This document has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense and for listing in the

DoD Index of Specifications and Standards.

Standard Specification for Cast-in-Place Nonreinforced Concrete Pipe (ACI 346-90) (Reapproved 1997)
Reported by ACI Committee 346
Committee voting on proposed revisions to ACI 346/346R-81: Gilbert G. Lynch, Chairman Ernest R. Comstock Leonard J. Erie, II Morgan Johnson Curtiss W. Gilley, Secretary Robert D. Gofonia Robert E. Leake, Jr. William G. Reynolds

These specifications cover construction of cast-in-place nonreinforced concrete pipe used for the conveyance of liquids such as irrigation water, storm water, sewage, and industrial wastes. These specifications are a reference standard which the engineer or architect may make applicable to any cast-in-place pipe project by citing them in the project specifications. Individual chapters or sections should not be copied into project specifications since their meanings could be changed by taking them out of context. The specifications need to be supplemented by designating or specifying individual project requirements. A list is provided indicating places in these specifications and items that may require specific treatment by the specification writer.
Keywords: admixtures: aggregates; air entrainment; cast-in-place pipes; compressive strength; concrete construction; concrete pipes; curing; finishing; formwork (construction); joints (junctions); mixing; mix proportioning; patching; placing; repairs; slump tests; specifications; temperature; tests; tolerances; vibration; water-cement ratio.

4.4-Admixtures 4.5-Bonding mortar 4.6-Storage of materials

Chapter 5-Pipe dimensions and tolerances, p. 346-4

5.l-Wall thickness 5.2-Pipe diameter tolerances 5.3-Offsets 5.4-Bearing plates

Chapter 6-Concrete properties, p. 346-4

6.l-Strength 6.2-Cement and water content 6.3-Air content 6.4-Slump 6.5-Proportioning and mixing

CONTENTS Instructions to the Specifier Chapter 1-General, p. 346-2

1.1-Scope 1.2-Reference specifications and testing methods 1.3-Conflicts 1.4-Definitions

Chapter 7-Concrete placement, p. 346-5

7.1-Method of placement 7.2-Construction joints 7.3-Temperature 7.4-Finish

Chapter 8-Curing, backfilling, and clean-up, p. 346-5

8.1-Curing and backfilling 8.2-Clean-up

Chapter 2-Basis of acceptance, p. 346-3

2.1-General

Chapter 9-Testing, p. 346-6

9.1-Testing of materials 9.2-Testing services 9.3-Core tests 9.4-Load test 9.5-Thickness tests 9.6-Hydrostatic test

Chapter 3-Trench, p. 346-3

3.1-Excavation 3.2-Rock 3.3-Unstable soils 3.4-Precast pipe 3.5-Fill material 3.6-Wetting 3.7-Grade and alignment tolerance

Adopted as a standard of the American Concrete Institute in May 1981 to supersede ACI 346-70, in accordance with the Institutes standardization procedure. Revised by expedited standardization procedure, effective May 1, 1990. Copyright 1990 American Concrete Institute. All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any means, including the making of copies by any photo process or by any electronic or mechanical device, printed or written or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing is obtained from the copyright proprietors.

Chapter 4-Materials, p. 346-3

4.1-Cements 4.2-Aggregates 4.3-Water

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MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE

Instructions to the Specifier

These general specifications are intended for use as a reference standard which may be made applicable to any cast-in-place concrete pipe project by being cited in its project specifications. They are not guide specifications. Individual chapters or sections should not be copied into project specifications since there is danger that taking them out of context may change their meanings. These specifications should be supplemented by designating or specifying individual project requirements as follows: Section 3.1-Specify minimum acceptable soil condition in trench form and depth of cover over pipe. Section 3.6-Specify any preirrigation or additional treatment of expansive soils if required. Section 4.1-Designate cement to be used or permitted if any other than those indicated in this section. Section 4.4-Designate admixtures to be used or permitted. Section 8.1-Specify compaction of backfill where required. Section 8.1.3-Specify color of pigmented curing compound if required, such as white for hot weather use. Section 8.2-Specify any special provisions for clean-up and disposal of excess earth. Section 9.4-Specify load test if required, including minimum acceptable criteria. Section 9.6-Specify hydrostatic test if required, including the reaches of pipe line to be tested and the head to be used in the tests.* Additional explanatory information will be found in Recommendations for Nonreinforced Cast-in-Place Concrete Pipe by ACI Committee 346.

