BOUNDARY LAYER ANALYSIS TOOLKIT

An Independent Study Report

Presented to the
Faculty of
California State Polytechnic University, Pomona








In Partial Fulfillment
Of the Requirements for the Degree
Master of Science
In
Mechanical Engineering








By

Richard Getze


December, 2003
SIGNATURE PAGE


INDEPENDENT STUDY: Boundary Layer Analysis Toolkit


AUTHOR: Richard Getze


DATE SUBMITTED:



Dr. Kevin Anderson _____________________________________
Ind. Study Committee Chair
Mechanical Engineering




Dr. Hassan M. Rejali _____________________________________
Mechanical Engineering





Dr. Thuan K. Nguyen _____________________________________
Chemical Engineering

TABLE OF CONTENTS



Section Page
List of Tables ii
List of Figures iii
Abstract 1
Introduction 2
Definitions 2
The Boundary Layer Equations 4
Turbulence Models 8
Discretization 10
Software Operation 14
Software Validation 25
Bibliography 27
Appendix A: SIL Code 28
Appendix B: SCL Code 36
Appendix C: SIT Code 44
i

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page
2.1 Definition of Variables 3
3.1 Boundary Layer Approximations 5
5.1 Discretized Forms of Important Differentials 10


ii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page
6.1 SIL Input Form 16
6.2 SIL Form With Output Choices 20
6.3 SIL Output Example 21
6.4 SCL Form With Output Choices 22
6.5 SIT Form With Output Choices 24
7.1 Validation of SIT Module 25

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Boundary Layer Analysis Toolkit
An Independent Study Report
Richard Getze

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this project was to provide an intuitive and integrated software
toolkit for boundary layer calculations. The toolkit is constrained to flow over flat
and gently curving surfaces and is able to model incompressible laminar,
compressible laminar and incompressible turbulent boundary layers. Modelling
of compressible turbulent boundary layers may be included at a later time.
Microsoft Visual Basic was used to create the software toolkit. Code for the
compressible laminar and incompressible turbulent flow modules was translated
from FORTRAN code provided in Schetz [1] and a graphical user interface (GUI)
was added for intuitive use. Code for the incompressible laminar flow module
was written from fundamental equations, discretized by the author.
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Boundary Layer Analysis Toolkit
An Independent Study Report
Richard Getze

BOUNDARY LAYER ANALYSIS TOOLKIT
1. Introduction
For most situations faced by practicing engineers, the boundary layer equations
are too complex to be solved analytically. To address that problem, many
numerical techniques have been devised for solving the boundary layer
equations. However, computer implementation of those techniques has been
largely relegated to complex and expensive software packages. Research has
indicated that an intuitive, integrated software toolkit for solving boundary layer
equations is not available as freeware. A toolkit of the type provided by this
project is warranted, since many practicing engineers require a desktop aid,
which can be used to perform quick simulations and offer fast turn-around of
results. This is an attractive alternative when contrasted with having to build an
overly complex and computationally top heavy CFD (Computational Fluid
Dynamic) model to perform a desktop calculation.
2. Definitions
A. Definition of the Boundary Layer
When a fluid flows over a solid surface, frictional drag between the fluid and the
solid creates a layer of slower-moving fluid near the solid. That layer is termed
the boundary layer. In the boundary layer, momentum is transferred between
molecules moving with different velocities. This momentum transfer is
characterized by the viscosity, a physical property of the fluid. The fluid viscosity
plays an important part in the differential equations describing the fluids behavior
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Boundary Layer Analysis Toolkit
An Independent Study Report
Richard Getze

in the boundary layer. Together, those equations are termed the boundary layer
equations. Outside the boundary layer, molecules are all moving with a similar
velocity (the free-stream velocity), no significant momentum transfer occurs and,
thus, the fluid viscosity does not appear in the differential equations. For that
reason, the region outside the boundary layer is termed the inviscid region.
B. Definition of Variables
Throughout this report, and in the software, certain variables are used without
explanation. The definition of those variables is provided in table 2.1.
Table 2.1 Definition of Variables
x Distance along plate
y Distance across boundary layer
u Velocity component in x-direction
v Velocity component in y-direction
T Temperature
K Turbulent kinetic energy
Velocity boundary layer thickness

T
Thermal boundary layer thickness
U
e
Velocity at the edge of the boundary layer
T
e
Temperature at the edge of the thermal boundary layer
Density
Viscosity
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Kinematic viscosity
Second coefficient of viscosity
Shear stress
C
f
Skin friction [dimensionless shear stress at the wall (y=0)]
St Stanton number (dimensionless heat transfer coefficient at the wall)
Re Reynolds number (ratio of inertial forces to viscous forces)
Gamma, the ratio of specific heats
P
V
C
C
| |
|
\ .

h Enthalpy
p
e
Pressure at the edge of the velocity boundary layer
k Thermal conductivity
q Heat flux
3. The Boundary Layer Equations
A. Fundamental Equations
The fundamental equations of viscous flow are consituted by three conservation
laws conservation of mass (continuity), conservation of momentum (Navier-
Stokes), and conservation of energy. Those equations are presented without
derivation below. For the purposes of this project, buoyancy terms have been
neglected. An excellent derivation of these equations is presented in White [2].
Continuity: 0
D
U
Dt

+ =

i (2.1)

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Richard Getze

Momentum:
j
i
ij
j j i
u
u DU
g p U
Dt x x x

( | |

= + + + |
|

(
\ .

i ( (2.2)
Energy:
( )
j
i i
ij ij
j i
u
u Dh Dp
k T p U
Dt Dt x x x

( | |

= + + + + + ( |
|

(
\ .

i i
j
u


(2.3)
Definitions of operators such as the total derivative
D
Dt
\ .
|

, the Kronecker delta

, and the del operator
(
can be found in any Calculus text. Also, tensor
notation is used in the above equations to present them in an efficient manner.
|
|
) )

(
ij

B. Boundary Layer Approximations
The assumption of steady-state and the application of certain approximations
consistent with boundary layers yield the boundary layer equations. These
approximations are valid for Re >> 1 and are listed in table 3.1.
Table 3.1 Boundary Layer Approximations
(2.4) x

(2.5) v u


u
x y

u
(2.6)

v
x y

v
(2.7)
C. Boundary Layer Equations
The two-dimensional boundary layer equations for steady-state, compressible
flow are:
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Richard Getze

Continuity: ( ) ( ) u v
x y


+

0 = (2.8)

x momentum:
1 1
e
p u u
u v
x y x



+ +
y
(2.9)
y momentum: 0
p
y

(2.10)
Energy:
e
dp h h q
u v u
x y dx y

| |
+ +
|

\ .
u
y
(2.11)

Equations (2.9) and (2.11) can be simplified using Bernoulis equation along the
streamline that forms the boundary between the viscid and inviscid regions.
Ignoring gravity, that equation states
2
2
U
p Constant

+ = along a streamline of
the flow. Then, taking a derivative and inserting subscripts to indicate edge
conditions, that equation becomes

e
e
dp dU
U
dx dx
=
e
(2.12)
Thus, equation (2.9) becomes
x momentum:
1
e
e
dU u u
u v U
x y dx y

