basu ushered in the cellphone revolution in India by making the first call to Union Telecom Minister Sukhram. Sixteen years later 4th generation services were launched in Kolkata. With a subscriber base of more than 929 million, the Mobile telecommunications system in India is the second largest in the world and it was thrown open to private players in the 1990s. GSM was comfortably maintaining its position as the dominant mobile technology with 80% of the mobile subscriber market, but CDMA seemed to have stabilised its market share at 20% for the time being. By May 2012 the country had 929 million mobile subscribers, up from 350 million just 40 months earlier. The mobile market was continuing to expand at an annual rate in excess of 40% coming into 2010. The country is divided into multiple zones, called circles (roughlyalong state boundaries). Government and several private players run local and long distance telephone services. Competition has caused prices to drop and calls across India are

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one of the cheapest in the world. The rates are supposed to go down further with new measures to be taken by the Information Ministry. In September 2004, the number of mobile phone connections crossed the number of fixed-line connections and presently dwarfs the wireline segment by a ratio of around 20:1. The mobile subscriber base has grown by a factor of over a hundred and thirty, from 5 million subscribers in 2001 to over 929 million subscribers as of May 2012. India primarily follows the GSM mobile system, in the 900 MHz band. Recent operators also operate in the 1800 MHz band. The dominant players are Airtel, Reliance Infocomm, Vodafone, Idea cellular and BSNL/MTNL. There are many smaller players, with operations in only a few states. International roaming agreements exist between most operators and many foreign carriers. The government allowed Mobile number portability (MNP) which enables mobile telephone users to retaintheir mobile telephone numbers when changing from one mobile network operator to another.

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UNDERSTANDING OF MOBILE TECHNOLOGIES Mobile technology is exactly what the name implies - technology that is portable. Examples of mobile IT devices include:

laptop and netbook computers palmtop computers or personal digital assistants mobile phones and 'smart phones' global positioning system (GPS) devices wireless debit/credit card payment terminals Mobile devices can be enabled to use a variety of communications technologies such as:

wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) - a type of wireless local area network technology Bluetooth - connects mobile devices wirelessly 'third generation' (3G), global system for mobile communications (GSM) and general packet radio service (GPRS) data services - data networking services for mobile phones

dial-up services - data networking services using modems and telephone lines virtual private networks - secure access to a private network It is therefore possible to network the mobile device to a home office or the internet while travelling. Bluetooth Wireless technology that allows connections and exchange of data between devices over short distances. Email This is a shortened term for electronic mail. Emails are mostly composed on a computer and sent via the Internet but with new developments in mobile phone technology, you can now send and receive emails using a mobile phone just like you can with a computer. GPRS General Packet Radio Service This is a way to enhance 2G phones' capabilities so
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they can send and receive data at a much faster rate. A GPRS connection means the phone is "always on" and can transfer data immediately. This is the standard digital service used throughout Europe. SMS This stands for Short Message Service. It is the service that allows short text messages to be sent and received on all mobile phone networks. 1G First-generation mobiles or mobile systems these are the first-ever mobiles, they are no longer developed but provide the basis for all of today's mobiles. 2G Second-generation mobiles or mobile systems 2G mobiles offer data, fax and SMS mobile services. 2G mobiles also offer limited data communications. 2.5G 2.5G or "second-and-a-half generation" this was the next step from 2G and provides enhanced data communications services, including Multimedia Messaging service (MMS) as well as Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) access for emails and web browsing. 3G Third-generation mobiles or mobile systems 3G is the current generation of mobile technology. It supports much higher data rates, full motion video and allows mobile users to access high-speed Internet on 3G-enabled networks. 4G The new standard in mobile phone technology. Although this is yet to be released in the UK, it has been massively successful in Europe, offering huge speeds (up to 300Mbps) and allowing many more network users.

WAP This stands for Wireless Application Protocol. WAP enables mobile phones to access the internet, send and receive emails and download files.
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T9 This is a dictionary that predicts your words as you type text messages into your phone. It helps you to type out text messages quickly and with as few mistakes as possible DOWNLOADING CONTENT Most mobile phones have dedicated music or media download software which enables you to quickly and easily transfer files between your mobile and your PC or laptop, for example iTunes for Apple iPhones. This software also allows you to transfer music from your computer and CD's onto your phone.

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Benefits Mobile computing can improve the service you offer your customers. For example, when meeting with customers you could access your customer relationship management system - over the internet - allowing you to update customer details whilst away from the office. Alternatively, you can enable customers to pay for services or goods without having to go to the till. For example, by using a wireless payment terminal diners can pay for their meal without leaving their table. More powerful solutions can link you directly into the office network while working off site, for instance to access your database or accounting systems. For example, you could:

set up a new customer's account check prices and stock availability place an order online This leads to great flexibility in working - for example, enabling home working, or working while travelling. Increasingly, networking 'hot spots' are being provided in public areas that allow connection back to the office network or the internet. The growth of cloud computing has also impacted positively on the use of mobile devices, supporting more flexible working practices by providing services over the internet. For more information see our guide on cloud computing. Drawbacks There are costs involved in setting up the equipment and training required to make use of mobile devices. Mobile IT devices can expose valuable data to unauthorised people if the proper precautions are not taken to ensure that the devices, and the data they can access, are kept safe.