C 76-88 C 94-89b C 109-87

C 138-77 C 143-89a C 144-87 C 150-86 C 171-69 (1986) C 172-71 (1977) C 173-78 C 191-77

Specification for Reinforced Concrete Culvert, Storm Drain, and Sewer Pipe Specification for Ready-Mixed Concrete Test for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2 in. or 50 mm Cube Specimens) Test for Unit Weight, Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete Test Method for Slump of Portland Cement Concrete Specification for Aggregate for Masonry Mortar Specification for Portland Cement Specification for Sheet Materials for Curing Concrete Sampling Fresh Concrete Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Volumetric Method Test for Time of Setting of Hydraulic Cement by Vicat Needle (Including Tentative Revision) Test for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Pressure Method Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Compounds for Curing Concrete Specification for Reinforced Concrete LowHead Pressure Pipe Test for Time of Setting of Concrete Mixtures by Penetration Resistance Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements Specification for Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use as a Mineral Admixture in Portland Cement Concrete

C 231-89a C 260-86 C 309-89 C 361-89 C 403-88 C 494-86 C 595-86 C 618-88

CHAPTER 1-GENERAL 1.1-Scope

These specifications cover construction of cast-in-place nonreinforced concrete pipe used for the conveyance of liquids such as irrigation water, storm water, sewage, and industrial wastes.

1.3-Conflicts
In case of conflicts between referenced specifications and ACI 346, the specific requirements of ACI 346 shall govern.

1.2-Reference specifications and testing methods

The Standards of the American Society for Testing and Materials referred to in these specifications are listed below with their serial designation, including the year of adoption or revision, and are declared to be part of these specifications the same as if fully set forth elsewhere herein. C 31-88 C 33-86 C 39-86 C 42-87 Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field Specification for Concrete Aggregates Test for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens Obtaining and Testing Drilled Cores and Sawed Beams of Concrete

1.4-Definitions
The following terms are defined for general use in these specifications: Project specifications - Any individual specification which employs ACI 346 by reference and which serves as the instrument for making selections available under these specifications and for specifying items not covered herein. Project drawings - The drawings which accompany project specifications and complete the descriptive information for concrete construction work required or referred to in the project specifications. Contractor - The individual, firm, or agency responsible for construction. Specifier - The individual, firm or agency preparing project specifications and drawings and/or administering work under project specifications and drawings for the purchaser.

*Maximum head recommended is 15 ft [44.83 kPa] above center line of pipe. See Recommendations Section 1.1. 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, Pa. 19103.

SPECIFICATIONS FOR CAST-IN-PLACE PIPE

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Purchaser-The individual, firm or agency issuing project specifications and drawings for whom the work is constructed. Trench form-The vertical sides and semi-circular bottom of the trench shaped to provide full, firm and uniform supports for the bottom 210 degrees of the pipe.

3.4-Precast pipe
In lieu of the construction of cast-in-place concrete pipe, the Contractor may at his option and expense substitute precast concrete pipe conforming to ASTM C 76 or ASTM C 361, the class to be correlated with the field requirements. The class of pipe, type of bedding, and joints shall be subject to the approval of the Specifier.

CHAPTER 2-BASIS OF ACCEPTANCE 2.1-General

The acceptability of the pipe shall be determined by the results of the tests herein specified (unless otherwise required in the contract documents) and by inspection to determine whether the pipe conforms to the project specifications. Any portion of the pipe failing to meet specification requirements shall be replaced, or repaired at the option of the Specifier, to meet the specifications at the expense of the Contractor.

