A PROJECT REPORT ON INTERNET PROTOCOL (IP) ADDRESSING

Laxmi Devi Institute of Engineering & Technology Chikani, Alwar, Rajasthan Mobile: - +91 95302-37116 9July 2012

Abhishek Pal
[This Project Report described Internet Protocol Addressing, IP Classes, Subnet Mask, Private and Public IP and differences between IP v4 and IPv6.]

Submitted by: Abhishek Pal, Laxmi Devi Institute of Engineering & Technology, Chikani, Alwar.

Submitted to: Mr.Mohit Sharma, MTS India, Jaipur

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to take this opportunity to express my gratitude and thank Mr. Mohit Sharma for his guidance and invaluable help without which this project would not have been possible. I must also acknowledge the invaluable help provided by Mr.Dipesh Ji Teaching Assistant to Mr. Mohit Sharma during this project.

INDEX
1. IP ADDRESS 2. IP ADDRESS CLASSES 3. SUBNET MASK 4. SUBNETS 5. PRIVATE IP ADDRESSES 6. PUBLIC IP ADDRESSES 7. BROADCAST ADDRESS 8. DRAWBACKS OF IPv4 AND COMPARISON WITH IPv6

INTRODUCTION
The internet as we see today is a network of networks, a virtual world where any computer on internet appears to be connected to every other computer present on Internet. The glue that holds the internet together is the IP (Internet Protocol). It was designed from beginning with internetworking in mind. Its job is to provide is to provide best-efforts way to transport datagrams from source to destination, without regard to whether these machines are on the same network or whether there are other networks in between them. The Internet Protocol also has the task of routing data packets between networks, and IP Addresses specify the locations of the source and destination nodes in the topology of the routing system.

The above window is used to manually configure the IP Address of any PC running Microsoft Windows. In this the first half is used to configure IP Address and the second half is used to configure the DNS server. When the Obtain an IP address automatically is checked the computer itself finds a DHCP server in the network and obtains an IP address dynamically from it. When the Use the following IP address is checked we can manually assign an IP address to the current Network Interface. It has 3 entries:

IP address: The IP address to be assigned to current Network Interface. Subnet Mask: This entry is done automatically by the computer seeing the IP address assigned. It can also be assigned manually. Default Gateway: This entry is the IP address of the Gateway through which the computer can connect to other networks.

IP ADDRESS
An Internet Protocol (IP) address is a numerical identification and logical address that is assigned to devices participating in a computer network utilizing the Internet Protocol for communication between its nodes. Although IP addresses are stored as binary numbers, they are usually displayed in human-readable notations, such as 208.77.188.166 (for IPv4), and 2001:db8:0:1234:0:567:1:1 (for IPv6).

The designers of TCP/IP defined an IP address as a 32-bit number and this system, now named Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4), is still in use today. However, due to the enormous growth of the Internet and the resulting depletion of the address space, a new addressing system (IPv6), using 128 bits for the address, was developed in 1995 and last standardized in 1998. Every host and router on the internet has an IP address, which encodes its network number and host number. The combination is unique: in principle, no two machines on the internet have the same IP address. An IP address does not actually refer to a host, it really refers to network interface, so if a host is on two network, it must have two IP addresses.

IP versions
The Internet Protocol (IP) has two versions currently in use, the IPv4 and the IPv6. Because of its prevalence, the generic term IP address typically still refers to the addresses defined by IPv4.