+ +

(2.13)
Equations (2.8) through (2.11) are equally valid for laminar and turbulent flow. In
application, the difference arises from the way in which the shear stress, , and
the heat flux, q, are modeled. For laminar flow,
u
y

and
T
q k
y

, resulting
in equations (2.14) through (2.21). For turbulent flow, the transport coefficients
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Boundary Layer Analysis Toolkit
An Independent Study Report
Richard Getze

and k are modified to include additional terms so that ( )
T
u
y

= +

and
( )
T
T
q k k
y

= +

. The boundary layer equations for incompressible turbulent flow

are given by equations (2.22) through (2.25). Compressible turbulent flow is not
included in the scope of this report.
Steady-state, compressible, laminar flow
Continuity: ( ) ( ) u v
x y


+

0 = (2.14)

x momentum:
1
e
e
dU u u u
u v U
x y dx y y

|
+ +


\ .
|
|
(2.15)
y momentum: 0
p
y

(2.16)
Energy:
2
e
p e
dU T T T u
c u v uU k
x y dx y y y

| | | | |
+ + +
| |

\ . \ . \

|
|
.
(2.17)
Steady-state, incompressible, laminar flow
Continuity: 0
u v
x y

+ =

(2.18)

x momentum:
2
2
e
e
dU u u
u v U
x y dx y

+ +

u
(2.19)
y momentum: 0
p
y

(2.20)
Energy:
2
2
2
p p
T T k T u
u v
x y c y c y

| |
+ +
|

\ .
(2.21)


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Boundary Layer Analysis Toolkit
An Independent Study Report
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Steady-state, incompressible, turbulent flow
Continuity: 0
u v
x y

+ =

(2.22)

x momentum: ( )
1
e
e
dU u u u
u v U
x y dx y y

+ + +

T
(
(
(2.23)
y momentum: 0
p
y

(2.24)
Energy: ( ) ( )
2
p T
T T T u
c u v k k
x y y y y

| | ( |
+ + + +
| (

\ . \
T

|
|
.
(2.25)
4. Turbulence Models
Though it is listed above, the energy equation was not included in the scope of
this projects turbulence module. Three turbulence models were implemented in
the software the eddy viscosity model, the mixing length model and the
turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) model.
Turbulent boundary layers are typically decomposed into an inner layer, in which
viscous shear dominates, and an outer layer, in which turbulent (eddy) shear
dominates. The turbulence models use different parameters for the different
layers.
D. Eddy viscosity
The parameter
T
is defined as the eddy viscosity. For convenience and ease of
comparison, it can be used with the other models also.
(3.1)
*
, T outer e
C U 0.016 C =
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Boundary Layer Analysis Toolkit
An Independent Study Report
Richard Getze

(3.2)
*
, T inner
u y 0.41 =
where the friction velocity is
* w
u

= (3.3)
E. Mixing length
The mixing length parameter is l and is related to as follows.
m T

2
T m
u
l
y

(3.4)
where
*
,
1
yu
A
m inner
l y e

(

(
(

(3.5) 26 A =
where and u* are as described in equations (3.2) and (3.3).
And (3.6)
,
0.09
m outer
l

F. Turbulent Kinetic Energy
This model introduces a new variable, the turbulent kinetic energy K, and a new
equation that is coupled with the continuity and momentum equations [(2.22) and
(2.23)]. The equation for K is

3
2
2
T T
D
k
K K K u K
u v C
x y y y y


| | | |
+ +
| |

\ . \ .
l
(3.7)
where C
D
is not the drag coefficient, but an empirical constant, . Also,
and is related to l by
0.09
D
C
1
k
l
m

1
4
D
C l l

=
m
(3.8)
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Richard Getze

and
2
T m
u
l
y

(3.9)
so that equations (3.5) and (3.6) can be used to estimate and .
T
l


5. Discretization
All flow types treated in the software were discretized using the finite difference
method. Implicit solutions were implemented in all cases to avoid instability. The
incompressible turbulent flow and compressible laminar flow modules were
translated from FORTRAN code in Schetz [1]. However, the incompressible
laminar equations were discretized by the author. The method of discretization is
presented below. Throughout the development, subscript i represents a nodes
position in the x-direction, and subscript j represents a nodes position in the y-
direction. Table 5.1 lists the discretized forms of important differentials.
Table 5.1 Discretized Forms of Important Differentials (Adapted from Chung [3])
Method Approximations Error Equation
Forward Difference
, , i j+1 i j
u u
u
y y

( )
2
, ,
2 2
2
i j+2 i j+1 i j
u u
u
y
y
+

,
u

( ) O x (4.1)
(4.2)
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Backward Difference
, , i j i j -1
u u
u
y y

( )
2
, ,
2 2
2
i j+2 i j+1 i j
u u
u
y
y
+

,
u

( ) O x (4.3)
(4.4)
Central Difference
, ,
2
i j+1 i j -1
u u
u
y y

( )
2
, ,
2 2
2
i j+1 i j i j -1
u u u
u
y
y
+

,

2
( ) O x
(4.5)
(4.6)

G. Continuity Equation
This equation is modelled with a forward difference approximation in
u
x

and a
backward difference approximation for
v
y

. However, while the simplest

application of those approximations would result in
, , , ,
0
i+1 j i j i+1 j i+1 j-1
u u v v
x y
| | |
+
|

\ . \
|
=
|
.
, numerical accuracy would suffer because the
first term is level j, while the second term is level j - . In order to place both
terms on the same level and thereby improve accuracy, the first term is
decomposed into the average of its value at level j and its value at level j-1.
Then, the discretized equation becomes

, , , , , ,
1
0
2
i+1 j i j i+1 j -1 i j-1 i+1 j i+1 j -1
u u u u v v
x x y
( | | | | |
+ +
( | |

\ . \ . \
|
=
|
.

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Richard Getze

and
(
1, 1, 1 , , , ,
2
i j i j i+1 j i j i+1 j-1 i j -1
y
v v u u u u
x
+ +

= +

)
(4.7)
H. Momentum Equation
Using forward difference in the x-derivatives and central difference in the y-
derivatives, momentum equation (2.19) becomes
( )
2 2
, , , , , , , , ,
, , 2
2
2 2
i+1 j i j i+1 j+1 i+1 j-1 i+1 j+1 i+1 j i+1 j -1 e i+1 e i
i j i j
u u u u u u u U U
u v
x y x
y

| |
| | + | | | |
+ = + |
|
| |
|
|


\ . \ .
\ .
\ .