3.5-Fill material
Where the pipe is to be constructed through fill material, such fill shall have stability in the zone of the trench form equal to firm undisturbed earth in the area adjacent to the fill.

3.6-Wetting
At the time of concrete placement, all soil adjacent to the pipe shall be sufficiently wet that it does not absorb water from the concrete nor expand upon additional wetting, and the trench shall be stable and completely free of protrusions, mud, debris, and standing water.

CHAPTER 3-TRENCH 3.1-Excavation

The trench shall be excavated to lines and grades established by the Specifier. The trench shall be shaped to form the bottom outside of the pipe and shall be graded and prepared to provide full, firm, and uniform support by undisturbed earth, rock, or compacted fill over a minimum of the bottom 210 deg of the outside of the pipe, hereinafter referred to as the trench form. When the soil around the trench form must be over-excavated and then backfilled and compacted, trenching shall be performed to produce the above-mentioned stable trench form. Trench shoring shall comply with OSHA and local government trench shoring requirements.

3.7-Grade and alignment tolerance

Departure from and return to established grade shall not exceed 1 in. per 10 lineal ft (25 mm per 3 m) and the maximum departure shall be limited to 1-1/2 in. (40 mm). Departure from and return to established alignment shall not exceed 2 in. per 10 lineal ft (50 mm per 3 m) and the maximum departure shall be limited to 4 in. (100 mm).

CHAPTER 4-MATERIALS 4.1-Cements

Unless otherwise permitted or required, cement shall be Type I, conforming to the requirements of ASTM C 150 or Types IS or IP, conforming to the requirements of ASTM C 595. Different types of these different cements shall not be used interchangeably in the same element or portion of the work.

3.2-Rock
Where boulders or other large rock particles are encountered, they shall be removed to at least 6 in. (150 mm) below the grade of the bottom of the pipe. The grade shall be reconstituted by filling voids with approved material, such as sand, pea gravel, crushed rock, cohesive soil, or other material approved by the Specifier to provide a smooth, firm foundation for placing the pipe.

4.2-Aggregates
The aggregates used for concrete or mortar shall conform to the requirements of ASTM C 38, except that aggregates failing to meet these specifications but which have been shown by special test or actual service to produce concrete of specified strength and adequate durability may be used where authorized by the Specifier. The nominal maximum coarse aggregate size shall be not more than 1/3 of minimum pipe wall thickness nor greater than 1-1/2 in. (40 mm).

3.3-Unstable soils
3.3.1 Noncohesive - All unstable strata or lenses of loose sand, silt, or other noncohesive soils, below the contact line of the concrete pipe and trench form, shall be stabilized by approved methods or over-excavated and refilled in accordance with Section 3.3.3. 3.3.2 Cohesive soils - when cohesive soil below the contact line of the concrete pipe and the trench form is unstable, it shall be over-excavated and refilled as described in Section 3.3.3 or stabilized by approved methods. 3.3.3 Over-excavation and refill - when this method is adopted for stabilization, the trench shall be over-excavated to such depths and widths as required, refilled with selected cohesive soils, and compacted by acceptable methods to a density that will provide stability for the trench form as described in Section 3.1.

4.3-Water
Water used for making concrete and mortar shall be free from injurious amounts of silt, organic matter, alkali, salts, and other impurities. Water is acceptable if mortar cubes (ASTM C 109) made with that water have strengths equal to at least 90 percent of companion cubes made with potable water, and if setting of cement paste (ASTM C 191) or of concrete (ASTM C 403) is not adversely affected.

