Seismic Design

A Structural Engineering Perspective

Mike Sheehan

March 23, 2007

MKO Earthquake Workshop

Overview Seismic Environment Defined Gemini Telescope Seismic Design Process Gemini Safety Restraint Features

March 23, 2007

MKO Earthquake Workshop

Seismic Environment
Seismic Design Requirements
Uniform Building Code
Plus Hawaii State provisions

International Building Code Other local codes

UBC and IBC Design Choices

Static Lateral Force Procedure Dynamic Analysis

Requirements change over time to reflect new knowledge of the seismic environments
Hawaii change from Zone 3 to Zone 4 in the late 90s Seismic retrofit should therefore be a big consideration for all Observatories
March 23, 2007 MKO Earthquake Workshop

Seismic Environment
Static Lateral Force Procedure
Peak base shear force is calculated by manipulation of loads of information including:
Soil profile type Seismic source classification Structural configuration Proximity to the source Ground response coefficients Response spectra Redundant load path considerations Seismic zone factor Seismic dead load Fundamental period of vibration of the structure

March 23, 2007

MKO Earthquake Workshop

Seismic Environment
Static Lateral Force Procedure
The distribution of the base shear force throughout the structure is based upon mass and distance from the soil

F4 NOT VERY GOOD FOR F3 LARGE TELESCOPE DESIGN F2 F1 h V

March 23, 2007

MKO Earthquake Workshop

Dynamic Analysis
Dynamic Analysis
Based upon Appropriate Ground Motion Representation Performed using Accepted Principles of Dynamics

Ground Motion Definition

Based upon a seismic event that has a 10% probability of being exceeded in 50 years Characterized by:
Response spectrum Normalized spectrum defined in the codes Site-Specific response spectrum Representative ground motion time histories

Analysis
Three dimensional model required Enough modes to describe total structural response

March 23, 2007

MKO Earthquake Workshop

Site-Specific Seismic Hazard Analysis

At a specific site The Site-Specific SHA answers the questions
What is the probability that certain ground motion criteria will occur within a given period of time? What is the likelihood that certain seismic events will occur that will have an impact on the design of structures at a particular site. Then - with some set criteria The SHA defines the design seismic environment in such terms that a proper structural analysis and design can proceed.

March 23, 2007

MKO Earthquake Workshop

Site-Specific Seismic Hazard Analysis

History
Destructive Earthquakes in Hawaii Since 1868
Date
28 Mar 1868 02 Apr 1868 05 Oct 1929 21 Aug 1951 26 Apr 1973 29 Nov 1975 16 Nov 1983 25 Jun 1989 15 Oct 2006

Location
Southern Hawaii Southern Hawaii Hualalai Kona North of Hilo Kalapana Kaoiki Kalapana Kiholo Bay

Magnitude
7.0 7.9 6.5 6.9 6.2 7.2 6.7 6.2 6.7

March 23, 2007

MKO Earthquake Workshop

Site-Specific Seismic Hazard Analysis

Project the Ground Motion from the Source to the Site
Use of Ground Motion Attenuation Equations Source to Site distance Source depth Geology and Site soil conditions Other factors

March 23, 2007

MKO Earthquake Workshop

Site-Specific Seismic Hazard Analysis

Establish your own Design Criteria
Codes requires that you design for the Survival Event
This is defined as an event that has a 10% probability of being exceeded in 50 years. In this case, structural elements are required to stay intact. Some limited failures are expected.

At Gemini, we have looked at an Operational Event as well.

This was chosen to be an event that produced seismic loads at a level of 80% of the Survival Event. In this environment, the general requirement is that the telescope recover to full operational capacity within a given (short) period of time.

March 23, 2007

MKO Earthquake Workshop

Site-Specific Seismic Hazard Analysis

Design levels for Peak Ground Acceleration Survival Event
10% Probability of exceeding in 50 years Average Return Period = 500 years PGA = 0.40 g

Operational Event
22% Probability of exceeding in 50 years Average Return Period = 200 years PGA = 0.32 g

March 23, 2007

MKO Earthquake Workshop

Site-Specific Seismic Hazard Analysis

Horizontal Ground Motion Response Spectrum

Operational Event

March 23, 2007

MKO Earthquake Workshop

Site-Specific Seismic Hazard Analysis

Horizontal Ground Motion Response Spectrum

Survival Event

March 23, 2007

MKO Earthquake Workshop

Site-Specific Seismic Hazard Analysis

Vertical Ground Motion Response Spectrum
Vertical Ground Motion Response Spectrum
1