where Ive used the fact that
2
1
2
e e
e
dU dU
dx dx
= U .
Then, gathering like terms,
( ) ( ) ( )
, , ,
, , , 2 2
2 2 2
, , ,
2
2 2
2
i j i j i j
i+1 j+1 i+1 j i+1 j 1
i j e i+1 e i
v u v
u u u
y x y
y y
u U U
x x



| | | | |
+ + + | |
| |


\ . \ . \

= +

2
y

|
|
|

.
(
(
(4.8)
Equation (4.8) can be expressed in matrix format like below.
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5
0 0
0 0
0 0 0
0 0
. . . . . . . . .
0 0
0 0
i+1,2 i+1,1
i+1,3
i+1,4
i+1,5
i+1,N-2 N-2 N-2 N-2 N-2
i+1,N-1 N-1 N-1 i+1,N N-1 N-1
u u
u
u
u
u
u u






( (
( (

( (
( (
( (
=
( (
( (
( (

( (
( (


(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

(4.9)
Where
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Richard Getze


( )
( )
( )
,
2
,
2
,
2
2 2 2
, , ,
2
2
2
2
i j
j
i j
j
i j
j
i j e i+1 e i
j
v
y
y
u
x
y
v
y
y
u U U
x x

= +

= +

(4.10)
Equation (4.9) can then be solved using the Thomas algorithm for tri-diagonal
matrices.
I. Energy Equation
The energy equation is much like the momentum equation in form. Using
forward difference in the x-derivatives and central difference in the y-derivatives,
equation (2.21) becomes
( )
2
, , , , , , , , ,
, , 2
2
2 2
i+1 j i j i+1 j+1 i+1 j -1 i+1 j+1 i+1 j i+1 j -1 i j+1 i j-1
i j i j
p
T T T T T T T u u
u v
x y c
y

| |
+ | | | | |
+ = + |
| |
|


\ . \ . \
\ .
y
|
|

.

where Ive used the thermal diffusivity,
p
k
c
= . Gathering like terms,
( ) ( ) ( )
, , ,
, , , 2 2
2
, , , ,
2
2 2
2
i j i j i j
i+1 j+1 i+1 j i+1 j 1
i j i j i j+1 i j -1
p
v u v
T T T
y x y
y y
u T u u
x c y

| | | | |
+ + + | |
| |


\ . \ . \
| |
= +
|

\ .
2
y

|
|
|

.
(4.11)
Equation (4.11) can be expressed in matrix format like below
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Boundary Layer Analysis Toolkit
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Richard Getze

(
(
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5
0 0
0 0
0 0 0
0 0
. . . . . . . . .
0 0
0 0
i+1,2 i+1,1
i+1,3
i+1,4
i+1,5
i+1,N-2 N-2 N-2 N-2 N-2
i+1,N-1 N-1 N-1 i+1,N N-1 N-1
T T
T
T
T
T
T T






( (
( (

( (
( (
( (
=
( (
( (
( (

( (
( (


(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

(4.12)
With

( )
( )
( )
,
2
,
2
,
2
2
, , , ,
2
2
2
2
i j
j
i j
j
i j
j
i j i j i j+1 i i-1
j
p
v
y
y
u
x
y
v
y
y
u T u u
x c y

= +

| |
= +
|

\ .
(4.13)
6. Software Operation
J. Overview
The Boundary Layer Analysis Toolkit (BLT) is a desktop tool allowing engineers
to solve the boundary layer equations for many different flow parameters
including velocity components, temperature, thermal and velocity boundary layer
thickness and skin friction.
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K. Constraints
Flow must be over a flat or gently curving plate. Flow must be in the laminar
regime or, if turbulent, flow must be incompressible. For turbulent flows, solving
for temperature is not included.
L. Steady-state, Incompressible, Laminar (SIL) Module
Module SIL can be accessed at any time by pressing Ctrl-L or by pulling down
the File menu, then choosing New Form, then Steady Incompressible
Laminar. Figure 6.1 shows the SIL input form.
The SIL input form contains check boxes and text boxes in which to specify the
flow. There are 5 frames grouping these controls by type. They are:
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Figure 6.1 SIL Input Form
Computational Parameters Frame
Control 1. Include temperature in calculations? Because the energy equation
is decoupled from the other equations for incompressible flow, the user has the
option to ignore temperature considerations. Checking the No box will disable
all controls specific to the energy equation, such as thermal conductivity and
temperature boundary conditions.
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Control 2. Extent to carry calculation in y-direction If Auto is checked, the
program estimates the extent of the boundary layer using the Blasius solution
5.0
Re
x
x
= .
Controls 3 and 4. Number of nodes Use these controls to specify how many
points in the flow field are to be calculated. Generally speaking, larger numbers
mean greater accuracy but longer calculation time.
Physical Properties Frame
Controls 5 and 6. Limits of calculation in x-direction.
Fluid Properties Frame
Control 7. Viscosity Fluid viscosity, normally indicated by the symbol .
Control 8. Density Fluid density. If temperature is not considered, only the
kinematic viscosity is used in the calculations. Any combination of viscosity and
density with the same ratio

will produce the same solution.

Control 9. Thermal conductivity Only enabled if temperature calculations are
requested.
Control 10. Specific heat Only enabled if temperature calculations are
requested.
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Inlet Conditions Frame
Control 11. Source of inlet conditions If user chooses Auto, inlet conditions
for u (streamwise velocity) are developed in a cubic profile. Inlet conditions for v
are taken equal to v(x=xi,y=0) and for T, if required, inlet conditions are equal to
T(x=xi,y=0).
Controls 12, 13, 14. User-specified inlet conditions These controls will accept
either constant values or functions of y.
Boundary Conditions Frame
Control 15. Freestream velocity - This control will accept a constant or a
function of x.
Control 16. Wall velocity Velocity of injected fluid. This control will accept a
constant or a function of x.
Control 17. Wall temperature Temperature of the plate surface. This control
will accept a constant or a function of x.
Control 18. Freestream temperature Temperature of the freestream fluid. This
control will accept a constant or a function of x.
Control 19. First transition position If the boundary conditions change during
the calculation, this control can be used to specify the point at which the change
occurs. In the example of figure 6.1, the freestream velocity changes at x=1.
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Controls 20 through 23. New boundary conditions at the first transition In the
example of figure 6.1, the freestream velocity changes from 10 to a linearly
decreasing function of x at x=1.
Controls 24 through 28. Second transition position and new boundary conditions
If boundary conditions change at a second point after the first transition, the
point of transition and the new boundary conditions are specified in these
controls.
Control 29. Run button Pressing this button begins the calculation.
Output
After calculations have been completed, the SIL form expands to reveal output
choices. As shown in figure 6.2, there are two choices. One choice is an internal
two-dimensional line plot, shown in figure 6.3. The second choice is to export
data to an ASCII data file, designed for TecPlot, but readable by any program
that can import ASCII data (MS Excel and MatLab are examples). All variables
can be exported, but line plots cant be drawn for variables that are functions of
both x and y.





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20

Figure 6.2 SIL Form With Output Choices











Boundary Layer Analysis Toolkit
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Richard Getze

Figure 6.2 SIL Output Example



Boundary Layer Analysis Toolkit
An Independent Study Report
Richard Getze

M. Steady-state, Compressible, Laminar (SCL) Module
Module SCL can be accessed at any time by pressing Ctrl-C or by pulling down
the File menu, then choosing New Form, then Steady Compressible
Laminar. Figure 6.4 shows the SCL input form with output choices. Many of the
input controls on the SCL form are the same as described above for the SIL
form. Only controls exhibiting differences will be described below.