IP version 4 addresses

IPv4 uses 32-bit (4-byte) addresses, which limits the address space to
32

4,294,967,296 (2) possible unique addresses. IPv4 reserves some addresses for special purposes such as private networks (~18 million addresses) or multicast addresses (~270 million addresses). This reduces the number of addresses that can be allocated to end users and, as the number of addresses available is consumed, IPv4 address exhaustion is inevitable. This foreseeable shortage was the primary motivation for developing IPv6, which is in various deployment stages around the world and is the only strategy for IPv4 replacement and continued Internet expansion. IPv4 addresses are usually represented in dot-decimal notation (four numbers, each ranging from 0 to 255, separated by dots, e.g. 208.77.188.166). Each part represents 8 bits of the address, and is therefore called an octet. IPv4 Header:

IPv4 networks
In the early stages of development of the Internet protocol network administrators interpreted an IP address as a structure of network number and host number. The highest order octet (most significant eight bits) was designated the network number and the rest of the bits were called the host identifier and were used for host numbering within a network. This method soon proved inadequate as additional networks developed that were independent from the existing networks already designated by a network number. The Internet addressing specification was revised with the introduction of Classful Network Architecture.

IP Address Classes
Classful network design allowed for a larger number of individual network assignments. The first four bits of the most significant octet of an IP address was defined as the class of the address. Three classes, A, B, and C were defined for universal unicast addressing and Class D was defined for multicast and Class E was reserved for future use. Depending on the class derived, the network identification was based on octet boundary segments of the entire address. Each class used successively additional octets in the network identifier, thus reducing the possible number of hosts in the higher order classes (B and C). The following table gives an overview of this system. Table

Class A: Class A addresses are specified to networks with large number of total hosts. Class A allows for 126 networks by using the first octet for the network ID. The first bit in this octet, is always set and fixed to zero. And next seven bits in the octet is all set to one, which then complete network ID. The 24 bits in the remaining octets represent the hosts ID, allowing 126 networks and approximately 17 million hosts per network. Class A network number values begin at 1 and end at 127. Class B: Class B addresses are specified to medium to large sized of networks. Class B allows for 16,384 networks by using the first two octets for the network ID. The two bits in the first octet are always set and fixed to 1 0. The remaining 6 bits, together with the next octet, complete network ID. The 16 bits in the third and fourth octet represent host ID, allowing for approximately 65,000 hosts per network. Class B network number values begin at 128 and end at 191.

Class C: Class C addresses are used in small local area networks (LANs). Class C allows for approximately 2 million networks by using the first three octets for the network ID. In class C address three bits are always set and fixed to 1 1 0. And in the first three octets 21 bits complete the total network ID. The 8 bits of the last octet represent the host ID allowing for 254 hosts per one network. Class C network number values begin at 192 and end at 223.

Class D and E: Classes D and E are not allocated to hosts. Class D addresses are used for multicasting, and class E addresses are not available for general use: they are reserved for future purposes.

Subnet Mask
The subnet mask is used by the TCP/IP protocol to determine whether a

host is on the local subnet or on a remote network. In TCP/IP, the parts of the IP address that are used as the network and host addresses are not fixed, so the network and host addresses above cannot be determined unless you have more information. This information is supplied in another 32-bit number called a subnet mask. Applying a subnet mask to an IP address allows you to identify the network and node parts of the address. The network bits are represented by the 1s in the mask, and the node bits are represented by the 0s. Performing a bitwise logical AND operation between the IP address and the subnet mask results in the Network Address or Number. The router uses the Boolean AND operation with an incoming IP address to lose the host portion of the IP addresses i.e. the bits that are '0', and match the network portion with its routing table. From this, the router can determine out of which interface to send the datagram. This means that the 'Don't care bits' are represented by binary 0's whilst the 'Do care bits' are represented by binary 1's. For example, using our test IP address and the default Class B subnet mask, we get: 10001100.10110011.11110000.11001000 140.179.240.200 Class B IP Address 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 255.255.000.000 Default Class B Subnet Mask 10001100.10110011.00000000.00000000 140.179.000.000 Network Address Default subnet masks:

Class A -255.0.0.0 -11111111.00000000.00000000.00000000 Class B -255.255.0.0 -11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 Class C 255.255.255.0 -11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

The same mask is applied throughout the physical networks that share the same subnet part of the IP address. All devices connected to the networks that compose the subnet must have the same mask.