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IN T R O D U C T IO N . GSM stands for Global Services for Mobile communication' and is an open, d i g i t a l c e l l u l a r t e c h n o l o g y u s e d f o r t r a n s m i t t i n g m o b i l e v o i c e a n d d a t a services. GSM supports voice calls and data transfer speeds of up to 9.6 kbit/s, together with the transmission of SMS (Short Message Service). This technology is globally accepted and most popular among all countries. Itis started in Europe to integrate all countries in with wireless has communication its own

.E a r l i e r standard

each for

country wireless

Europe

c o m m u n i c a t i o n , s o du e t o t hi s a

person cannot use the same mobile in two different country and cannot even communicate with t he same mobile indifferent

c o u n t r i e s , s o d u e t o t h i s f r a gm e n t a t i on p r o b l e m o c c u r r e d . S o t o overcome this problem European Union (EU) came with GSM technology that i s accepted by whole continent and standardized by ITU -T. I t i s a 2 G t e c h n ol o g y a n d w o r l d s f i r s t c e l l ul a r t e c h n o l og y a n d i t i s m os t po p u l a r 2G t e c h n o l o g y. T o d a y G S M o p e r a t o r ha s l a r ge s t c u s t o m e r b a s e . In In d i a t o t a l cellular operator have more than 550 million customers and GSM has more t h a n 4 0 0 m i l l i on c u st om e r b a s e s a l o n e . It i s a s e c o n d ge n e r a t i o n c e l l u l a r s t a n d a r d d e v e l o p ed t o c a t e r v o i c e s e r v i c e s a n d d a t a d e l i v e r y u s i n g d i gi t a l modulation.7

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Objectives of GSM

To eliminate the fragmentation problem in European Union.

To allow interaction with ISDN and PSTN. The Goals of GSM

Improved spectrum efficiency

International roaming

Low-cost mobile sets and base stations

High-quality speech

Compatibility with ISDN and other telephone

Company services.

Support for new services

Specifications and Characteristics for GSM: Frequency band the frequency range specified for GSM i s 1 , 8 5 0 t o 1,990 MHz (mobile station to base station).

Duplex distance the duplex distance is 80 MHz. Duplex distance is the distance between the uplink and downlink frequencies. A channel has two frequencies, 80 MHz apart.

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EVOLUTION OF GSM

In

1982,

t h e European Conference of Postal and created theGroup

T e l e c o m m u n i c a t i o n s administrations(CEPT)

Special Mobile(GSM) to develop a standard for a mobile telephone system that could be used across Europe. In1987, amemorandum of understandingwas signed by 13 countries to developa common cellular telephone system across Europe. Finally the system created by SINTEFled by Torleiv Maseng was selected. I n responsibility was 1989, GSM to

transferred

t h e European Telecommunications Standards Institute( E T S I ) a n d p h a s e I o f t h e G S M specifications were published in 1990. The first GSM network was launched in1991 byRadio linjainFinlandwith joint technical infrastructure maintenance

fromEricsson. By the end of 1993, over a million subscribers were using GSM phone networks being operated by 70 carriers across 48 countries. GSM around the world

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Mobile subscriber identities in GSM:

International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI):

An IMS I is assign ed to each authorized GSM user. It co nsists of a m o b i l e country code (MCC), mobile network code (MNC) (to identify the PLMN),a n d a P L M N u n i q u e m o b i l e s u b s c r i b e r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n number (MS IN). T he I M S I i s t h e o n l y a b s o l u t e i d e n t i t y t h a t a s u b s c r i b e r h a s w i t h i n t h e G S M system. The IMSI consists of the MCC followed by the MNC and MSIN and shall not exceed 15 digits.

Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)

A TMSI is a MSC-VLR specific alias that is designed to maintain u s e r confidentiality. It is assigned only after successful

subscriber authentication.The correlation of a TMSI to an IMSI only occurs during a mobile subscribersinitial transaction with an MSC (for example, location updating). Under certaincondition (such as traffic system disruption and malfunctioning of the system),the MSC can direct individual TMSIs to provide the MSC with their IMSI.

Mobile Station ISDN Number:

The MS international number must be dialed after the international prefix inorder to obtain a mobile subscriber in another country. The MSISDN numbersis composed of the country code (CC) followed by the National

DestinationCode (NDC), Subscriber Number (SN), which shall not exceed 15 digits. Heretoo the first two digits of the SN identify the HLR where the mobile subscriber is administrated.

The Mobile Station Roaming Number (MSRN):

The MSRN is allocated on temporary basis when the MS roams into another numbering area. The MSRN number is used by the HLR for rerouting calls tot h e M S . I t i s a s s i g n e d u p o n d e m a n d b y t h e H L R o n a p e r c a l l b a s i s . T h e MSRN for PSTN/ISDN routing shall have the same
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structure as internationalISDN numbers in the area in which the MSRN is allocated. The HLR knows inwhat MSC/VLR service area the subscriber is located. At the reception of theM S R N , H L R s e n d s i t t o t h e G M S C , w h i c h c a n n o w r o u t e t h e c a l l t o t h e MSC/VLR exchange where the called subscriber is currently registered.

International Mobile Equipment Identity:

The IMEI is the unique identity of the equipment used by a subscriber by eachPLMN and is used to determine authorized (white), unauthorized (black), andmalfunctioning (gray) GSM hardware. In conjunction with the IMSI, it is usedto ensure that only authorized users are granted access to the system.

Subscriber Authentication Key (Ki):

It is used to authenticate the SIM card.

Pin Unblocking Key (PUK)

In case of PIN, the PUK is needed for unlocking the SIM a g a i n . P U K i s numeric only, with eight digits. If a correct PUK is entered, an indication is given to the user. After 10 consecutive incorrect entries the SIM is blocked .Either the IMSI or the MSISDN Number may access the subscriber data. Some of the parameters like IAI will be continuously updated to reflect the current l o c a t i o n o f t h e s u b s c r i b e r . T h e SIM is capable of storing addition al information

such as accumulated call charges. This information will b e accessible to the customer via handset key entry.