Figure 6.4 SCL Form With Output Choices
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Physical Properties Frame
Mach Number User enters Mach number of freestream flow.

Fluid Properties Frame
Gas pull-down This control allows user to select type of gas. This information
is used in computing viscosity as a function of temperature.
Prandtl number, Gamma (C
p
/C
v
), Kinematic viscosity These controls are self-
explanatory
Boundary Conditions Frame
Freestream density The density of the freestream flow. This control will accept
either a constant or a function of x.
Temperature units Required in this module only for determining values of
certain constants, intrinsic to the program.
Output
Variables available for output now include density, the Stanton number and the
ratio of specific heats (gamma).
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N. Steady-state, Incompressible, Turbulent (SIT) Module
Module SIT can be accessed at any time by pressing Ctrl-T or by pulling down
the File menu, then choosing New Form, then Steady Incompressible
Turbulent. Figure 6.5 shows the SIT input form with output choices. Many of
the input controls on the SIT form are the same as described above for the SIL
form. Only controls exhibiting differences will be described below.
Figure 6.5 SIT Form With Output Choices
Computational Parameters Frame
Model Here the user selects a computational model. See section 4,
Turbulence Models, for a description of the different types.
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Boundary Conditions Frame and Inlet Conditions Frame
Controls allowing specification of v are not included because of a large number of
intrinsic computational constants whose value changes dramatically based on
the value of injection or suction velocity.
7. Software Validation
The steady, incompressible, turbulent model was validated against Spaldings log
law of the wall. The results of that validation are displayed in figure 7.1.
Figure 7.1 Validation of SIT Module
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 10 100 1000 10000
y+ = yu*/nu
u
+

=

u
/
u
*
SIT Module Spalding's Log Law of the Wall
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Richard Getze

The log law of the wall is given by
( ) ( )
2 3
1
2 6
B u
u u
y u e e u

+
+ +
+ + +
(
(
= +
(


where and are defined in figure 7.1 and and B are empirical constants
with values 0.4 and 5.5, respectively.
y
+
u
+


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Boundary Layer Analysis Toolkit
An Independent Study Report
Richard Getze

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Schetz, J.A., Boundary Layer Analysis, Prentice Hall, 1993
2. White, F.M. Viscous Fluid Flow, 2nd Ed., McGraw-Hill, 1991
3. Chung, T.J., Computational Fluid Dynamics, Cambridge University Press,
2002
4. Wilcox, David C., Turbulence Modeling for CFD, 2nd Ed., DCW Industries,
1998
5. Potter, Merle C. and Wiggert, David C., Mechanics of Fluids, 2nd Ed.,
Prentice Hall, 1997

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Boundary Layer Analysis Toolkit
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APPENDIX A



CODE FOR STEADY INCOMPRESSIBLE LAMINAR FLOW (SIL) MODULE

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Option Explicit
Option Base 1
Public oplist As Variant
Public global_x() As Single
Public global_y() As Single
Public global_u() As Single
Public global_v() As Single
Public global_Cf() As Single
Public global_St() As Single
Public global_gamma() As Single
Public global_T() As Single
Public global_rho() As Single
Public global_delta() As Single
Public global_T_delta() As Single

Public Sub SIL_UV(ux0y() As Single, vx0y() As Single, vxy0() As Single, Ue() As
Single, mu As Single, _
rho As Single, xi As Single, dx As Single, dy As Single, auto As Boolean)
'*********************************************
'Solution for Steady, Incompressible, Laminar boundary layer flow
'Velocity solution only.
'Solution for temperature distribution is implemented separately.
'Implicit scheme is implemented.
'*********************************************
'Declare variables
'*********************************************
Dim m As Integer, n As Integer, i As Integer, j As Integer
Dim z As Integer, u() As Single, v() As Single, nu As Single
Dim a() As Single, b() As Single, c() As Single, d() As Single
Dim u_iter() As Single, deltind() As Single, delta() As Single, wallshear() As
Single
Dim a1 As Single, cn As Single, cf() As Single, REx As Single, check As
Integer
Dim turb As Boolean, x() As Single, y() As Single, msg As String
Dim del As Single, yod As Single

'Calculate kinematic viscosity
nu = mu / rho
'm is number of stations in streamwise (x) direction
m = UBound(vxy0)
'n is number of stations across boundary layer (y)
n = UBound(ux0y)
'Allocate space for arrays
ReDim u(n, m), v(n, m), deltind(m), delta(m), wallshear(m), cf(m)
ReDim a(n - 3), b(n - 2), c(n - 3), d(n - 2), u_iter(n - 2)
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ReDim x(m), y(n)

'*********************************************
'Insert boundary conditions in matrices
'*********************************************
'First, wall conditions and free-stream conditions
For i = 1 To m
u(1, i) = 0
v(1, i) = vxy0(i)
u(n, i) = Ue(i)
Next i
'Next, inlet conditions
If auto Then 'If user asks for auto velocity profile use cubic
'If starting at x=0, then no profile
If xi > 0 Then
del = EST_DELTA(xi, Ue(1), nu)
For j = 1 To n
yod = (j - 1) * dy / del
If yod > 1 Then
u(j, 1) = Ue(1)
Else
u(j, 1) = Ue(1) * (1.5 * yod - 0.5 * yod ^ 3)
End If
v(j, 1) = 0
Next j
Else
For j = 1 To n
u(j, 1) = Ue(1)
v(j, 1) = 0
Next j
End If
Else
For j = 1 To n
u(j, 1) = ux0y(j)
v(j, 1) = vx0y(j)
Next j
End If