4.4-Admixtures
If portland cement (ASTM C 150), portland blast furnace slag cement (ASTM C 595), or portland pozzolan cement

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MANUAL OF CONCRETE PRACTICE

(ASTM C 595) is used, an air-entraining admixture shall be used in such amount as will produce concrete having an air content of 4 to 6 percent by volume of the concrete as discharged from the mixer. Such air-entraining admixture may be interground or blended with the cement as specified in ASTM C 150 or C 595 or may be added to the concrete as an admixture. However, pozzolans or other admixtures as indicated below may be used with or in lieu of the airentraining admixture with the approval of the Specifier. All admixtures shall conform to the appropriate ASTM specifications indicated below. 4.4.1 Air-entraining admixtures - ASTM C 260 4.4.2 Chemical admixtures - ASTM C 494 4.4.3 Fly ash and other pozzolans - ASTM C 618

5.3-Offsets
Offsets at form laps and horizontal edges shall not exceed /2 in. (13 mm) for pipe having inside diameter not greater than 42 in. (approximately 1.05 m); 3/4 in. (19 mm) for pipe having inside diameter greater than 42 in. but not greater than 72 in. (approximately 1.8 m); and 1 in. (25 mm) for pipe having inside diameter greater than 72 in. (1.8 m).
l

5.4-Bearing plates
Bearing plates, boards, or other supports necessary for two-stage construction shall be removed, and any indentations exceeding 1/2 in. (13 mm) left in the concrete from such plates shall be cleaned, moistened, filled with mortar, trowelled, and cured.

4.5-Bonding mortar
Bonding mortar shall consist of two or more parts of cement to three parts of sand, by bulk volume. Sand shall conform to ASTM C 144.

CHAPTER 6-CONCRETE PROPERTIES 6.1-Strength

Unless otherwise designated in the project specifications, the strength of the concrete shall be at least 3000 psi (20.7 MPa), when the concrete is not exposed to severe and frequent freezing and thawing or 4000 psi (27.6 MPa) when the concrete is exposed to severe and frequent freezing and thawing, as determined on the basis of 28 day compressive strength tests. Strengths shall be considered satisfactory if the average of any five consecutive sets of strength tests of the laboratory-cured specimens is equal to or greater than the specified strength, and if not more than 20 percent of the strength tests have values less than the specified strength. The pipe represented by unsatisfactory strength tests on cylinders shall be further tested either by coring or by load testing at the Contractors option as specified in Sections 9.3 and 9.4. Any pipe failing these tests shall be replaced or repaired at the option of the Specifier, at the Contractors expense.

4.6-Storage of materials
4.6.1 Cement shall be stored in dry moisture resistant, bins, or silos which will provide protection from dampness and contamination. To avoid long storage with accompanying reduction in strength-producing properties, shipments of cement shall be used in the order received on the job. 4.6.2 Aggregate stockpiles shall be arranged and used in a manner to avoid excessive segregation or contamination with other materials or other sizes of aggregates. To insure that this condition is met, tests for determining conformance to requirements for cleanness and grading shall be performed on samples secured from the aggregates at the point of batching. Sand shall be allowed to drain until it has reached a stable moisture content such that there is now visible separation of water from aggregate at the time of batching. 4.6.3 Admixtures shall be stored in such a manner as to avoid contamination, evaporation, or damage. For those used in the form of suspensions or unstable solutions, suitable agitating equipment shall be provided to assure uniform distribution of the ingredients. Liquid admixtures shall be protected from freezing and from temperatures which could adversely affect their characteristics.

6.2-Cement and water content

All concrete shall have a water-cement ratio not exceeding 0.53 by weight, including free surface moisture on aggregates.

6.3-Air content
All concrete shall contain 4 to 6 percent entrained air, as specified in Section 4.4.

6.4-Slump CHAPTER 5-PIPE DIMENSIONS AND TOLERANCES 5.1-Wall thickness

The minimum wall thickness of cast-in-place pipe at any point shall be 1/12 of the nominal internal diameter of the pipe plus 1/2 in. (13 mm), but in no case less than 2 in. (50 mm). Slump of concrete shall be determined in accordance with ASTM C 143. Slump shall be the minimum required for satisfactory placement of the concrete by the equipment used by the Contractor.

