1890s Spanish Colonization

The martyrdom of GOMBURZA (1872) was the turning point in the history of the Philippines, and at the same time it signalled the beginning of the Propaganda Movement. Spanish Colonization in the 1890s is the time where 'The pen is mightier than the sword' because it is in this time where Rizal drew on his personal experiences and depicted the conditions of Spanish rule in the islands, particularly the abuses of the friars. After a stay in Europe and Hong Kong, Rizal returned to the Philippines in June 1892, partly because the Dominicans had evicted his father and sisters from the land they leased from the friars' estate at Calamba, in Laguna Province. In July he established the Liga Filipina (Philippine League).
The Propaganda Movement languished after Rizal's arrest and the collapse of the Liga Filipina. La Solidaridad went out of business in November 1895, and in 1896 both del Pilar and Lopez Jaena died in Barcelona, worn down by poverty and disappointment.

After Rizal's arrest and exile, Andres Bonifacio, a self-educated man of humble origins, founded a secret society, the Katipunan, in Manila(Andres Bonifacio, Ladislaw Diwa and Teodoro Plata). ~Cry of Pugad Lawin. August 23, 1892. The Katipuneros gathered in Pugad Lawin, tore their cedulas and declared war against Spain. ~ Battle of Pinaglabanan. August 31, 1896. The first battle between the Katipuneros and Spanish forces in San Juan, Rizal. Over a hundred Katipuneros were killed. (this was also the time that it was discovered) ~Tejeros Convention. March 22, 1897. The Kati-puneros belonging to the Magdal and Magdiwang councils
changed the Kati-punan into a revolutionary government and elected its officers. Subsequent events resulted in the execution of Andres Boni-facio in Maragondon. ~Pact of Biyak-na-Bato. December 14, 1897. Signed by the Spanish government and the Filipino revolutionary leaders. Pedro Paterno mediated between the two sides for the signing of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato. The conditions of the armistice included the self-exile of Aguinaldo and his officers in exchange for $800,000 to be paid by the colonial government.

* The Katipunan spread gradually from the Tondo district of Manila, where Bonifacio had founded it, to the provinces, and by August 1896--on the eve of the revolt against Spain--it had some 30,000 members,
both men and women. Most of them were members of the lower-and lower-middle-income strata, including peasants.

*An informer had tipped off a Spanish friar about the society's existence, and Bonifacio, his hand forced,
proclaimed the revolution, attacking Spanish military installations on August 29, 1896. *Many of the educated ilustrado class such as Antonio Luna and Apolinario Mabini did not initially favor an armed revolution. Rizal himself, whom the rebels took inspiration from and had consulted beforehand, disapproved of a premature revolution. He was arrested, tried and executed for treason, sedition and conspiracy on December 30, 1896. Before his arrest he had issued a statement disavowing the revolution, but in his swan song poem Mi ltimo adis he wrote that dying in battle for the sake of one's country was just as patriotic as his own impending death.

*Magdiwang&Magdalo