Acceleration (g)

200 yr Event 500 yr Event

0.1

Note that Codes typically scale the vertical response spectrum at 2/3 the horizontal spectrum. Here at 10 hz, the vertical and horizontal spectral values are equal.
0.01 0.01

0.1 Period (sec)

10

March 23, 2007

MKO Earthquake Workshop

Site-Specific Seismic Hazard Analysis

Generation of Site-Specific ground motion acceleration time history records
Use recorded ground motion records from sensors located near the site. Calculate the response spectra based upon the measured data. Modify the data as necessary so that the response spectra calculated from the recorded data matches that calculated for the site in the SHA

March 23, 2007

MKO Earthquake Workshop

Site-Specific Seismic Hazard Analysis

Ground Motion Time Histories
Modified Mauna Loa Weather Observatory Accelerogram from 11/16/83 Earthquake D&M Data Set COMP2A
0.4

0.3

300 Component Acceleration (G)

0.2

0.1

-0.1

-0.2

-0.3

-0.4 0 5 10 15 20 Time (sec) 25 30 35 40 45

March 23, 2007

MKO Earthquake Workshop

Comparison of October 15th Event to Design

MK Ground Motion 15 Oct 06 Earthquake
4.00E-01 H Comp 1 Vert Comp H Comp 2 Design

3.00E-01

2.00E-01

Acceleration (cm/sec^2)

1.00E-01

0.00E+00

-1.00E-01

-2.00E-01

-3.00E-01

-4.00E-01 0.000

5.000

10.000

15.000

20.000

25.000

30.000

35.000

40.000

45.000

Time (sec)

March 23, 2007

MKO Earthquake Workshop

Analysis
Finite Element Model

Mass and Interface Stiffness for fragile Subsystems

Modes sufficient to characterize the dynamic response through ~25 hz Modal damping estimates are important

Azimuth and Elevation Interface Stiffness

Pier Mass

Soil Stiffness

March 23, 2007

MKO Earthquake Workshop

Analysis
Modal Analysis

Mode 1 fn = 2.8 hz cc = 9.2%

March 23, 2007

Mode 8 fn = 6.0 hz cc = 1.4%

MKO Earthquake Workshop

Analysis
Response Spectrum Analysis
For each mode or interest determine the acceleration response from the response spectrum design curve The response is shown for 5% damping. In most cases, telescope modal damping values are far less. Therefore, scale the acceleration response (up) for the appropriate level of modal damping.

Combine the peak modal responses in a rational way (RSS)

March 23, 2007

MKO Earthquake Workshop

Analysis
Transient Analysis

0. 4

0. 3

0. 2

0. 1

01 -.

02 -.

03 -.

04 -. 0 5 1 0 1 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 3 5 4 0 4 5

March 23, 2007

MKO Earthquake Workshop

Analysis Results
In General - Response Spectrum and Transient Analysis results should be similar Results of interest
Global telescope structure response
High stress areas at risk of permanent deformation Uplift

Telescope Interface Loads

Bearings, Drives, Brakes, Track & Drive Disk

Interface Loads to Fragile Subsystems Subsystem rigid body (or elastic) response
Provide seismic design requirements for subsystems

March 23, 2007

MKO Earthquake Workshop

Seismic Restraints
Process
Identify fragile sub-systems Assess Sub-system response in both Survival and Operational Seismic Environments Address the fragility level of the sub-system to the seismic response Define the need for seismic restraints on these subsystems Design these sub-system restraints OR Calculate the sub-system design environments Impose these environments as a part of design specifications

March 23, 2007

MKO Earthquake Workshop

Seismic Restraints
M2 Followers

M1 Safety Restraint System

Seismic Restraints on Az and El axes

March 23, 2007

MKO Earthquake Workshop

Seismic Restraints
Telescope Overturning Restraints

March 23, 2007

MKO Earthquake Workshop

Seismic Restraints
M1 Restraint System

March 23, 2007

MKO Earthquake Workshop

Conclusion
Analysis/Design Process
Good for assessment of current design Seismic retrofit

Applies to Telescopes in particular, but in general

Enclosures Support Facilities Piping systems Tanks Book cases
Any structure at risk of damage resulting from being subjected to the effects of a seismic event

March 23, 2007

MKO Earthquake Workshop