Subnets
All hosts on a network must have the same network number. This property of IP addressing can cause problems as networks grow. The problem is the rule that a single class A, B or C address refers to one network not a collection of LANs. Thus when many computers are connected the broadcast requests and other network traffic lead to network blockages. To avoid this situation we have two options:

Acquire a new network address for each network Divide the current network into more sub-networks. Getting a new network address for each sub-network may not be economical and the IP addresses of the current network get wasted. The solution is to allow a network to be split into several parts for internal use but still act like a single network to the outside world. The parts of the networks are called Subnets.

Sub-netting breaks a network into smaller realms that may use existing

address space more efficiently, and, when physically separated, may prevent excessive rates of Ethernet packet collision in a larger network. The technique of sub-netting can operate in both IPv4 and IPv6 networks. The IP address is divided into two parts: the network address and the host identifier.

Variable Length Subnet Mask

Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM) is used by the ISPs to reduce Wastage of IP Addresses. A Variable Length Subnet Mask (VLSM) is a means of allocating IP addressing resources to subnets according to their individual need rather than some general network-wide rule. For Example: We require 6 different sub-networks having different number of computers. Since we require maximum 30 computers in any network we can take 3 MSBs of Host ID into network ID. The following comparison shows the wastage of IP Addresses in Subnetting and VLSM technique: Requirement Subnetting (A) Before VLSM (B) 30 20 10 30 30 30 Wastage (B-A) 00 10 20 Sub-netting After VLSM(C) 30 20 14 Wastage (C-A) 00 10 04

74 180 106 86 22

The VLSM was introduced as a technique to delay the IPv4 Exhaustion. It was based not on the number of sub-networks required but on the number of hosts in any particular network. This technique considerably reduced IP wastage but lead to another problem of routing. VLSM was not supported by many older routers and switches and hence implementing them required some hardware up-gradation which was not economical. The comparison between IP Network IDs for Subnetting and VLSM

Simple Subnetting Network ID Subnet Mask 192.168.0.32 255.255.255.224 192.168.0.64 255.255.255.224 192.168.0.96 255.255.255.224 192.168.0.128 255.255.255.224 192.168.0.160 255.255.255.224 192.168.0.192 255.255.255.224

Variable Length Subnet Mask Network ID Subnet Mask 192.168.0.32 255.255.255.224 192.168.0.64 255.255.255.224 192.168.0.96 255.255.255.240 192.168.0.112 255.255.255.240 192.168.0.128 255.255.255.248 192.168.0.136 255.255.255.252

Private IP Addresses

In the Internet addressing architecture, a P rivate Network is a network that uses private IP address space, following the standards set by RFC 1918 and RFC 4193. These addresses are commonly used for home, office, and enterprise local area networks (LANs), when globally routable

addresses are not mandatory, or are not available for the intended network applications. Private IP address spaces were originally defined in an effort to delay IPv4 address exhaustion, but they are also a feature of the next generation Internet Protocol, IPv6. These addresses are characterized as private because they are not globally delegated, meaning they are not allocated to any specific organization, and IP packets addressed by them cannot be transmitted onto the public Internet. Anyone may use these addresses without approval from a regional Internet registry (RIR). If such a private network needs to connect to the Internet, it must use either a network address translator (NAT) gateway, or a proxy server. The most common use of these addresses is in residential networks, since most Internet service providers (ISPs) only allocate a single routable IP address to each residential customer, but many homes have more than one networked device, for example, several computers and a video game console. In this situation, a NAT gateway is usually used to enable Internet connectivity to multiple hosts. Private addresses are also commonly used in corporate networks, which for security reasons, are not connected directly to the Internet. In both cases, private addresses are often seen as enhancing security for the internal network, since it is difficult for an Internet host to connect directly to an internal system. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has directed the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) to reserve the following IPv4 address ranges for private networks, as published in RFC 1918:

