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Ch#14 Spherical Mirrors and Lenses

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Light Mirror Plane Mirror Spherical Mirror Concave Mirror Convex Mirror Pole Aperture Radius of Curvature Center of Curvature Principal Focus Principal Axis Focal Length Reflection of Light Laws of Reflection

Definitions
The form of energy which enable us to see the things around us. It travels in a straight line. Such part of material from where the light can bounce back in to the same medium is known as the mirror. Such mirror which is a part of plane surface is known as the plane mirror. Such mirror which is a part of some spherical surface is known as the spherical mirror. Such spherical mirror which is shining from inner curved surface. Such spherical mirror which is shining from outer curves surface. The centre of the front circular section of the spherical mirror is known as the pole. The diameter of the front circular section of the spherical mirror is known as the aperture. The radius of the sphere of which a spherical mirror is a part is known as the radius of curvature. It is normally represented by R. The centre of the sphere of which a spherical mirror is a part is known as the centre of curvature. It is normally represented by C. The line passing through the pole and center of curvature is known as the principal Axis. The distance between the pole and the principal focus is known as focal length. It is normally represented by f. When the ray of life strikes to a shining surface it bounces back into the same medium this is known as reflection of light. (1) The angle of incidence is always equal to the angle of reflection. (2) The incident ray, reflected ray and the normal to the shining surface lies in the same plane. The ray of light before striking to the shining surface is known as incident ray. The ray of light after striking to the shining surface is known as reflected ray. The angle between the incident ray and the normal to the plane is known as angle of incidence. The angle between the reflected ray and the normal to the plane is known as angle of reflection. The equation which describes the relation among the focal length, distance of object from the pole and distance of image from the pole is known as mirror formula. OR The characteristics and location of an image formed by a spherical mirror can be determined from an equation which is known as the mirror formula. The ratio of height of image to the height of object is known as linear magnification. It is represented by m. The instrument which is used observes tiny (very small) object by enlarging their size is known as the microscope. The instrument which is used to observes distant objects clearly by increasing their size is known as the telescope. When a ray of light enters from one medium to another it deviate from its original path this is known as the refraction of light.

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Incident Ray Reflected Ray Angle of incidence Angle of Reflection Mirror Formula

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Linear Magnification Microscope Telescope Refraction of Light

Ch#14 Spherical Mirrors and Lenses

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Snells Law The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle refraction is equal to a constant this is known as the Snells law. n=

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Refractive Index

The ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle refraction is equal to a constant this is known as the refractive index. Refractive index = n =

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Incident Ray Refracted Ray Angle of Incidence Angle of Refraction Denser Medium Rare Medium Real Depth Apparent Depth Total Internal Reflection

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Critical Angle

Prism Angle of prism Angle of Deviation Angle of minimum Deviation Dispersion Light Spectrum Solar Spectrum

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Totally Reflecting Prism Mirage

The ray of light before entering to the other medium is known as incident ray. The ray of light after entering to the other medium is known as refracted ray. The angle between the incident ray and the normal to the plane between the both surfaces is known as angle of incidence. The angle between the reflected ray and the normal to the plane between the both surfaces is known as angle of reflection. Such medium having greater relative density (mass per unit volume) is known as the denser medium. Such medium having lesser relative density (mass per unit volume) is known as the rare medium. The distance of object from the upper surface of the medium is known as the real depth. The distance of image from the upper surface of the medium is known as the apparent depth. When the angle of incidence is greater then the critical angle and ray of light enters from a denser medium to the rare medium then reflection takes place incited of refraction such reflection is known as the total internal reflection. OR When all the rays having angle of incidence greater than the critical angle are totally reflected back in the same medium obeying the laws of reflection, such a reflection of light is known as the total internal reflection. The angle of incidence in the denser medium for which the angle of refraction in the rare medium is equal to 900 is known as the critical angle. Such piece of transparent material whose two surfaces are triangular and three surfaces are rectangular is known as the prism. The angle opposite to the base of the prism is known as the angle of prism. It is represented by the A. The angle between the most incident ray and the last refracted ray is known as the angle of deviation. It is represented by D. The minimum value of angle of deviation is known as the angle of minimum deviation. It is represented by Dm. The splitting of light in to different colors is known as the dispersion of light. The pattern of different colors formed due to the dispersion of light is known as the light spectrum. The pattern of different colors formed due to the dispersion of sun light is known as the solar spectrum. Such prism which has one angle of 900 and the two angles of 450 is known as the totally reflecting prism. A naturally occurring optical phenomenon in which light rays are bent to produce a displaced image of distant objects or the sky.