Personal Identity Number (PIN)-

It is used to unlock the MS. If one enters the wrong PIN three times it will lock the SIM. The SIM can be protected by use of PIN password

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31

GSM AND GPRS TECHNOLOGIES:

GSM is a digital, circuit switched system developed for mobile telephony which has been in commercial operation since 1991. The channel access is TDMA with 8 time slots and the operating frequency is 900 MHz. The new DCS operates at 1800 MHz and PCS at 1900MHz. Both DCS and PCS are extensions to the original GSM specification. The architecture shown here can be split into 2 main parts, the basestation system and the switching system. The Operation and Maintenance system isn't shown in this picture, as it's not relevant to this discussion. The Mobile Station is used by a mobile subscriber to communicate with the cellular system. The Base Transceiver Station handles the radio interface for a cell. Mobile Stations communicate with the BTS using a radio channel. The Base Station Controller establishes, supervises and releases channels for a BTS. It is also responsible for handovers between base transceiver stations. One BSC can be connected to several BTSs. The Mobile Services Switching Center performs telephony switching within the network. It is responsible for call establishment and handovers between base station controllers. One MSC can be connected to several BSCs. Ericsson's MSCs are based on AXE technology. The Gateway Mobile Service Switching Center handles incoming calls from external networks. Any MSC can act as a GMSC. The Home Location Register stores and manages all the subscription information for a single network. The information stored includes a subscribers supplementary services, location information and authentication parameters. The Visitor Location Register contains information about all the mobiles currently under a single MSC. The VLR can be seen as a distributed HLR. Ericsson's VLR is integrated into the MSC. The Equipment Identity Register contains details of MS hardware numbers and their status. This means that faulty or stolen mobiles can be barred from the network regardless of the subscription they are using. The Authentication Center is a database connected to the HLR. Its purpose is to provideauthentication parameters and ciphering keys to the HLR to help protect network operators and subscribers from fraud. Another important concept in the GSM infrastructure is that of a Location Area. An LA is a collection of cells where an MS can move around without having to report its new position. An incoming call for an

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MS means that a paging message is broadcast in all the cells in the MS's Location Area.

Here we can see what happens when an MS receives a telephone call. A user in the fixed telephone network dials the number for a mobile subscriber. This is routed via the PSTN to the Gateway MSC. The GMSC queries the HLR for the mobile subscriber's serving MSC/VLR. The call is then routed to correct MSC/VLR. The MSC queries the VLR for the MS's current Location Area. A paging message is broadcast to the MS's Location Area, which the mobile receives and responds to. The MSC now knows the actual cell the mobile is located in and can route the call to the correct BSC. The BSC selects the traffic channel on the relevant BTS and orders the mobile to tune to the correct channel. The Mobile Station then generates a ring signal and when the subscriber answers the call is connected. What happens when a mobile subscriber makes a telephone call? First the subscriber dials the number which results in an access request message being sent to the serving MSC. The MSC queries the VLR to verify that the MS is allowed to perform this action. If the mobile is authorized then the MSC initiates a call set-up to the PSTN network. The MSC also asks the BSC to allocate a free traffic channel. The BTS is informed of the selected traffic channel and the MS is ordered to switch to that channel. The person receiving the call answers and the connection is established.
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What happens when a mobile moves around the GSM network? The exact chain of events depends on the state of the mobile - firstly well look at what happens when the mobile is in the idle mode - that is the mobile is turned on but there is no telephone call in progress. As we said earlier, an idle mobile is not particularly interested in the exact cell location. It is only tracked on the Location Area level. So, when the mobile moves from cell A to cell B, which are within the same Location Area, no update messages are required. If we imagine that cell B and cell C are in different Location Areas, when the mobile moves from B to C it notices that the Location Area has changed. So, the mobile transmits a Location Area update to inform the MSC and VLR that it has entered a new Location Area. The MSC performs some authentication procedures (for example, to check if the mobile is allowed to use the new Location Area) and then informs the mobile that the update request was successful. As the Location Area is under the same MSC the HLR does not need to be informed. The process is similar when the mobile roams to a new cell

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under a different MSC, for example moving from C to D. As the cell is under a different MSC it is also in a different Location Area. Again the mobile sends a Location Area update message to the new MSC which again performs some authentication procedures. Because the Location Area is under a new MSC the HLR is also informed of the new serving MSC. When this is done the mobile is informed that the Location Area update was successful. When a mobile is in the active state (that is, there is a circuit switched call ongoing) the process is slightly different. In this case the mobile is tracked on the cell level. So, when an active mobile moves from cell D to E (both under the same BSC), it is the BSC that decides a handover should take place. This decision is based on measurements supplied by the BTS and the mobile. The BSC sends a message to the new BTS to allocate a new radio channel for the mobile. It then sends a message to the mobile, using the old BTS, to inform the mobile of the channel to use in the new BTS cell. The mobile then tunes to the new channel and transmits a small message informing the BSC that the handover is complete. The BSC then instructs the old BTS to release the now unused radio channel. Note that no Location Area updates are issued while the mobile is active. If the two cells happen to be in different Location Areas, the mobile will send a Location Area update message when the call is completed. What happens when an active mobile moves from a cell which is under the control of a different BSC? This case can be seen when the mobile moves from cell E to cell F. The procedure is almost exactly the same as for handover between two cells under the same BSC, except that messages between the new and old BSCs must be sent via the MSC. Handovers between cells under different MSCs (for example, when the mobile moves from cell F to G) are a little more involved. When the mobile realizes a handover is necessary it sends a handover request up to the BSC. The BSC realizes that the new cell is not in its jurisdiction and sends the request up to the MSC. Similarly the old MSC realizes that the new cell lies under another MSC. The handover request message is forwarded by the new MSC which forwards it to the correct BSC and the process is the same as for the handover between two BSC. However, when the mobile tunes to the new channel under the new BSC and sends the message informing the BSC that the mobile is now
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under its control, the call is routed from the old MSC to the new MSC, possibly via the PSTN. This means that for the duration of the call the circuit goes through the old MSC, the PSTN and the new MSC before reaching the BSC, BTS and ultimately the mobile.