'initialize x and y arrays
x(1) = xi
y(1) = 0

'*********************************************
'Start moving downstream
'*********************************************
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For i = 1 To m - 1
'Update progress bar
fm_progress.progbar.value = i
'*********************************************
'NSLx yields streamwise velocity (u) distribution.
x(i + 1) = x(i) + dx
'matrix elements for TDMA
For j = 2 To n - 2
'lower diagonal
a(j - 1) = -1 * v(j + 1, i) / (2 * dy) - nu / ((dy) ^ 2)
'upper diagonal
c(j - 1) = v(j, i) / (2 * dy) - nu / ((dy) ^ 2)
'main diagonal
b(j - 1) = u(j, i) / dx + 2 * nu / ((dy) ^ 2)
'right side vector
d(j - 1) = (u(j, i) ^ 2) / dx + (Ue(i + 1) ^ 2 - Ue(i) ^ 2) / (2 * dx)
Next j
'add last element to main diagonal
b(n - 2) = u(n - 1, i) / dx + 2 * nu / ((dy) ^ 2)
'modify first element and add last element to
'right side vector
a1 = -1 * v(2, i) / (2 * dy) - nu / dy ^ 2
d(1) = d(1) - a1 * u(1, i + 1)
cn = v(n - 1, i) / (2 * dy) - nu / dy ^ 2
d(n - 2) = (u(n - 1, i) ^ 2) / dx + (Ue(i + 1) ^ 2 - Ue(i) ^ 2) / (2 * dx) - cn * u(n, i
+ 1)
'Solve for u(i+1) using TDMA
u_iter = TDMA(c, a, b, d)
'*********************************************
'Check for transition to turbulence REx<10^6
REx = Ue(i) * x(i) / nu
If REx > 1000000# And Not turb Then
turb = True
msg = "Warning! Transition to turbulence at x = " & x(i) _
& ". Results beyond that point may not be valid."
check = MsgBox(msg, vbOKCancel)
If check = 2 Then Exit Sub
End If
'*********************************************
'Record wall shear, skin friction and check for separation
wallshear(i) = mu / (2 * dy) * (4 * u(2, i) - u(3, i))
cf(i) = wallshear(i) / (0.5 * rho * Ue(i) ^ 2)
If wallshear(i) < 0.0001 Then
MsgBox "Separation occurs at x=" & (i - 1) * dx
Unload fm_progress
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Exit Sub
End If
'*********************************************
'Transfer values into u matrix and record boundary layer thickness
For z = 2 To n - 1
u(z, i + 1) = u_iter(z - 1)
If u_iter(z - 1) > 0.99 * Ue(i) And deltind(i + 1) = 0 Then
deltind(i + 1) = z
delta(i + 1) = z * dy
End If
Next z
'*********************************************
'COM yields transverse velocity (v) distribution.
For j = 2 To n
v(j, i + 1) = v(j - 1, i + 1) - dy / (2 * dx) * _
(u(j, i + 1) - u(j, i) + u(j - 1, i + 1) - u(j - 1, i))
y(j) = y(j - 1) + dy
Next j
Next i
'*********************************************
'Store the data
'*********************************************
'store_uv_data x, y, u, v, delta, cf
global_x = x
global_y = y
global_u = u
global_v = v
global_delta = delta
global_Cf = cf
'*********************************************
'Recover memory
'*********************************************
Erase u, v, deltind, delta, wallshear, cf
Erase a, b, c, d, u_iter
Erase x, y

End Sub

Public Sub SIL_T(u() As Single, v() As Single, Tx0y() As Single, Txy0() As
Single, Te() As Single, nu As Single, k As Single, rho As Single, cp As Single, _
xi As Single, dx As Single, dy As Single)
'*********************************************
'Solution for Steady, Incompressible, Laminar boundary layer flow.
'Temperature solution only. Requires velocity solution as input.
'Solution for velocity distribution is implemented separately.
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'Implicit scheme is implemented.
'*********************************************
Dim m As Integer, n As Integer, i As Integer, j As Integer
Dim T() As Single, alpha As Single, z As Integer
Dim a() As Single, b() As Single, c() As Single, d() As Single
Dim a1 As Single, cn As Single
Dim T_iter() As Single, T_del_flag As Boolean
Dim T_deltaind() As Integer, T_delta() As Single
Dim x() As Single, y() As Single

'alpha is thermal diffusivity
alpha = k / (rho * cp)
'm is number of stations in streamwise (x) direction
m = UBound(Txy0)
'n is number of stations across boundary layer (y)
n = UBound(Tx0y)
'Dimension arrays
ReDim T(n, m)
ReDim a(n - 3), b(n - 2), c(n - 3), d(n - 2), T_iter(n - 2)
ReDim T_deltaind(m), T_delta(m)
ReDim x(m), y(n)

'Construct x and y arrays
x(1) = xi
For i = 2 To m
x(i) = x(i - 1) + dx
Next i
y(1) = 0
For j = 2 To n
y(j) = y(j - 1) + dy
Next j

'*********************************************
'Insert boundary conditions in matrix
'*********************************************
'First, wall conditions and free-stream conditions
For i = 1 To m
T(1, i) = Txy0(i)
T(n, i) = Te(i)
Next i
'Next, inlet conditions
For j = 1 To n
T(j, 1) = Tx0y(j)
Next j
'*********************************************
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'Start moving downstream
'*********************************************
For i = 1 To m - 1
fm_progress.progbar.value = m + i
'*********************************************
'COE yields temperature distribution.
'matrix elements
For j = 2 To n - 2
'lower diagonal
a(j - 1) = -1 * v(j + 1, i) / (2 * dy) - alpha / dy ^ 2
'upper diagonal
c(j - 1) = v(j, i) / (2 * dy) - alpha / dy ^ 2
'main diagonal
b(j - 1) = u(j, i) / dx + 2 * alpha / dy ^ 2
'right side vector
d(j - 1) = u(j, i) * T(j, i) / dx + nu / cp * ((u(j + 1, i) - u(j - 1, i)) / (2 * dy)) ^ 2
Next j
'add last element to main diagonal
b(n - 2) = u(n - 1, i) / dx + 2 * alpha / dy ^ 2
'modify first element and add last element to
'right side vector
a1 = -1 * v(2, i) / (2 * dy) - alpha / dy ^ 2
d(1) = d(1) - a1 * T(1, i + 1)
cn = v(n - 1, i) / (2 * dy) - alpha / dy ^ 2
d(n - 2) = u(n - 1, i) * T(n - 1, i) / dx + nu / cp * ((u(n, i) - u(n - 2, i)) / (2 * dy))
^ 2 - cn * T(n, i + 1)
'Solve for T(i+1) using TDMA
T_iter = TDMA(c, a, b, d)
'Transfer values into T matrix and mark position of boundary layer
T_del_flag = False
For j = 2 To n - 1
T(j, i + 1) = T_iter(j - 1)
If Abs(Te(i) - T_iter(j - 1)) >= 0.01 * Te(i) Then
T_del_flag = True
ElseIf T_del_flag And Abs(Te(i) - T_iter(j - 1)) < 0.01 * Te(i) And
T_deltaind(i + 1) = 0 Then
T_deltaind(i + 1) = j
T_delta(i + 1) = j * dy
End If
Next j
Next i
'*********************************************
'Store the data
'*********************************************
'store_T_data x, y, T, T_delta
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global_T = T
global_T_delta = T_delta
'*********************************************
'Recover memory
'*********************************************
Erase T
Erase a, b, c, d, T_iter
Erase T_deltaind, T_delta
Erase x, y

End Sub

Public Function EST_DELTA(x As Single, u As Single, nu As Single) As Single
Dim REx As Single, d As Single

'Esimate boundary layer thickness using Blasius equation
REx = u * x / nu
d = x * 5 / Sqr(REx)
EST_DELTA = d

End Function
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Boundary Layer Analysis Toolkit
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APPENDIX B



CODE FOR STEADY COMPRESSIBLE LAMINAR FLOW (SCL) MODULE

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Option Base 1
Option Explicit