6.5-Proportioning and mixing

Concrete shall be ready-mixed concrete meeting the requirements of ASTM C 94, or shall be job-mixed concrete as described below. All concrete shall be mixed until there is a uniform distribution of the materials and shall be discharged completely before the mixer is recharged. For jobmixed concrete, mixing shall be done in a batch mixer of a type approved by the Specifier. The mixer shall be rotated at a speed recommended by the manufacturer. Mixing shall be continued for at least 1-1/2 min after all materials are in

5.2-Pipe diameter tolerances

The internal diameter of the pipe at any point shall not be less than 95 percent of the nominal diameter, and the average of any four measurements of the internal diameter made at 45 deg intervals shall not be less than the nominal diameter.

SPEClFlCATlONS FOR CAST-IN-PLACE PIPE

346-5

the drum, for drum capacity not more than 3 yd3, (2.3 m3) plus 1/4 min for each additional cubic yard of capacity.

7.4-Finish
Except for the form offsets, the interior surface of the pipe shall be equivalent to or better than a wood float finish. All extraneous concrete shall be removed from the interior surface.

CHAPTER 7-CONCRETE PLACEMENT 7.1-Method of placement

The pipe shall be constructed in one placement, by either the one or two stage method. The concrete shall be vibrated, rammed, tamped, or worked with suitable compacting equipment until thoroughly consolidated.

CHAPTER 8-CURING, BACKFILLING, AND CLEAN-UP 8.1-Curing and backfilling

The Contractor shall be responsible for proper curing of the concrete and backfilling the trench to an even grade. Curing shall be performed in such a manner as to prevent premature drying of the concrete. The Contractor shall use one of the methods described in Section 8.1.1, 8.1.2, 8.1.3, or 8.1.4 and the method described in Section 8.1.5 for curing the pipe. Final backfill shall be placed as specified in Section 8.1.1. 8.1.1 A 3-in. (75-mm) layer of moist loose soil or sand may be carefully placed over the top of the pipe immediately after the pipe is cast. The backfill shall be materially free of clods or rocks having a diameter greater than 2 in. (50 mm), roots, or other deleterious foreign material. The backfill shall be carefully placed over the top of the pipe to prevent injury to the wet concrete. The thickness of the backfill shall be increased to 6 in. (150 mm) after initial set of the concrete has occurred. The backfill shall be kept moist at all times until the pipe has been covered to a depth of 12 in. (305 mm) or more. Final backfill, and compaction where required, shall not be started until the pipe has developed sufficient strength to support the loads to be imposed and shall conform to local requirements and to project specifications. 8.1.2 The exposed top portion of the pipe may be covered with wet burlap or other material of high moisture retentive properties immediately after the pipe is cast. The covering material shall be kept continuously moist until the placement of final backfill as described under Section 8.1.1. Moisture retentive material may be removed or left in place at the option of the Contractor. 8.1.3 A pigmented membrane-curing compound conforming to ASTM C 309 may be applied to the exposed top surface immediately after the pipe is cast. The compound shall be applied at the rate of not less than 1 gal. for each 150 ft2 (1 liter for each 3.7 m2) of exposed concrete. The pipe shall then be covered with a minimum of 3 in. (75 mm) of moist loose soil when the curing compound is sufficiently hard to resist damage from the fill. Final backfill shall be placed as soon as the pipe attains suitable strength. 8.1.4 Polyethylene film complying with ASTM C 171, nominal thickness 0.0015 in. (0.038 mm), may be placed on the exposed top surface of the pipe immediately after the pipe is cast. The film shall be anchored in place with loose soil to assure continuous, adequate curing. The trench shall be completely backfilled as soon as the pipe attains suitable strength. 8.1.5 A humid atmosphere within the pipe as evidenced by condensation on the interior surface shall be maintained for at least 7 days following placement except for a maximum period of 48 hr allowed for removing forms and making repairs. To prevent air drafts which may dry the pipe