RFC19 IP address 18 range name 10.0.0.0 24-bit block

number hos largest CIDR of classfuldescrip t id bl ock (subnet address tion siz mask) es e

16,777,2 single class A 10.255.255.2 16 55 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.2 1,048,57 16 contiguous 55 6 class B's 192.168.0.0

10.0.0.0/8 (255.0.0.0)

24 bits

20-bit block

172.16.0.0/12 (255.240.0.0)

20 bits

16-bit block

192.168.255. 255

65,536

256 contiguous 192.168.0.0/16 16 class C's (255.255.0.0) bits

Public IP Addresses

The IP Addresses provided by the Internet Service Providers (ISPs) are called Public IP Addresses. These addresses are recognizable on the internet and any machine connecting to internet must have a Public IP Address. These addresses are provided by the Regional Internet Registries to the ISPs. The machines which are assigned Private IP Address must go on the Internet via NAT server having Public IP Address.

The IP Address Ranges not included in the Private IP Address Ranges are Public IP Ranges.

Broadcast Address

Broadcast address refers to the ability to address a message that is broadcast to all stations or hosts on a network. Ethernet networks are shared-media networks in which computers transmit signals on a cable that all other computers attached to the cable can receive. Thus, all the computers are part of the same "broadcast domain." A broadcast address is an IP address that allows you to target all systems on a specific subnet instead of single hosts. The broadcast address of any IP address can be calculated by taking the bit compliment of the subnet mask, sometimes referred to as the reverse mask, and then applying it with a bitwise OR calculation to the IP address in question.

Normally, one computer transmits frames to only one other computer on the network by placing the MAC address of the destination computer in the frame. This frame is then transmitted on the shared media. Even though other computers see this frame on the network, only the target receives it. A broadcast message is addressed to all stations on the network. The destination address in a broadcast message consists of all 1s (0xFFFFFFFF). All stations automatically receive frames with this address. Normally, broadcast messages are sent for network management and diagnostic purposes. On IP networks, the IP address 255.255.255.255 (in binary, all 1s) is the general broadcast address. You can't use this address to broadcast a message to every user on the Internet because routers block it, so all you end up doing is broadcasting it to all hosts on your own network. The broadcast address for a specific network includes all 1s in the host portion of the IP address. For example, on the class C network 192.168.1.0, the last byte indicates the host address (a 0 in this position doesn't refer to any host, but provides a way to refer to the entire network). The value 255 in this position fills it with all 1s, which indicates the network broadcast address, so packets sent to 192.168.1.255 are sent to all hosts on the network.

Drawbacks of IPv4
On todays Internet, IPv4 has the following disadvantages: Limited address space. The most visible and urgent problem with using IPv4 on the modern Internet is the rapid depletion of public addresses. Due to the initial address class allocation practices of the early Internet, public IPv4 addresses are becoming scarce. Flat routing

infrastructure, i.e. the IP address ranges are not allocated according to any meaningful hierarchy. In the early Internet, address prefixes were not allocated to create a summarizable, hierarchical routing infrastructure. Instead, individual address prefixes were assigned and each address prefix became a new route in the routing tables of the Internet backbone

routers. Todays Internet is a mixture of flat and hierarchical routing, but there are still more than 85,000 routes in the routing tables of Internet backbone routers. Thus to reach a router from one country to another the packet might need to go to a backbone router in a third country thereby increasing cost and delay. Security for IPv4 is specified by the use of Internet Protocol security (IPSec). However, IPSec is optional for IPv4 implementations. Because an application cannot rely on IPSec being present to secure traffic, an application might resort to other security standards or a proprietary security scheme. The need for built-in security is even more important today, when we face an increasingly hostile environment on the Internet.

Another drawback was the 32 bit header which had much of the values which were generally never used and which only increased the bandwidth usage. A final challenge has been the real-time delivery of multimedia content and the necessary bandwidth allocation that goes along with it. A bandwidth allocation method called Quality of Service (QoS) has been used with IPv4. While QoS does work, there are a number of different interpretations of the IPv4 QoS standards. This means that not all QoScompliant devices are compatible with one another.