Ch#14 Spherical Mirrors and Lenses

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Periscope Binocular Projector Optical Fiber An instrument which is used to see/ observe the things above or below the observers level is known as the periscope. It consists of two totally reflecting prisms fixed at the ends of a long tube. Such telescope which is used to observe the things using both eyes is known as the binocular. Such device which is used to view the enlarged images of different objects on the screen. An optical fiber (or optical fiber) is a flexible, transparent fiber made of glass or plastic. It functions as a waveguide to transmit light between the two ends of the fiber OR The thread like transparent structure which is used to transmit light from one place to another is known as the optical fiber. The bundle of optical fibers, used by the doctors and the engineers to view the invisible part of the body and machine, is known as the light pipe. Such waves which do not need any material medium for their production and propagation (motion) An instrument used to examine the interior of a hollow organ or cavity of the body is known as the endoscope. Such endoscope which is used to observe inside the stomach is known as the Gastro scope. Such endoscope which is used to observe inside the thought is known as the Bronchoscope. Such endoscope which is used to observe inside the lever is known as the Cysto-scope. The spectral of different colors formed in the sky after the rain fall is known as the rainbow. The rain bow of bright colors which is easily visible is known as the primary rainbow. The rainbow of light colors which is not easily visible is known as the secondary rainbow. The piece of transparent material which is a part of one or two spherical surfaces is known as lens. Such type of lens which is thicker from centre and thinner from edges is known as the concave lens. Such type of lens which is thinner from centre and thicker from edges is known as the convex lens. The equation which describes the relation among the focal length, distance of object from the pole and distance of image from the pole is known as lens formula. OR The characteristics and location of an image formed by a spherical lens can be determined from an equation which is known as the mirror formula. Such an image which can be obtained on the screen is known as the real image. Such an image which cant be obtained on the screen is known as the virtual image. The defects in the lens are known as the aberration of lens. Such defect due to which the light rays parallel to the principle axis couldnt be focused at single point is known as the spherical aberration. This defect is due to defect in the shape of lens. The rays of light which are near the principle axis are focused away from the pole, these rays are known as the paraxial rays.

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Light Pipe

Radio Waves Endoscope Gastro scope Bronchoscope Cysto-scope Rainbow Primary Rainbow Secondary Rainbow Lens Concave Lens Convex Lens Lens Formula

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Real Image virtual Image Aberration of Lens Spherical Aberration

Paraxial Rays

Ch#14 Spherical Mirrors and Lenses

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Marginal Rays Complex Lens Paraxial Focus Marginal Focus Chromatic Aberration The rays of light which are near the rim or boundary of the lens are focused near the pole, these rays are known as the marginal rays. The lens which is formed due to the combination of different lenses is known as the complex lens. Such focus point (principal focus) where the paraxial rays are focused is known as the paraxial focus. Such focus point (principal focus) where the marginal rays are focused is known as the marginal focus. Such defect due to which the white light rays parallel to the principle axis couldnt be focused at single point and disperse into different colors is known as the spherical aberration. This defect is due to defect in the material of lens. This happens only when the lens acts a combination of two prisms joined end to end. It has relatively low refractive index (1.52) and low dispersion. Crown glass is produced from alkali-lime (RCH) silicates containing approximately 10%potassium oxide and is one of the earliest low dispersion glasses. It has relatively high refractive index and low high dispersion. Such combination of lenses which is used to correct the achromatic aberration. The reciprocal of focal length of lens is equal to the power of lens, when the focal length is measured in meters (m). The power of lens will be considered as one Dioptre when The defect of vision in which a person can see near objects clearly but cant see distant objects clearly is known as the short sightedness. The defect of vision in which a person can see distant objects clearly but cant see nearer objects clearly is known as the long sightedness. The maximum distance where a normal eye can see clearly is known as the far point. The minimum distance where a normal eye can see clearly is known as the near point. A lens placed on the eye in contact with it is known as contact lens. Contact lenses are considered medical devices and can be worn to correct vision, for cosmetic or therapeutic reasons.

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Crown Glass

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Flint Glass Achromatic Lens Power of Lens Dioptre Short Sightedness Long Sightedness Far point Near Point Contact Lens