1

Topic 05 Energy From Chemicals

1. Which of the following changes is endothermic?
A H(g) + Cl(g) HCl(g)
B H2O(g) 2H(g) + O(g)
C H2O(l) H2O(s)
D 2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)

s04/q18

2 .The reaction C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O is exothermic because

A more bonds are broken than are formed.
B more bonds are formed than are broken.
C the energy needed to break the bonds is greater than that
released on
forming new bonds.
D the energy needed to break the bonds is less than that
released on
forming new bonds.

A Heat is needed to start the

reaction.
B The products contain less energy than the reactants.
C The reaction is rapid.
D The OH ions have more energy than the H+ ions.

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7. The diagram shows an energy profile diagram for a chemical reaction.

Which energy change is the activation energy for the catalysed
reaction?

s05/q12

3. Which reaction profile shows the fastest exothermic reaction?

A

n e r g

a c t io

p a t h Rw e a a y c t i o

p a t h w

w03/q15

n e r g

n e r g

a c t io

e r g

p a t h Rw

ea ay c t i o

p a t h w

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4. The equation below shows an exothermic reaction.

Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl 2(aq) + H2(g)
Which statement about this exothermic reaction is not correct?
A Magnesium chloride is soluble in water.
B Magnesium is above hydrogen in the reactivity series.
C One mole of magnesium produces one mole of hydrogen gas.
D The total energy of the products is greater than that of the
reactants.

s06/q15

5. The diagram shows the energy profile for a chemical reaction.

A
B
C
D

+
+
+

overall energy
change
exothermic
endothermic
endothermic
exothermic

w04/q18

sign of EA

s06/q16

6. The energy diagram for

reaction between sodium
hydroxide and
hydrochloric acid is
shown.
What can be deduced
from the diagram?

w03/q16

9. The table shows the energy released by the complete

combustion of
some compounds used as fuels.
compoun formula
Mr
H in kJ / mol
d
methane
CH4
16
880
ethanol
C2H5OH
46
1380
propane
C3H8
44
2200
heptane
C7H16
100
4800
Which fuel produces the most energy when 1 g of the
compound is
Completely burned?
A ethanol B heptane C methane D propane
10. The diagram shows the reaction pathway for a reaction
without a
catalyst.

What is the correct description of the reaction?

sign of H

8. The formation of hydrogen iodide from hydrogen and iodine is an

endothermic reaction.
H H + I I H I + H I
What may be deduced from this information?
A The number of bonds broken is greater than the number of bonds
formed.
B The formation of H I bonds absorbs energy.
C The products possess less energy than the reactants.
D The total energy change in bond formation is less than that in bond
breaking.

the

e r g

a c t io n

p a t h w

Which diagram shows the pathway resulting from the addition of

a catalyst to the reaction?

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2
Topic 05 Energy From Chemicals
A

e r g y

a c t io

p a t h Rw e a a y c t i o

e r g

p a t h w

ea ay c t i o n

p a t h w

a y

e r g

a c t io

e r g

p a t h Rw

w04/q20

11. The energy profile diagram below is for a reaction

P + Q R + S.

Which statement is correct?

A The activation energy of the reaction is (H3 H1).
B The activation energy of the reaction is (H3 H2).
C H is (H1 H2).
D H is (H1 H3).
12. On combustion, which fuel never produces pollutants?
A diesel
B hydrogen C methane D petrol
13. The energy profile
diagrams show how
adding a substance X
to a reaction mixture
changes the reaction
pathway.
Which change occurs
when X is added to the
reaction mixture?
A The rate of reaction
decreases.
B The rate of reaction increases.
C The reaction becomes less exothermic.
D The reaction becomes more exothermic.
14. In which process is energy released?
A electrolysis of water to form hydrogen and oxygen
B forming a hydrogen molecule from two hydrogen atoms
C fractional distillation of crude oil
D photosynthesis

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w06/q14

w06/q16

w07/q16

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3
Topic 05 Energy From Chemicals
Q1. Hydrogen reacts with chlorine to make hydrogen chloride. The
reaction is exothermic.
The reaction can be represented by the equation below.
H H + Cl Cl H Cl + H Cl H = 184 kJ/mol
(a) A mixture of 2.5 g of hydrogen and 142 g of chlorine is allowed to
react.
(i) Which gas, hydrogen or chlorine, is in excess?
Explain your answer.