Dim xm1 As Single, gamma() As Single
'Dim xmif As Single, Tinf As Single

Public Sub CLBL6(xi As Single, xf As Single, Tw() As Single, Te() As Single, _
Ue() As Single, xmif As Single, ux0y() As Single, vx0y() As Single, vxy0() As
Single, _
cnuinf As Single, nmax As Integer, mmax As Integer, dy As Single, Pr As
Single, _
gamma1 As Single, rhoe() As Single, S As Single)
'2D compressible boundary layer computation from Schetz.
'1st order implicit, lagged coefficient.
'Laminar with Sutherland viscosity law
'Equations are dimensionless, fluid is assumed ideal gas

Dim u() As Single, v() As Single, delta() As Single
Dim H() As Single, a() As Single, b() As Single, c() As Single
Dim R() As Single, Cmu() As Single, rho() As Single
Dim cf() As Single, St() As Single, temp() As Single
Dim L As Single, Re As Single, dx As Single, ncon As Single
Dim T1 As Single, nnx As Integer, deltaind() As Integer
Dim deno As Single, mt As Integer, rhoua As Single, rhoub As Single, r1 As
Single
Dim He() As Single, pe() As Single, T_delta() As Single
Dim i As Integer, j As Integer, Tref As Single, RR As Single, Haw() As Single
Dim mest As Integer, mmm As Integer, T_deltaind() As Integer
Dim u_temp() As Single, H_temp() As Single, temp_temp() As Single
Dim Uinf As Single, Tinf As Single, rhoinf As Single
Dim x() As Single, y() As Single, T_del_flag As Boolean

L = 1
dx = (xf - xi) / (nmax - 1)
Re = L * Ue(1) / cnuinf
'S is Sutherland constant for viscosity
T1 = S / Te(1) 'for Sutherland viscosity law

'Redim variables
ReDim u(mmax, nmax), v(mmax, nmax), H(mmax, nmax), u_temp(mmax),
H_temp(mmax)
ReDim a(mmax), b(mmax), c(mmax), R(mmax), Cmu(mmax), rho(mmax,
nmax)
ReDim cf(nmax), St(nmax), gamma(mmax), temp(mmax, nmax),
temp_temp(mmax)
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ReDim He(nmax), Haw(nmax), pe(nmax), delta(nmax), deltaind(nmax)
ReDim T_delta(nmax), T_deltaind(nmax), x(nmax), y(mmax)

'Gamma is a function of temperature and equals the free stream ratio of
'specific heats
gamma(1) = gamma1
xm1 = (gamma(1) - 1) * xmif ^ 2
Uinf = Ue(1)
Tinf = Te(1)
rhoinf = rhoe(1)
For i = 1 To nmax
Ue(i) = Ue(i) / Uinf
Tw(i) = Tw(i) / Tinf
Te(i) = Te(i) / Tinf
He(i) = Te(i) / xm1
rhoe(i) = rhoe(i) / rhoinf
Next i
pe(1) = 1 / (gamma(1) * xmif ^ 2)

For j = 1 To mmax
u(j, 2) = ux0y(j)
u(j, 1) = Ue(1)
v(j, 2) = vx0y(j)
v(j, 1) = vx0y(j)
H(j, 2) = He(2)
H(j, 1) = He(1)
Tref = xm1 * H(j, 1)
temp(j, 2) = Tref
temp(j, 1) = Tref
gamma(j) = gamma(1)
Cmu(j) = (1 + T1) * Tref ^ 1.5 / (Tref + T1)
rho(j, 1) = 1 / (xm1 * H(j, 2))
rho(j, 2) = rho(j, 1)
Next j

u(1, 2) = 0
u(1, 1) = 0
H(1, 2) = Tw(2) / xm1
H(1, 1) = H(1, 2)
Tref = xm1 * H(1, 1)
temp(1, 2) = Tref
temp(1, 1) = Tref
Cmu(1) = (1 + T1) * Tref ^ 1.5 / (Tref + T1)
rho(1, 1) = 1 / (xm1 * H(1, 2))
rho(1, 2) = rho(1, 1)
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'Initial profiles
mest = 2
mmm = mest + 3
For j = 2 To mmax
u(j, 1) = ux0y(j)
v(j, 1) = vx0y(j)
H(j, 1) = He(1)
rho(j, 1) = 1 / (xm1 * H(j, 1))
Next j

cf(1) = (4 * u(2, 1) - u(3, 1)) * Cmu(1) / (Ue(1) ^ 2 * dy * Re * rhoe(1))
RR = Pr ^ 0.5
For i = 1 To nmax
Haw(i) = He(i) * (1 + 0.195 * RR * xmif ^ 2)
Next i
St(1) = (3 * H(1, 1) - 4 * H(2, 1) + H(3, 1)) * Cmu(1) / (2 * Pr * Ue(1) * dy * Re *
rhoe(1) * (H(1, 2) - Haw(1)))

For i = 2 To nmax
fm_progress.progbar.value = i
nnx = i
u(mmax, i - 1) = Ue(i - 1)
H(mmax, i - 1) = He(i - 1)
rho(mmax, i - 1) = 1 / (xm1 * H(mmax, i - 1))
pe(i) = 1 / (gamma(1) * xmif ^ 2)
v(1, i - 1) = vxy0(i - 1)

b(1) = 1
c(1) = 0
R(1) = 0
a(mmax) = 0
b(mmax) = 1
R(mmax) = Ue(1)
deno = Re * dy ^ 2

For j = 2 To mmax - 1
a(j) = -0.5 * rho(j, i - 1) * v(j, i - 1) / dy - Cmu(j - 1) / deno
b(j) = rho(j, i - 1) * u(j, i - 1) / dx + 0.5 * (Cmu(j - 1) + Cmu(j)) * 2 / deno
c(j) = 0.5 * rho(j, i - 1) * v(j, i - 1) / dy - Cmu(j) / deno
R(j) = rhoe(i) * 0.5 / dx * (Ue(i) ^ 2 - Ue(i - 1) ^ 2) + rho(j, i - 1) * u(j, i - 1) ^
2 / dx
Next j

u_temp = trid(mmax, a, b, c, R, u_temp)
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For j = 1 To mmax
u(j, i) = u_temp(j)
If u_temp(j) > 0.99 * Ue(i) And deltaind(i) = 0 Then
deltaind(i) = j
delta(i) = j * dy
End If
Next j

b(1) = 1
c(1) = 0
R(1) = H(1, i - 1)
a(mmax) = 0
b(mmax) = 1
R(mmax) = He(i - 1)
deno = Pr * Re * dy ^ 2

For j = 2 To mmax - 1
a(j) = -0.5 * rho(j, i - 1) * v(j, i - 1) / dy - Cmu(j - 1) / deno
b(j) = rho(j, i - 1) * u(j, i - 1) / dx + 0.5 * (Cmu(j - 1) + Cmu(j)) * 2 / deno
c(j) = 0.5 * rho(j, i - 1) * v(j, i - 1) / dy - Cmu(j) / deno
R(j) = -rhoe(i) * 0.5 / dx * (Ue(i) ^ 2 - Ue(i - 1) ^ 2) * u(j, i - 1) + rho(j, i - 1) *
u(j, i - 1) * H(j, i - 1) / dx + _
Cmu(j) * (u(j + 1, i) - u(j - 1, i)) ^ 2 / (4 * Re * dy ^ 2)
Next j