Internet Protocol Version 6

Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the next-generation Internet Protocol version designated as the successor to IPv4, the first implementation used in the Internet that is still in dominant use currently. It is an Internet Layer protocol for packet-switched internetworks. The main driving force for the redesign of Internet Protocol is the foreseeable IPv4 address exhaustion. The rapid exhaustion of IPv4 address space, despite conservation techniques, prompted the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to explore new technologies to expand the Internet's addressing capability. The permanent solution was deemed to be a redesign of the Internet Protocol itself. This next generation of the Internet Protocol, aimed to replace IPv4 on the Internet, was eventually named Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) in 1995.IPv6 has a vastly larger address space than IPv4. This results from the use of a 128-bit address, whereas IPv4 uses
128 38

only 32 bits. The new address space thus supports 2(about 3.410) addresses. This expansion provides flexibility in allocating addresses and routing traffic and eliminates the primary need for network address translation (NAT), which gained widespread deployment as an effort to alleviate IPv4 address exhaustion. The new design is not based on the goal to provide a sufficient quantity of addresses alone, but rather to allow efficient aggregation of subnet routing prefixes to occur at routing nodes. As a result, routing table sizes are smaller, and the smallest possible individual allocation is a subnet
64

for 2hosts, which is the size of the square of the size of the entire IPv4 Internet. IPv6 has facilities that automatically change the routing prefix of entire networks should the global connectivity or the routing policy change

without requiring internal redesign or renumbering.

Benefits of IPv6
Hierarchical routing infrastructure
The Internet is hierarchical in nature, and the IPv6 protocol is designed with this in mind. Think about it. The computer you're using right now doesn't have a direct connection to an Internet backbone. Instead, you're probably behind a NAT firewall, which is connected to an ISP. That ISP may be connected to another ISP or to a backbone router. Either way, a packet must make quite a few hops to go from an Internet backbone router to you. The IPv6 protocol is designed so that Internet backbone routers will

have much smaller routing tables than they have now. Instead of knowing every possible route, the routing tables will include routes to only those routers connected directly to them. The IPv6 protocol will contain the rest of the information necessary for a packet to reach its destination. IPv6 addresses that are reachable on the IPv6 portion of the Internet, known as global addresses, have enough address space for the hierarchy of Internet service providers (ISPs) that typically exist between an organization or home and the backbone of the Internet. Global addresses are designed to be summarizable and hierarchical, resulting in relatively few routing entries in the routing tables of Internet backbone routers.

Network security
Network security is integrated into the design of the IPv6 architecture. Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) was originally developed for IPv6, but found widespread optional deployment first in IPv4 (into which it was back-engineered). The IPv6 specifications mandate IPSec implementation as a fundamental interoperability requirement. The IPv6 protocol has a newly designed IP header. It's designed to make the protocol more efficient by keeping overhead to a minimum. An IP packet header is made up of required components and optional components; in IPv6, the required components are moved to the front of the header. Optional components are moved to an extension header. This means that if optional components aren't used, the extension headers aren't necessary, reducing the packet size. The downside to the new header is that it isn't compatible with IPv4. If a router is to handle both IPv4 and IPv6, it must be configured to recognize both protocols. You can't just set up a router to recognize IPv6 and expect

it to be backward-compatible with IPv4.

New configuration options

One of the coolest things about IPv6 is the way it's configured. While you can still manually configure IPv6, or lease an address from a DHCP server, there is a new automatic configuration option available. If an unconfigured PC tries to connect to a network that doesn't offer a DHCP server, the PC can look at either the network's router or the other PCs on the network and determine an address that would be appropriate for it to use. This technique is referred to as link local addressing.