GPRS will offer 2 types of services - Point-to-Point and Point-to-Multipoint.

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Point-to-Point concentrates on a traditional data communications idea; packets are transferred between two distinct points in the network. The applications for this service are the usual suspects e-mail, web browsing, ftp etc. The Point-to-Point service is defined in phase 1 of the GPRS standardization. Point-to-Multipoint is used when a single user wants to broadcast data to several users simultaneously. Example applications are weather reports, stock market information, and sports results. The Point-to-Multipoint service will be defined in phase 2 of the GPRS standardization.

When two different, interconnected hosts wish to communicate they address each other using IP addresses. So, for example, when host Y wishes to send packets to host Z then Z is addressed using its IP address. A GPRS network should appear to other networks as just another IP subnetwork where mobiles are addressed using IP addresses. So, when host Y wants to send packets to host X on the GPRS subnetwork, Y is oblivious to the fact that X is a GPRS mobile. Packets sent to X are addressed using X's IP address.

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GPRS also has the ability to connect to other networks. Phase 1 of the standardization process specifies connections to IP and X.25 networks. Other network standards may be added in phase 2.

GPRS builds upon the existing GSM infrastructure to provide a packet data service. The parts of the system shown in blue here are those that are part of the traditional GSM system. Those parts in green are the parts of GSM that currently exist but require changes for GPRS. For the BSS it is envisaged that the BTSs will require only a software upgrade. BSCs will probably require both new software and hardware. Those parts shown in yellow are completely new for GPRS these are the GPRS Support Nodes and the internal backbone. The Gateway GPRS Support Node acts as an interface and a router to external networks. The GGSN contains routing information for GPRS mobiles, which is used to tunnel packets through the IP based internal backbone to the correct Serving GPRS Support Node. The GGSN also collects charging information connected to the use of the external data networks and can act as a packet filter for incoming traffic. The Serving GPRS Support Node is responsible for authentication of GPRS mobiles, registration of mobiles in the network, mobility management, and collecting information for charging for the use of the air interface.
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The internal backbone is an IP based network used to carry packets between different GSNs. Tunneling is used between SGSNs and GGSNs, so the internal backbone does not need any information about domains outside the GPRS network. Signaling from a GSN to a MSC, HLR or EIR is done using SS7. GPRS introduces the concept of a routing area. This is much the same as a Location Area in GSM, except that it will generally contain fewer cells. Because routing areas are smaller than Location Areas, less radio resources are used when a paging message is broadcast.

GPRS and GSM use the same physical interface for the radio link, which is based on TDMA with 8 time slots per frame. Each frame is approximately 4.6ms in length. A normal circuit switched telephone call uses the same slot in consecutive frames. Here you can see two speech calls in timeslots 0 and 6, and a fax call in timeslot 2. All are circuit switched and occupy the same slot in every frame. These slots are occupied until the call is cleared. Channel allocation in GPRS is slightly different. A GPRS user is allocated a block, which consists of four timeslots in consecutive frames. Here you can see GPRS user 1 who uses TDMA slots x to x+3, a block of 4 timeslots in consecutive frames. After
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those slots are used, the same timeslot is allocated to GPRS user 2 who then has access to four slots in frames x+4 to x+7. GPRS user 3 has requested and been allocated two GPRS channels, meaning that double the bandwidth is available to that user. Even so, the channel access is still limited to four timeslots in consecutive frames.

GPRS subscribers need extra information stored in the Home Location Register. The most important new parameters are shown here. The PDP Type holds the packet data protocol that is currently being used, which can be either IP or X.25. The PDP address contains the address of the mobile which can either be static of dynamic. In the case of dynamic addresses, the address is allocated to the mobile when it first activates a context. The GGSN address is the address of the Gateway GSN that the mobile is currently using. It is possible for operators to have more than one GGSN in the network. Finally there is a quality of service parameter. Exactly how this parameter functions is still subject to a great deal of discussion. The key to a users context is the International Mobile Subscriber Identity. It should also be noted that each user can have several different contexts activated simultaneously, thus allowing the same mobile to operate in different modes if
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required. For example, one mobile may wish to use IP one day and X.25 the next. After a mobile has attached to the network the context can be chosen with the activated PDP context message.

There are three different classes of GPRS mobiles. Class A mobile can handle circuit switched and packet switched data simultaneously. This means a user can receive and transmit data whilst receiving circuit switched telephone calls. Class B mobiles can also connect to both GSM and GPRS and listen for pages from both systems simultaneously. Should the user be operating in packet switched mode, a page for a circuit switched call can still be received. The user then has the choice to switch from one mode to another or ignore the page and return a busy signal. Class C mobiles can only connect to one system at a time. If the user wishes to accept circuit switched calls then they must first remove their connection to the GPRS system and reconnect to GSM. As long as they are operating in packet switched mode no pages for circuit switched calls can be received.

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One of the most important things to note here is that the application communicates via standard IP, which is carried through the GPRS network and out through the gateway GPRS looks like a normal IP sub-network to users both inside and outside the network. Also notice that packets travelling between the GGSN and the SGSN use the GPRS tunneling protocol so the internal backbone network does not have to deal with IP addresses outside the GPRS network. This GTP is run over UDP and IP. Between the SGSN and the MS a combination of SubNetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol and Logical Link Control is used. SNDCP compresses data to minimize the load on the radio channel. The LLC provides a safe logical link by encrypting packets. The same LLC link is used as long as a mobile is under a single SGSN. When the mobile moves to a routing area that lies under a different SGSN the LLC link is removed and a new link is established with the new Serving GSN X.25 services are provided by running X.25 on top of TCP/IP in the internal backbone.