7.2-Construction joints
When work is stopped at the end of a placement or for any period that would permit initial set to take place, a construction joint shall be formed. The ends of the pipe that are to be in butt contact shall be left in rough condition with a slope of approximately 45 deg. Before resuming, if the pipe diameter is 60 in. (1.5 m) or less, an excavation shall be made along the sides and bottom of the joint to permit casting of a concrete collar around the outside of the joint. This collar shall have a minimum thickness of 1-1/4 times the wall thickness of the pipe and shall lap the entire joint by at least two times the wall thickness. Immediately before resuming concrete placement the surfaces to be bonded shall be cleaned of all coatings, foreign materials, and loose or defective concrete, thoroughly wetted, and coated with a layer of bonding mortar (Section 4.5) approximately 1/4 in. (6 mm) thick. In lieu of the bonding mortar, neat cement paste may be thoroughly scrubbed onto the wet surface of the previously placed concrete. For a joint that may be used for connections to another pipe or structure, a joint shall be made by squaring off the end of the pipe. An excavation shall be made along the sides and bottom of the cast-in-place pipe, for any diameter, to permit casting of a concrete collar as described above. The outside top of all joints shall be capped for the entire width of the pipe that is exposed, that is, between the earth walls of the excavated trench. This cap shall have a minimum thickness equal to the wall thickness of the pipe and shall lap the joint, both upstream and downstream from the joint by at least twice the wall thickness of the pipe. A cap as described is required regardless of pipe size.

7.3-Temperature
The temperature of concrete when it is being discharged from the mixer shall be not more than 90 F (32 C) and not less than 40 F (4 C) in moderate weather, or 50 F (10 C) in weather during which the mean daily temperature drops below 40 F (4 C). Whenever the mean daily temperature in the vicinity of the work site falls below 40 F (4 C) for more than 1 day, the concrete shall be maintained at a temperature not lower than 50 F (10 C) for at least 48 hr after it is placed. Concrete shall be protected against freezing temperatures for an additional 48 hr immediately following the 48 hr of protection at 50 F (10 C). Where artificial heat is employed, special care shall be taken to prevent the concrete from drying. The Contractor shall employ effective means, such as precooling of aggregates and mixing water or placing at night, as necessary to maintain the placing temperature of the concrete below 90 F (32 C).

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and to maintain a humid atmosphere inside the pipe, all openings into the pipeline shall be kept closed or covered except when and where work is actually in progress on the inside of the pipe. If necessary to promote high humidity, the pipeline shall be partially filled with ponded water during the curing period.

8.2-Clean-up
The work area shall be restored to the same general condition that existed before the start of construction.

CHAPTER 9-TESTING 9.1-Testing of materials

Routine testing of materials, of proposed mix proportions, and of resulting concrete for compliance with technical requirements of these specifications shall be the responsibility of the Purchaser and will be performed without expense to the Contractor. Where specified, hydrostatic tests shall be performed by the Contractor according to Section 9.6. Other testing required because of changes in materials or proportions of the mix requested by the Contractor, as well as any coring, load testing, or other extra testing of concrete or other materials occasioned by their failure to meet specification requirements, shall be at the Contractors expense. The Contractor may retain at his expense a separate testing agency for his own information and guidance.

and tested in accordance with ASTM C 42. The cores shall have a length-to-diameter ratio of not less than 1. The Contractor shall take at least one core sample at locations selected by the Specifier, for each set of two cylinders failing to meet test requirements. The Contractor shall patch all core holes in a manner that will be as permanent and leakproof as the surrounding concrete. 9.3.2 Impact hammers, soniscopes, or other nondestructive testing devices may be used, if approved by the Specifier, to estimate relative strengths of various areas of the structure as an aid in evaluating concrete in place or in determining locations of areas to be cored. Test results so obtained, unless properly calibrated and correlated with other test data, shall not be used as a basis for acceptance or rejection.