Standardized QoS support

IPv6 also includes standardized support for QoS. The QoS implementation is set up so that routers can identify packets belonging to an individual QoS flow. This allows those routers to allocate the necessary amount of bandwidth to those packets. Furthermore, QoS instructions are included in the IPv6 packet header. This means that the packet body can be encrypted, but QoS will still function because the header portion containing the QoS instructions is not encrypted. This will make it possible to send streaming audio and video over the Internet with IPSec encryption, but in a manner that guarantees adequate bandwidth for real-time playback.

Comparison of IPv4 and IPv6

Description IPv4 IPv6

Address

32 bits long (4 bytes). Address is composed of a network and a host portion, which depend on address class. Various address classes are defined: A, B, C, D, or E depending on initial few bits. The total number of IPv4 addresses is 4,294,967,296. The text form of the IPv4 address is nnn.nnn.nnn.nnn, where 0<=nnn<=255, and each n is a decimal digit. Leading zeros can be omitted. Maximum number of print characters is 15, not counting a mask.

128 bits long (16 bytes). Basic architecture is 64 bits for the network number and 64 bits for the host number. Often, the host portion of an IPv6 address (or part of it) will be derived from a MAC address or other interface identifier. Depending on the subnet prefix, IPv6 has a more complicated architecture than IPv4. The number of IPv6 addresses is 1028 (79 228 162 514 264 337 593 543 950 336) times larger than the number of IPv4 addresses. The text form of the IPv6 address is xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:xxxx:x xxx:xxxx, where each x is a hexadecimal digit, representing 4 bits. Leading zeros can be omitted. The double colon (::) can be used once in the text form of an address, to designate any number of 0 bits. For example,::ffff:10.120.78.40 is an IPv4-mapped IPv6 address.

Address allocation Description

Originally, addresses Allocation is in the earliest stages. were allocated by The Internet Engineering Task IPv4 network class. As address space is depleted, smaller allocations using IPv6 Force (IETF) and Internet Architecture Board (IAB) have recommended that essentially every organization, home, or

Address mask

entity Classless Interbe allocated a/48 subnet prefix Domain Routing length. This would leave 16 bits for (CIDR) are made. the organization to do subnetting. Allocation has not The address space is large enough been balanced among to give every person in the world institutions and their own /48 subnet prefix length. nations. Used to designate Not used. network from host portion.

Address prefix

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

Used to designate the subnet Sometimes used to prefix designate network of an address. Written as /nnn (up from host portion. to 3 decimal digits, 0 <= nnn <= Sometimes written as 128) suffix after the print form. /nn suffix on An example is fe80::982:2a5c/10, presentation form of where the first 10 bits comprise address. the subnet prefix. Address Resolution IPv6 embeds these functions Protocol is used by within IP itself as part of the IPv4 to find a algorithms for stateless autophysical address, configuration and neighbor such as the MAC or link address, discovery using Internet Control associated with an Message Protocol version 6 IPv4 address. (ICMPv6). Hence, there is no such thing as ARP6. IPv4 IPv6

Description

Address scope

For unicast addresses, the concept does not apply. There are designated private address ranges and loopback. Outside of that, addresses are assumed to be global. Unicast, multicast, and broadcast.

In IPv6, address scope is part of the architecture. Unicast addresses have two defined scopes, including link-local and global; and multicast addresses have 14 scopes. Default address selection for both source and destination takes scope into account. Unicast, multicast, and anycast.

Address types

Configuratio You must configure n a newly installed system before it can communicate with other systems; that is, IP addresses and routes must be assigned.

Configuration is optional, depending on functions required. IPv6 can be used with any Ethernet adapter and can be run over the loopback interface. IPv6 interfaces are self-configuring using IPv6 stateless auto-configuration. You can also manually configure the IPv6 interface. So, the system will be able to communicate with other IPv6 systems that are local and remote, depending on the type of network and whether an IPv6 router exists.