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Here we can follow what happens when a user sends or receives data. A user wishing to send data does not need to perform any call set-up procedures, remember it's a packet switched network. The data is simply sent to the BTS, which forwards it to the SGSN. The SGSN encapsulates the data and sends it to the GGSN via the internal backbone. Recall that data sent between SGSNs and GGSNs uses tunneling over the internal backbone The GGSN receives the users data packets and forwards it to the external network. The external network then routes it to the destination address. When data is sent from an external user to a GPRS user it arrives at the GGSN via the external network. The GGSN examines the IP address in the incoming packet and uses that to find the address of the Serving GSN. The packet is then tunneled over the internal backbone to the correct SGSN. At this point two things can happen. If the mobile is in a ready state, then the SGSN knows exactly which cell to send the packet to. The packet is simply forwarded to the correct BSC, BTS and finally the GPRS user.

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If the mobile is in the standby state the SGSN does not know which cell the mobile is in only the routing area is known. In this case a paging message is sent out in the routing area. The mobile responds to the paging message which allows the SGSN to narrow down the MS's location to a single cell. The packet can then be forwarded to the correct BSC, BTS, and finally the user.

Mobility management in GPRS depends on the current state of the MS. Firstly we'll look at the case when the MS is in the ready state. In the ready state the SGSN knows which cell the MS is in. The mobile knows when it moves from cell A to B and notifies the SGSN of the change. The same process happens when the MS moves from cell B to C as both are under the same SGSN. When the MS moves from cell C to D it also changes SGSN. The mobile marks the change in cells and sends a routing area update to the new SGSN. This routing area update contains the identity of the old routing area, which allows the new SGSN to identify the old SGSN. The new SGSN sends a message to the old SGSN informing it that the MS has changed routing area and is now reachable at the new SGSN address. The old SGSN starts a timer and
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will forward all packets for the MS to the new SGSN until the timer expires. This prevents any packets from being lost in the handover process. Next the new SGSN informs the GGSN that the MS is now under a new SGSN so new packets can be tunneled to the correct place. The HLR is also informed of the new Serving GSN. For a mobile in the standby state the process is similar. The difference here is that when the MS moves from one cell to another within the same routing area then no updates need to be sent a mobile in the standby state is tracked only on the routing area level. So, the MS is free to move from cell A to B without updating the SGSN as cells A and B are in the same routing area. When the MS moves from cell B to C which are in different routing areas, then a routing area update is sent to the SGSN. Mobility management in GPRS depends on the current state of the MS. Firstly we'll look at the case when the MS is in the ready state. In the ready state the SGSN knows which cell the MS is in. The mobile knows when it moves from cell A to B and notifies the SGSN of the change. The same process happens when the MS moves from cell B to C as both are under the same SGSN. When the MS moves from cell C to D it also changes SGSN. The mobile marks the change in cells and sends a routing area update to the new SGSN. This routing area update contains the identity of the old routing area, which allows the new SGSN to identify the old SGSN. The new SGSN sends a message to the old SGSN informing it that the MS has changed routing area and is now reachable at the new SGSN address. The old SGSN starts a timer and will forward all packets for the MS to the new SGSN until the timer expires. This prevents any packets from being lost in the handover process. Next the new SGSN informs the GGSN that the MS is now under a new SGSN so new packets can be tunneled to the correct place. The HLR is also informed of the new Serving GSN. For a mobile in the standby state the process is similar. The difference here is that when the MS moves from one cell to another within the same routing area then no updates need to be sent a mobile in the standby state is tracked only on the routing area level. So, the MS is free to move from cell A to B without updating the SGSN as cells A and B are in the same routing area. When the MS moves from cell B to C, which are in different routing areas, then a routing area update is sent to the SGSN.

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Charging in GPRS is based on the amount of radio resources used and traffic to external networks. The amount of traffic sent inside the GPRS network is tracked by the SGSN. The amount of traffic to and from external networks is tracked by the GGSN. This allows the network operator to charge subscribers for the total network usage.

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BENEFITS OF TELECOM GROWTH FOR THE SOCIETY

Telecommuting (working from home or a "remote workstation") has shown increasing attention across the India in the last several years, as well as growing acceptance. People commute in cars, buses, planes and trains to work and to other activities on a regular basis; commuting is part of our lives. However the actual necessity to physically change location in order to accomplish such tasks has recently been challenged on the basis of concerns for energy conservation, the impact on our environment, a refocusing on family values, and other issues. Ten advantages future workers and our society in general might see are presented and discussed.

1. Conserving Energy: Although energy utilization will continue to grow as we expand our industry and improve our standard of living, efficient use of energy will always be of prime importance. By telecommuting to work instead of using more conventional methods, there is a great potential to save energy. The three major areas where energy can be conserved are:

Vehicle-related materials and resources; Highway-related materials and resources; and Office-related materials and resources. A tremendous amount of energy is required to produce transportation equipment such as automobiles, buses, trains and jet aircraft. If telecommuting is promoted, there will be less use of this equipment and less energy will be required for production, maintenance and repair of this equipment. Fuel resources needed to operate this equipment will be reduced, as well The building and repair of highways and maintenance requires a large consumption of energy, not only in the operation of the highway construction and repair equipment, but also in the manufacture and transportation of the required materials. An increase in the percentage of people telecommuting to work will decrease the need for expanded highways and associated road maintenance. The first two areas related to getting to work. Once a person arrives at work in a central office location, he or she represents another energy consumer, often times magnified many times over what would be required at home. The office
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building has heating, cooling and lighting needs, and the materials to build it and maintain it require energy in their production and transportation. Working from home requires only modest incremental demands on energy for heating, cooling and lighting needs, and makes effective use of existing building space and facilities.