H_temp = trid(mmax, a, b, c, R, H_temp)

For j = 1 To mmax
H(j, i) = H_temp(j)
Next j

mt = mest - 8
If mt < 1 Then mt = 1
For j = mt To mmax
If u(j, i) > 0.88 * Ue(i) Then
mest = j
mmm = mest + 3
Exit For
End If
Next j

For j = 1 To mmax
temp_temp(j) = temp(j, i - 1)
Next j
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Boundary Layer Analysis Toolkit
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temp_temp = interp(nnx, mmm, gamma, temp_temp, H_temp, xmif, Tinf)

T_del_flag = False
For j = 1 To mmax
temp(j, i) = temp_temp(j)
If Abs(Te(i) - temp_temp(j)) >= 0.01 * Te(i) Then
T_del_flag = True
ElseIf T_del_flag And Abs(Te(i) - temp_temp(j)) < 0.01 * Te(i) And
T_deltaind(i) = 0 Then
T_deltaind(i) = j
T_delta(i) = j * dy
End If
Next j

For j = 2 To mmax - 1
Cmu(j) = (1 + T1) * (0.5 * (temp(j, i) + temp(j - 1, i))) ^ 1.5 / _
(0.5 * (temp(j, i) + temp(j - 1, i)) + T1)
rho(j, i) = pe(i) * gamma(j) / (0.5 * (H(j - 1, i) + H(j, i)) * (gamma(j) - 1))
Next j

For j = 2 To mmax - 1
rhoua = rho(j, i - 1) * u(j, i - 1)
rhoub = rho(j - 1, i - 1) * u(j - 1, i - 1)
r1 = rho(j - 1, i) / rho(j, i)
v(j, i) = r1 * v(j - 1, i) - (0.5 * dy / dx) * (u(j, i) + r1 * u(j - 1, i) - (rhoua +
rhoub) / rho(j, i))
If u(j, i) = u(j - 1, i) And u(j, i - 1) = u(j - 1, i - 1) And v(j, i) = v(j - 1, i) Then
v(j, i) = 0
End If
Next j

cf(i) = (4 * u(2, i) - u(3, i)) * Cmu(1) / (Ue(i) ^ 2 * dy * Re * rhoe(i))
St(i) = (3 * H(1, i) - 4 * H(2, i) + H(3, i)) * Cmu(1) / (2 * Pr * Ue(i) * dy * Re *
rhoe(i) * (H(1, i) - Haw(i)))
Next i

x(1) = xi
For i = 2 To nmax
x(i) = x(i - 1) + dx
Next i
y(1) = 0
For j = 2 To mmax
y(j) = y(j - 1) + dy
Next j
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'Reconstitute dimensional variables
For i = 1 To nmax
For j = 1 To mmax
u(j, i) = u(j, i) * Uinf
v(j, i) = v(j, i) * Uinf
temp(j, i) = temp(j, i) * Tinf
rho(j, i) = rho(j, i) * rhoinf
Next j
Next i

'Transfer procedure-level variables into global-level variables
global_x = x
global_y = y
global_u = u
global_v = v
global_T = temp
global_rho = rho
global_Cf = cf
global_St = St
global_gamma = gamma
global_delta = delta
global_T_delta = T_delta

'Free up memory
Erase u(), v(), H(), u_temp(), H_temp(), a(), b(), c(), R(), Cmu()
Erase rho(), cf(), St(), gamma(), temp(), temp_temp(), x(), y()
Erase He(), Haw(), pe(), delta(), deltaind(), T_delta(), T_deltaind()

End Sub

Private Function interp(nnx As Integer, mm As Integer, gamma() As Single,
temp() As Single, _
H() As Single, xmif As Single, Tinf As Single) As Single()

Dim xt(), ygam()
Dim i As Integer, k As Integer, j As Integer, m As Integer
Dim xint As Single, yout As Single, term As Single

xt = Array(273, 373, 474, 573, 673, 773, 873, 973)
ygam = Array(1.401, 1.397, 1.39, 1.378, 1.368, 1.357, 1.346, 1.338)

For m = 2 To mm + 10
j = 0
temp(m) = xm1 * H(m) * Tinf
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Boundary Layer Analysis Toolkit
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80:
j = j + 1
xint = temp(m)
If j > 160 Then GoTo 70
yout = 0
For k = 1 To 8
term = ygam(k)
For i = 1 To 8
If k <> i Then
term = term * (xint - xt(i)) / (xt(k) - xt(i))
End If
Next i
yout = yout + term
Next k

temp(m) = (1.4 / yout) * (yout - 1) * xmif ^ 2 * H(m) * Tinf
If Abs(temp(m) - xint) < 0.005 Then GoTo 70
GoTo 80
70:
gamma(m) = yout
temp(m) = temp(m) / Tinf
Next m
interp = temp

End Function
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Boundary Layer Analysis Toolkit
An Independent Study Report
Richard Getze

APPENDIX C



CODE FOR STEADY INCOMPRESSIBLE TURBULENT FLOW (SIT) MODULE
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Boundary Layer Analysis Toolkit
An Independent Study Report
Richard Getze

Option Base 1
Option Explicit
Dim Re As Single
Dim tmu() As Single, xx() As Single
Dim tke0() As Single, ncon As Integer
Dim rkap As Single, ypa As Single
'Dim u0() As Single, v0() As Single

Public Sub ITBL2(xi As Single, xf As Single, cnu As Single, Uinf As Single, _
mmax As Integer, nmax As Integer, Ue_full() As Single, model As Integer, _
auto As Boolean, ux0y() As Single)
'****************************************
'Incompressible, Turbulent Boundary Layers
'From Schetz, "Boundary Layer Analysis"
'****************************************
Dim u() As Single, v() As Single, cf() As Single
Dim pi As Double, red As Single, L As Single, u_vec() As Single
Dim del As Single, dy As Single, dx As Single, i As Integer, j As Integer
Dim usue As Single, mest As Integer, fm1 As Integer
Dim mmm As Integer, nmaxp As Integer, mmaxp As Integer
Dim nnx As Integer, yod As Single, Ue() As Single
Dim a() As Single, b() As Single, c() As Single, R() As Single
Dim deno As Single, mt As Integer, delta() As Single
Dim testnum As Integer, y() As Single

pi = 4 * Atn(1)

L = 1
rkap = 0.41 'coefficients for modelling law of the wall
ypa = 9.7 'coefficients for modelling law of the wall
del = xi * 0.375 / (Uinf * xi / cnu) ^ 0.2 'boundary layer thickness, Schetz eq. 7-43
dy = del / (400 / 550 * mmax - 1) '(using (400/550)*mmax points across boundary layer.)
dx = (xf - xi) / (nmax - 1)
Re = Uinf * L / cnu