..............................................................................................................
(ii) Label on the diagram the activation energy for the reaction. [2]
s02/q2

Q2. Methane, CH4, is used as a fuel. The complete combustion of

methane can be represented by the equation below.
H
H

2 O

O
H

H
=

9 0

H
k J / m

..............................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................

(a) Explain why this reaction is exothermic in terms of the energy changes
that take place during bond breaking and bond making.
..............................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................
(ii) Calculate the energy released when 2.5 g of hydrogen reacts
completely with chlorine gas.

..........................................................................................................[3]
(b) Calculate the energy released when 4.0 g of methane is completely
combusted.
..........................................................................................................

[3]
(b) Explain why the reaction is exothermic, in terms of the energy changes
that take place during bond breaking and bond making.

..........................................................................................................[2]
(c) Draw the energy profile diagram for the complete combustion of
methane. Label on the diagram the activation energy and the enthalpy
change.

..............................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................[3]
(d) Nitrogen reacts with oxygen to form nitrogen(II) oxide. The energy
profile diagram for the reaction is shown below.

[3]
s03/q10

Q.3. Aqueous hydrogen peroxide is used to sterilise contact lenses.

At room temperature aqueous hydrogen peroxide decomposes very slowly
to form water and oxygen.
The decomposition can be represented by the equation below.

(i) Is the reaction exothermic or endothermic?

Explain your answer.

(a) Explain why this reaction is exothermic in terms of the energy changes
that take place during bond breaking and bond making.
..........................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................

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4
Topic 05 Energy From Chemicals
..........................................................................................................[2]
(b) Draw the energy profile diagram for the decomposition of hydrogen
peroxide. Label on the diagram the activation energy and the enthalpy
change.

..........................................................................................................[1]
(ii) Explain, using ideas about bond breaking and bond making, why the
overall reaction is endothermic.

..........................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................[3]
[3]
s04/q7

s07/q10

Q.5. In the future, fuel cells may be used to power cars.

In a fuel cell, the overall reaction is represented by the equation
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)
(a) This is the energy profile diagram for the reaction between hydrogen
and oxygen.

2 H2
( g )
O 2 ( g )

Q.4. Oxides of nitrogen are atmospheric pollutants. Nitrogen monoxide,

NO, is formed in an internal combustion engine when nitrogen and
oxygen react together.
N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g)
The diagram shows the energy profile for this reaction.

n e r g y

( l )

r o g r e s s

o f

r e a c t io

(i) Label on the diagram the activation energy of the reaction.

(ii) The fuel cell contains a catalyst. Draw a second curve on the diagram
to show the energy profile for the catalysed reaction.
(iii) Explain why this reaction is exothermic in terms of bond breaking and
bond forming.
..............................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................
(a) Identify the energy changes X and Z.
...............................................................................................[5]
w02/q5

..........................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................[2]
(b) The reaction between nitrogen and oxygen is endothermic.
(i) Explain how you can tell from the diagram that the reaction is
endothermic.

..........................................................................................................

Q.6. Petroleum is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons. Petroleum is a

source of many useful fuels.
(a) What is meant by the term hydrocarbon?

..............................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................[1]

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5
Topic 05 Energy From Chemicals
(b) Petroleum is separated by fractional distillation.
(i) Complete the following table about the fractions obtained from
petroleum.
fraction
petrol (gasoline)

use
fuel for cars

paraffin (kerosene)
diesel

fuel for diesel engines

Bitumen
(ii) Name one other fraction obtained from petroleum.