2. Preserves Our Environment: by reducing land use requirements for highway expansion and by reducing slow-moving automobile emissions. Highways and parking lots are continuing to consume large quantities of our land surface area. If a larger percentage of people telecommuted to work, existing highways could be reduced in size and parking lots could be converted to parks. One of the largest sources of pollution is the automobile. This is especially true of slow-moving automobiles that often exist in heavy, congested rush hour traffic. Of course, one solution to this problem is increasing the size and number of our roads, but an even better solution is to encourage those who can to telecommute, so we will not need additional highways, parking lots, and airports in the future. And, when we do choose to drive our cars, it will be in fresh air, on less crowded streets, when we are not in a hurry to get somewhere.

3. Promotes Safety: by reducing highway use by people rushing to get to work. There are thousands of traffic-related deaths every year and thousands more people severely injured trying to get to work. In addition there is substantial property loss associated with traffic accidents that occur as people take chances in order to make the mad dash from home to the office. Often times people have made the trip so often that they are not really alert, often fall asleep and frequently become impatient by traffic jambs and slower travelers. More and more people are becoming frustrated by the insistence that they come into the office every day, when, in fact most, if not all of their work could be accomplished from their home or sites much closer to their home.

4. Improves Health: by reducing stress related to compromises made between Family and Work. The stress associated with commuting back and forth to work away from the home is real, and telecommuting offers a renewed opportunity for workers to rediscover the joys of working from their homes. This is a rediscovery, because centuries ago it was commonplace for "cottage industries" to exist where work was produced in ones home, often times incorporating the talents of the entire family in
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producing a product. With advanced telecommunications technology a large segment of our workers can return to this mode of "work-at-home" productivity not compromising either their Family living or their Job productivity.

5. Allows closer proximity to and involvement with family. Working in the home offers people a greater opportunity to share quality time with family members, to promote family values and develop stronger family ties and unity. Also, time saved through telecommuting could be spent with family members constructively in ways that promote and foster resolution of family problems. The strength of a society derives from the strength of its individuals and the strength of its individuals often times derives from the strength of their families. 6. Allows proximity to extended family: (location where employee has "roots"). There are a wide range of scenarios that constitute what is best for any given individual or any given family. However, often people are forced to leave a community where they grew up and have a large extended family of parents, grandparents, brothers and sisters, aunts and uncles and all sorts of family relations. Many people long for the opportunity to return "home" where they can spend their lives with old friends and family. While this is not true for some people, there are a large number of people who stand to enhance the quality of life through the flexibility that telecommuting offers. 7. Allows selection of a remote worksite that is mutually acceptable to all family members: and allows spouse an opportunity to pursue his/her career. How many times have you seen the situation where a husband or wife has a job opportunity in another town and must choose between the new opportunity and no opportunity, because their spouse does not want to or cannot change employment? If either person could telecommute, the decision is much easier, allowing for a more congenial relationship and reducing the potential stress.

8. Allows employee freedom: to choose an environment that is more suitable from a social and economic standpoint and to live in an area with people of common interests. For couples as well as singles, people who can telecommute do not have to quit their jobs and move, when they determine they are not compatible with the town
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they are living in. This occurs often, following a divorce or when a single person discovers an incompatibility with the area surrounding his or her employers business. Telecommuting affords an employee the freedom to look for another place to live, where he or she can feel comfortable both from a social, as well as an economic standpoint and live near people that have common interests. 9. Improves Productivity: Time saved can be used to improve productivity. Much time is spent on unnecessary activities by people who commute back and forth to work in the conventional manner. Time is wasted from the minute one gets up to go to work until the minute one goes to bed after returning from work. With telecommuting, one no longer needs to be always preparing for the commute and for being "presentable". One can go to work simply by tossing on a robe and slippers, grabbing a cup of coffee and sitting down to the terminal. You no longer worry if the car will start, if your clothes are neat, or if you're perfectly groomed. That may still be important to you, but it no longer has to be. And you no longer are interrupted by all the idle chatter that inevitably takes place at the central work place - some of it useful for your work, but a lot of it just a waste of time and a perpetual interruption. (Now you can stay up on latest rumors at your convenience using electronic mail.) For persons with health problems or handicapped persons, working from home may offer some comforting and productive opportunities. 10. Reduces number of people "job hopping": decreasing training requirements. Many people job hop each year, and much of this "job hopping" is because people want to move to a new location. They enjoy their work, and they would keep working for their present employer, but they do not like their present location. If people could move without losing their jobs, because they could telecommute, the amount of retraining would be reduced substantially. This would increase overall employee productivity while keeping loyal and productive employees on board.

The ten major advantages to telecommuting have been presented. As one specific example of how telecommuting relates to some of the Energy, Environmental, Safety and Health issues we have just presented, consider a recent and growing concern regarding the expansion of our highway system to accommodate increased usage, particularly near population centers. To address this concern it would be prudent to
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carefully consider "telecommuting" as a viable element of any future plan to preserve and protect our environment from the encroachment and pollution. Perhaps we should examine the contention that people need to commute to work. What percentage of people could actually stay home and use telecommuting to effectively accomplish their work? Commuting to work seems to be a major element of the transportation needs and a root cause for the push to expand highways. Perhaps efforts should be expended to encourage more people to telecommute using computers and modems rather than cars, petroleum and highway space. That effort would improve our environment and simultaneously help a lot of people who suffer the pain and sometimes death of rush hour traffic. In the past transportation has not been considered an environmental issue. The focus of most environmentalists was spotted owls, wetlands, old growth forests, etc. The automobile and all the systems required to support it have been taken for granted by environmentalists. Granted, not everyone could telecommute, nor would everyone want to, but many, many people could and would, right now, if the incentives were there. And many more can and will, in the future, when telecommuting is promoted and facilitated to the degree that highway expansion is. We should raise our sights further and ask ourselves what is really causing us to use cars so much and what can be done to reduce any excess and unnecessary use. Artificially imposing a ban on highway construction will not solve the problem, it would just frustrate many people who want to travel. Instead, it may be better to promote telecommuting, by encouraging employers to offer incentives for telecommuters and by bringing this to the attention of local and national governments. All employers should be encouraged to support "telecommuting", which is very good for our environment.