9.4-Load test
If the Contractor elects to make a load test under the provisions of Section 6.1, it shall be made without disturbing the earth supporting the lower 210 deg of pipe. The load shall be applied to a 4-ft (1.2 m) length of pipe through a sandbox in such manner that carefully placed sand in the sandbox forms a bedding over 1/4 the circumference of the pipe, measured at the center line of the crown. The sandbox shall be made of metal or dressed timber so heavy as to avoid appreciable bending by the side pressure of the sand. A strip of cloth or plastic film may be attached to the inside of the sandbox on each side, along the lower edge, to prevent the escape of sand between the sandbox and pipe. The depth of the bedding above the pipe at the thinnest point shall be 1/4 the inside diameter of the pipe. The sandbox shall not be allowed to come in contact with the pipe or sides of the trench. The sandbox shall be filled with sand which shall be clean and shall contain not less than five percent moisture and shall pass a 4.75 mm (No. 4) sieve. The upper surface of the sand shall be struck off level with a straight edge and shall be covered with a rigid top bearing plate, the lower surface of which is a true plane, made of heavy timbers or other rigid material capable of distributing the test load uniformly without appreciable bending. The test load shall be applied to this bearing plate by piling weights directly on the bearing plate or by moving heavy equipment of predetermined weight onto the bearing plate. The bearing plate shall not be allowed to touch the sandbox. The total load applied to the top of the pipe shall be at least 125 percent of the maximum earth load to which the pipe will be subjected, plus live load based on one 16,000 lbf (71 kN) wheel load of AASHTO H-20-44 loading with an impact factor of 2.0. The pipe shall be inspected prior to load testing to catalog any existing longitudinal cracks; then the pipe shall be reinspected after load testing to catalog any additional longitudinal cracks.

9.2-Testing services
The testing agency designated by the Purchaser shall perform the following tests which shall be used as the basis for accepting or rejecting the Contractors work. 9.2.1 Test the Contractors proposed materials for compliance with the specifications. 9.2.2 Review and test the Contractors proposed mix proportions. 9.2.3 Secure production samples of materials at plants on stockpiles prior to start of work and test for compliance with specification and test throughout project as required by specifications. 9.2.4 Secure at least one sample in accordance with ASTM C 172 for each 50 yd3 (38 m3) of concrete used, but not less than one sample for each days work, nor less than one sample for each section of pipe placed in a continuous operation. 9.2.5 Mold and cure two cylinders from each sample in accordance with ASTM C 31. 9.2.6 Test the two specimens at 28 days of curing in accordance with ASTM C 39. The 28-day test result shall be the average of the strengths of the two specimens, except that if one specimen in a test manifests evidence of improper sampling, molding, or testing, it shall be discarded and the strength of the remaining specimen used. 9.2.7 Determine slump and air content of concrete in accordance with ASTM Test Methods C 143 (slump) and C 231, C 173, or C 138 (air content). Tests shall be performed no less frequently than the sampling frequency required by Section 9.2.4.

9.5-Thickness tests
The Contractor shall measure the thickness of the pipe at least every 200 lineal ft (60 m) with individual measurements staggered at points designated by the Purchaser. Where thickness is not determined by probes through the fresh concrete, small holes shall be drilled for the purpose. The Contractor shall patch all core holes in a manner that will be permanent and will not leak.

9.3-Core tests
9.3.1 If the Contractor elects to make core tests as provided in Section 6.1, cores shall be obtained from the pipe

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9.6-Hydrostatic test
If a hydrostatic test is required by the Purchaser when calling for bids, the test shall be made at any time after the concrete has been allowed to harden for 28 days, or earlier if mutually agreed upon. The pipeline shall be filled with water to the head specified in the project specifications and kept filled at least 48 hours. The line may be filled in one length or between structures or bulkheads. If leaks are evident, the line shall be drained and the leaks repaired, by and at the expense of the Contractor. Thereafter, with the line filled and under the specified head, there shall be a test for a minimum of 4 hours during which loss of water from the section under test shall be measured. Water less than 50 F (10 C) in temperature shall not be used for this test. During the test period, the exfiltration rate shall not exceed 1000 gal. per in. of diameter per mile per 24 hour (926 liters per 10 mm of diameter per km per 24 hour). If the line fails the hydrostatic test, the Contractor shall drain the line, repair imperfections as necessary to provide continuity in structural and hydraulic integrity and retest the line as described above.