..........................................................................................................[3]
(c) Fractional distillation of petroleum does not produce sufficient of some
fractions to match demand.
Cracking is used to convert large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller
molecules that are more in demand.
A hydrocarbon of molecular formula C12H26 is cracked.
(i) Suggest the formula of one alkane that may be produced.

(a) State the physical property on which the separation depends.

..........................................................................................................[1]
(b) (i) State one use for the naphtha fraction.
..............................................................................................................
(ii) State one use for the bitumen fraction.

..............................................................................................................
(ii) Suggest the formula of one alkene that may be produced.

..........................................................................................................[2]
(d) Describe the importance of cracking in the oil refining process.
..............................................................................................................
s03/q3

..............................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................[2]
s05/q4

Q.8. Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) and ethanol can be used as fuels for cars
instead of petrol. LPG contains mainly propane. This table shows some
information about propane and ethanol.

Q.7 Petroleum is a mixture of hydrocarbons. In an oil refinery it is

separated into fractions by fractional distillation.
The diagram shows a fractionating column and some of the fractions
obtained from petroleum.

name

formula

boiling
point / C

ethanol

C2H5OH

78

physical
state at
r.t.p.

enthalpy
change of
combustion
/ kJ per
mole
1367

method of
manufacture

fermentation
of sugar cane

.................
.......................
propane

42
.................

2220
.................

......................
of crude oil

(a) Complete the table by filling in the boxes.

[4]
(b) When 1 kg propane burns, 50 450 kJ of energy are given out.
Show by calculation, using data from the table, that ethanol gives out less
energy per kg than propane.

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6
Topic 05 Energy From Chemicals
(b) Explain how the fractionating column separates the crude oil mixture.

..............................................................................................................
[3]
(c) Give two advantages of using ethanol rather than propane as a
fuel for cars.

..............................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................

..............................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................[3]
......................................................................................................... [2]
(d) In a car engine, a spark plug ignites a mixture of air and ethanol. The
spark is needed because the combustion of ethanol needs activation
energy. Complete the energy level diagram below for the combustion of
ethanol. Show the names of the products and label the activation energy
for the reaction.

[3]

w03/q3

Q.9. This diagram shows a fractionating column for the separation of

crude
oil.

(c) Octane, C8H18, is a hydrocarbon in petrol. Hexadecane, C16H34, is one

of the hydrocarbons in ship fuel.
(i) Show by calculation that hexadecane contains a higher percentage of
carbon by mass than octane.

..............................................................................................................
This is the equation for the complete combustion of octane.
2C8H18(l) + 25O2(g) 16CO2(g) + 18H2O(g)
(ii) Write an equation for the complete combustion of hexadecane.
..............................................................................................................
(iii) Use the equations to explain why hexadecane burns with a smokier
flame than octane.

..............................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................[5]
(d) Name two fuels, suitable for cars, which do not come from crude oil.

The following fractions leave the column.

fraction
number of carbon
atoms
naptha
paraffin
diesel oil

7 14
9 16
15 25

boiling range /
C
90 150
150 240
220 250

..........................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 10 marks]
w04/q8

Q.10. Methane, CH4, is the major constituent of natural gas.

(a) A very small quantity of methane is present in the atmosphere.
State another source of this gas.

(a) Which fractions leave the column at each of the points A, B and C?
..........................................................................................................[1]

..........................................................................................................[1]
(b) State a use of methane.

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7
Topic 05 Energy From Chemicals
..........................................................................................................[1]
(c) In the presence of light methane reacts with chlorine.
CH4 + Cl2 CH3Cl + HCl
H = 99.5 kJ
Draw an energy profile diagram for this reaction. Show:
the reactants and products, the activation energy,
the enthalpy change.

e r g

e a c t io

p a t h w

[3]

w06/q6

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