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CHALLENGES OF INDIAN TELECOM INDUSTRY

The mobile subscriber base in India expanded to 670.6 million in August 2010 with the addition of 18.2 million new users during the month. Indian telecom is the fastest growing industry next only to IT industry. It has been demonstrating strong growth due to the Government support in the form of many regulatory and policy changes during the last 15 years. The industry has always surpassed the expectations of government targets particularly in the area of tele-density which has reached 59% now. The key regulatory and policy changes which created positive impact on the industry are

switching over from fixed licence fee to Revenue sharing, introduction of third and fourth operator, introduction of calling party pays regime introduction of universal access licence, changes in access deficit charges issue of licence to new operators and transparent 3G spectrum auction policy Even though there is an increased clarity on the direction of regulation and policy, some of the policies have gone against the interests of the incumbent operators and created a major financial crisis. For example, the policy changes like issue of new licences to new mobile operators led to a large number of players entering the telecom market and ending up in over capacity led hyper completion. The industry is currently facing slow down in revenue growth and huge pressure on profit margin. Some of these key challenges faced by the telecom industry are listed below. 1. REVENUE GROWTH There are 15 telecom operators in the country today. In each circle there are around 910 operators competing for the same revenue pie which is not growing. Lower tariff
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and high introductory offers which the industry saw during 2009 resulted in multiple SIM ownership and reduced realization per minute of use. The new operators who entered the market during 2009 offered subscriptions at throw away prices loaded with free talk time. The incumbent operators are also forced to get into this tariff war and this converted the existing paying minutes to non paying minutes and slowed down the revenue growth of the sector. The revenue growth during the calendar year 2009 was just 12% as compared to 22% during the previous year 2008. 2. SUBSCRIBER GROWTH India will continue to be the fastest growing telecom market in the world in terms of total number of new subscriber additions. However the industrys focus has now shifted from customer market share (CMS) to revenue market share (RMS). This is because the multiplicity of SIM ownership has made the subscriber numbers meaningless to gauge the strength of the business. The dual sim is contributing to 30%-35% of the new additions. There is a huge disparity between the CMS and RMS as the higher CMS has not led to higher RMS for some of the operators. This is because of the huge inactive subscriber base and the low ARPU from the newly added subscribers. While the industry will continue to achieve the subscriber growth mile stones, reaching these subscribers profitably will be a major challenge. The operators need to work on new business models and radically change the products to improve the profitability. 3. PROFIT MARGIN The telecom operators are trying to overcome the profit margin pressures by reducing the operating costs through business process outsourcing, infrastructure sharing, IT outsourcing and revenue assurance. 4. NUMBER OF OPERATORS The total number of operator now stands at 15. With several operators operating at tariffs lower than cost, the eventual consolidation of the operators is inevitable and expected very soon. Some of the new operators have already approached the government for surrendering their licences and seeking refund of licence fee paid.

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However, the telecom industry provides lucrative long term opportunities for strong operators with deep pockets.

5. 3G AND BWA ROLL OUT The launch of 3G operations require huge funds for spectrum fee and also for network roll out. The other challenges are rolling out new 3G value added services and ensuring availability of 3G handsets at affordable prices. The 3G roll out will pose major challenge to the non 3G operators. There is a possibility some of these operators may lose their high end customers to the 3G operators. 3G launch is expected during Q3 end mainly in big cities. 6. RURAL PENETRATION The urban market in India is highly saturated. Rural coverage will be the key to operators growth strategy. Rural tele-density is still under 25% with significant growth potential whereas the urban tele density has already crossed 100%. The government has set a target of 40% for rural tele-density by 2014. But the factors which are restricting rapid roll out in rural areas are the low ARPU customers and high cost of maintaining the network at these places. The challenge for the operators is to search for new cost effective ways to roll out network in rural areas by choosing appropriate technology and leverage on the use of available infrastructure to reduce cost and time of network roll out. 7. MNP The Government has announced that Mobile number portability will be implemented on 1st November 2010. The industry is expecting a huge churn of subscribers from the weak operators to major operators who offer better services. There is an opportunity for the new operators who are looking forward to grab the high end subscribers from the established operators. This move is bound to be beneficial to the operators who offer congestion free network and excellent customer service.
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8. SECURITY CLEARANCE FOR PROCUREMENT OF TELECOM EQUIPMENT The Government has not given the clearance for procuring equipments particularly from the Chinese manufacturers due to security reasons. This has impacted the network roll out in the country. As per DoT directive prior approval is required before procurement of any telecom equipment / software. This created a situation where the telecom operators have not been able to import network equipment since 3rd Dec 2009. 9. REVIEW OF SPECTRUM MANAGEMENT AND LICENCE TERMS AND CONDITIONS The recent success of 3G and BWA spectrum auction has encouraged the DoT to review the existing 2G spectrum allocation policy. It has suggested that the existing operators who have excess spectrum, need to pay for additional spectrum charges at the 3G rates. As this will result in huge payout for most of the established operators they have not agreed to this proposal. 10. RE VERIFICATION OF MOBILE SUBSCRIBERS The Home ministry has issued instructions to all the operators that they should ensure proper address and identity proof for all their subscribers particularly in the case of prepaid. In a recent survey conducted in Mumbai by the police it was reported that approximately 60% of the addresses of prepaid customers are incorrect. The Government feels that there is a major security threat as in many cases it is observed that the prepaid cards were procured by terrorists and criminals with fake name and address. To comply with the recent directive, the operators have been asked to carry out a re-verification of all their mobile subscribers incurring huge cost in this process. 11. MVNO The policy on MVNO is not yet announced by the government. Even though MVNO will provide additional revenue stream to the existing MNO, by buying the excess
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capacity, they pose a threat to the MNO if MVNOs end up grabbing high end customers from them.