Fragments

When a packet is too For IPv6, fragmentation can only big for the next link occur at the source node, and over which it is to

travel, it can be fragmented by the sender (host or Description router). IP header Variable length of 20 60 bytes, depending on IP options present. IPv4

reassembly is only done at the destination node. The fragmentation extension header is IPv6 used. Fixed length of 40 bytes. There are no IP header options. Generally, the IPv6 header is simpler than the

IP header options

IPv4 header. Various options that The IPv6 header has no options. might accompany an Instead, IPv6 adds additional IP header (before (optional) extension headers. The any transport header). extension headers are AH and ESP (unchanged from IPv4), hop-byhop, routing, fragment, and destination. Currently, IPv6 supports some extension headers. Used by QoS and differentiated services to designate a traffic class. Designates the IPv6 traffic class, similarly to IPv4. Uses different

IP header Type of Service (TOS) byte Loopback address

codes. Currently, IPv6 does not support TOS. The concept is the same as in An interface with an IPv4. address of The single loopback address 127.*.*.*(typically is0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000 127.0.0.1) that can :0000:0001or ::1 (shortened only be used by a version). The virtual physical

node to send packets to itself. The physical interface (line description) is named LOOPBACK. Maximum Maximum transmission unit of Transmissio a link is the maximum n Unit number of bytes that (MTU) a Description IPv4 particular link type, such as Ethernet or modem, supports. For IPv4, 576 is the typical minimum. Basic firewall Network functions integrated Address Translation into TCP/IP configured using (NAT) iSeries Navigator. Node info query Does not exist.

interface is named LOOPBACK.

IPv6 has an architected lower bound on MTU of 1280 bytes. That is, IPv6 will not fragment packets below this limit. To send IPv6 over IPv6 a link with less than 1280 MTU, the link-layer must transparently fragment and defragment the IPv6 packets. Currently, NAT does not support IPv6. More generally, IPv6 does not require NAT. The expanded address space of IPv6 eliminates the address shortage problem and enables easier renumbering. A simple and convenient network tool that should work like ping, except with content: an IPv6 node may query another IPv6 node for the target's DNS name, IPv6 unicast address, or IPv4 address. Currently, not supported. Same for IPv6 and IPv6 is

PING

Basic TCP/IP tool to

test reach ability. All IPv4 addresses Private and are public, except for public three address ranges addresses that have been designated as private by IETF :10.*.*.* (10/8),172.16.0.0 thro ugh172.31.255.255 (172.16/12) , and192.168.*.* (192.168/16). Private address domains are commonly used Description IPv4

supported. IPv6 has an analogous concept, but with important differences. Addresses are public or temporary, previously termed anonymous. Unlike IPv4 private addresses, temporary addresses can be globally routed. The motivation is also different; IPv6 temporary addresses are meant to shield the identity of a client when it initiates communication (a privacy concern). Temporary addresses

IPv6 have a limited lifetime, and do within organizations. not contain an interface identifier Private addresses that cannot be routed is a link (MAC) address. They are across the Internet. generally indistinguishable from public addresses. IPv6 has the notion of limited address scope using its architected scope designations.

Quality of service allows you to request packet priority and bandwidth for TCP/IP applications. Renumberin Done by manual Quality of service (QoS)

Currently, the i5/OS implementation of QoS does not support IPv6.

Is an important architectural

Route

reconfiguration, with the possible exception of DHCP. Generally, for a site or organization, a difficult and troublesome process to avoid if possible. Logically, a mapping of a set of IP addresses (might contain only one) to a physical interface and a single next-hop IP address. IP packets whose destination address is defined as part of the set are

element of IPv6, and is largely automatic, especially within the/48 prefix.

Conceptually, similar to IPv4. One important difference: IPv6 routes are associated (bound) to a physical interface (a link, such as ETH03) rather than an interface. One reason that a route is associated with a physical interface is because source address selection functions differently for IPv6 than

Thank You, ABHISHEK PAL