12. NETWORK Network operations are usually designed to address frequent disruptions caused by equipment failures. Sometimes the telecom companies do not address the catastrophe level incident like fire, earth quake etc. This is because in telecom, the network equipments are located across the country and at multi-occupancy premises which are shared with third parties. All of these factors have an impact on fire, security and health and safety issues which are required to be managed to ensure that there is no interruption to the service. The network roll out is a big challenge and time consuming and involve huge capital expenditure. The telecom industry is capital intensive as the industry needs to continuously adapt itself to the latest technology. The recent media reports on radiation from the mobile phone towers and the municipal permission issues is creating serious disturbance to the operations and services to the customers when the sites are sealed by the authorities or by court. The COAI and AUPSI are jointly addressing this issue.

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ACTION PLAN FOR CHALLENGE IN TELECOM (1) The Department of Telecommunications (DoT) will hold consultations with key stakeholders (Telecom operators) to evolve a clear and transparent regime covering Licensing, Spectrum allocation, Tariffs/pricing, Linkage with roll out performance, Flexibility within licenses, Spectrum Sharing, Spectrum trading, MVNOs, Unlicensed bands, M&A, etc. in a technology agnostitc environment after due consideration of TRAI recommendations. In this regard, interest of the Aam Aadmi would be the prime consideration. (2) To ensure availability of Spectrum for telecom industry, dialogue will be initiated with Department of Space/Information & Broadcasting/Defence, PSUs on Vacation of Spectrum and for identification of Defence Band and Defence Interest Zone. National Frequency Allocation Plan 2011 (NFAP) shall be released. Spectrum allocations, availability and status of pending applications for spectrum shall be published on the departments web site. (3) Immediate steps will be taken to resolve outstanding Security Issues. Steps will be taken to enable operators (private operators) to launch 3G Mobile and Data services in their entire plenitude without delay. Security issues regarding telecom equipment procurement, messenger services and subscriber verification will be resolved. Steps will be taken to establish the Central Monitoring System which will facilitate and prevent misuse of lawful interception facility. (4) 11 years have passed since NTP 99 and many changes have taken place thereafter. Action will be initiated to formulate a comprehensive National Telecom Policy 2011 including the recognition of Telecom as infrastructure and as an essential service, encouraging Green Telecom, steps to accelerate migration from IPv4 to IPv6 at the earliest, release of IPv6 standards by Telecom Engineering Centre for implementation in the country, etc.

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(5) All possible efforts will be made to fill up Board Level vacancies in PSUs and for greater participation of BSNL/ MTNL and C-DOT in national and socially important programmes, while addressing structural issues, improving internal efficiency and financial performance of BSNL/ MTNL. (6) Country-wide launch of Mobile Number Portability (MNP). (7) Vigorous measures will be taken to address public concerns about health hazards due to the EMF radiation from Mobile towers including laying down relevant standards, supplementing equipment with TERM Cells and ensuring adequate fieldtesting. (8) Formulation of a package of measures to promote Manufacturing of telecom equipment in the country. (9) Launch of a Wireless Broadband Scheme by USOF to provide wireless broadband coverage to about 5 lakh villages, leveraging the existing passive infrastructure created for mobile telephony in rural and remote areas. (10) Concrete steps towards finalization of National Broadband Plan including strategy for implementation and initiation of steps for roll out of Optical Fibre.

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CONCLUSION
During the period of Evolution of mobile communication technologies various systems were introduced and deployed to achieve standardization in mobile industry, but all the efforts were failed. Multiple issues were sustained like incompatibility of systems, development of digital radio frequency. That is when GSM (Global System for Mobile Commu nication) Technology was introduced and problems like standardization,

i n c o m p a t i b i l i t y e t c w e r e overcame. TDMA solution was chosen in 1987, it is narrowband system and TDMA standards for Time Division Multiple access .I n 1 9 9 1 i n F i n l a n d . G S M b a s e d mobile phones are operated on TDMA Systems, in TDMA single radio frequency is offered to users with any i n t e r f e r e n c e . A f t e r a l l t h e s e y e a r s , G S M i s now the largest mobile communication technology

worldwide, all manufacturers of Mobile phones develop their products based on GSM, and all mobile companies provide their subscribers GSM networks.GSM technology facilitates with high speed integrated data, voice data, fax, mail, voice mail and mostly used SMS feature. GSM also make sure that all the communication made between networks are secured and protected from intruders and frauds..SM actually brought the concept of being Mobile way beyond the limits. It enabled us to communicate across the continents.38

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GSM supports multiple frequency levels like 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 1900 MHz1900MHz frequency is used in North America where as 1800MHz is used in other parts of the world. Different frequency bands are used by different mobile phone operators. More over, there are over 700 GSM networks available in the world operating in their respective countries and providing international roaming services courtesy GSM technology. There are over 2 billion GSM subscribers in the world. Countries which are using GSM networks on larger scales are Russia, china Pakistan, United States, India. Giver the above facts and very good voice quality, support useful services and s s s t a n d a r d s , d e l i v e r e d b y G S M , i t i s e x p e c t e d t h a t G S M s h a l l r e m a i n t h e prominent technology for offering the mobile telephony.

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REFERANCES
1. www.gsmworld.com

2. www.gsacom.com

3. www.whytelecom.com

4. www.wikipedia.com

5. www.google.com

6. www.ask.com

7. www.search.com

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