'*****************************************
'Redim some arrays
'*****************************************
ReDim tmu(mmax), u(mmax, nmax), v(mmax, nmax), y(mmax)
ReDim a(mmax), b(mmax), c(mmax), R(mmax), delta(nmax)
ReDim tke0(mmax), cf(nmax), xx(nmax), Ue(nmax), u_vec(mmax)

'Put this one down here because it must be dimensioned before using
cf(1) = 0.0456 * (Uinf * del / cnu) ^ (-0.25) 'Blasius law, Schetz eq. 7-13

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An Independent Study Report
Richard Getze

For i = 1 To nmax
xx(i) = xi + (i - 1) * dx
Ue(i) = Ue_full(i) / Uinf
Next i

'set up inlet conditions
For j = 1 To mmax
u(j, 1) = Ue(1)
v(j, 1) = 0
tke0(j) = 0
Next j
'set up no-slip condition
For i = 1 To nmax
u(1, i) = 0
Next i

'if user specifies initial velocity profile, use it; however
'by default, establish initial velocity profiles using Coles wake law
usue = Sqr(cf(1) / 2) '=u*/Ue, u*=sqrt(wallshear/rho)
red = Re * del * usue * Ue(1) 'Red=Ue*delta/nu?
mest = CInt(400 / 550 * mmax) 'm index of initial boundary layer position
fm1 = mest - 1
mmm = mest + 2
If auto Then
For j = 2 To mest
yod = (j - 1) / fm1 'y over delta
u(j, 1) = usue * Ue(1) * (1 / rkap * Log(Uinf * yod * del * usue * Ue(1) _
/ cnu) + 4.9 + 0.51 / rkap * 2 * Sin(pi / 2 * yod) ^ 2)
v(j, 1) = 0
Next j
Else
For j = 2 To mmax
u(j, 1) = ux0y(j)
Next j
End If
nmaxp = nmax
mmaxp = mest + 100
ncon = 1

'Start stepping downstream
For i = 2 To nmax
fm_progress.progbar.value = i
nnx = i
u(mmax, i) = Ue(i)
v(mmax, i) = 0
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Boundary Layer Analysis Toolkit
An Independent Study Report
Richard Getze


Select Case model
Case 1
mixing nnx, mmax, mest, dy, Ue, u, v, cf
Case 2
eddy nnx, mmax, mest, dy, Ue, u, v, cf
Case 3
testnum = tkes(nnx, mmm, mest, dy, dx, Ue, u, v, cf)
If testnum = -1 Then Exit Sub
End Select
ncon = 2

'prepare for tdma solution
b(1) = 1
c(1) = 0
R(1) = 0
a(mmax) = 0
b(mmax) = 1
c(mmax) = 0
R(mmax) = Ue(i)
deno = Re * dy ^ 2

For j = 2 To mmax - 1
a(j) = -0.5 * v(j, i - 1) / dy - (1 + tmu(j - 1)) / deno
b(j) = u(j, i - 1) / dx + (2 + tmu(j - 1) + tmu(j)) / deno
c(j) = 0.5 * v(j, i - 1) / dy - (1 + tmu(j)) / deno
R(j) = 0.5 / dx * (Ue(i) ^ 2 - Ue(i - 1) ^ 2) + (u(j, i - 1) ^ 2) / dx
Next j

'run TDMA
u_vec = trid(mmax, a, b, c, R, u_vec)

'transfer u_vec into u
For j = 1 To mmax
u(j, i) = u_vec(j)
Next j

'calculate v
For j = 2 To mmax - 1
v(j, i) = v(j - 1, i) - (0.5 * dy / dx) * (u(j, i) - u(j, i - 1) + u(j - 1, i) - u(j - 1, i - 1))
Next j

mt = mest - 10
If mt < 1 Then mt = 1
For j = mt To mmax
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Boundary Layer Analysis Toolkit
An Independent Study Report
Richard Getze

'find boundary layer
If u(j, i) > 0.99 * Ue(i) Then
mest = j
mmm = mest + 3
mmaxp = mest + 100
Exit For
End If
Next j
delta(i) = (mest - 1) * dy

'get skin friction
cf(i) = (4 * u(2, i) - u(3, i)) / (Ue(i) ^ 2 * dy * Re)

'check for near separation
If cf(i) < 0.0001 Then
MsgBox ("Near separation")
nmaxp = i
Exit For
End If
Next i

y(1) = 0
For j = 2 To mmax
y(j) = y(j - 1) + dy
Next j

global_x = xx
global_y = y
For i = 1 To nmax
For j = 1 To mmax
u(j, i) = u(j, i) * Uinf
v(j, i) = v(j, i) * Uinf
Next j
Next i
global_u = u
global_v = v
global_delta = delta
global_Cf = cf

Erase tmu(), u(), v(), y(), a(), b(), c(), R(), delta()
Erase tke0(), cf(), xx(), Ue(), u_vec()

End Sub

Private Sub mixing(nnx As Integer, mmax As Integer, mest As Integer, dy As Single, _
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Boundary Layer Analysis Toolkit
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Richard Getze

Ue() As Single, u() As Single, v() As Single, cf() As Single)
Dim xlmo As Single, xlmm As Single, j As Integer
Dim y As Single, yp As Single

'for outer region, mixing length is Lm=0.09*delta
xlmo = 0.09 * (mest - 1) * dy
tmu(1) = 0
For j = 2 To mmax - 1
y = (j - 1) * dy
yp = y * Ue(nnx) * Re * Sqr(0.5 * cf(nnx - 1))
xlmm = rkap * (1 - exp(-yp / 26#)) * y
If xlmm > xlmo Then xlmm = xlmo
' tmu(j) = Re * xlmm ^ 2 * Abs(u0(j + 1) - u0(j - 1)) / (2 * dy)
tmu(j) = Re * xlmm ^ 2 * Abs(u(j + 1, nnx - 1) - u(j - 1, nnx - 1)) / (2 * dy)
Next j
tmu(mmax) = tmu(mmax - 1)
End Sub

Private Sub eddy(nnx As Integer, mmax As Integer, mest As Integer, dy As Single, _
Ue() As Single, u() As Single, v() As Single, cf() As Single)

Dim delst As Single, rmut As Single, yp As Single, y As Single
Dim j As Integer, arg As Single, tanh As Single
delst = 0
For j = 2 To mest
' delst = delst + dy * (1 - 0.5 * (u0(j - 1) + u0(j)) / Ue(nnx))
delst = delst + dy * (1 - 0.5 * (u(j - 1, nnx - 1) + u(j, nnx - 1)) / Ue(nnx))
Next j
rmut = 0.018 * Re * Ue(nnx) * delst
For j = 1 To mmax
y = (j - 1) * dy
yp = y * Ue(nnx) * Re * Sqr(0.5 * cf(nnx - 1))
arg = yp / ypa
tanh = (exp(arg) - exp(-1 * arg)) / (exp(arg) + exp(-1 * arg))
tmu(j) = rkap * (yp - ypa * tanh)
If tmu(j) > rmut Then tmu(j) = rmut
Next j

End Sub

Private Function tkes(nnx As Integer, mmm As Integer, mest As Integer, dy As Single, dx As Single, _
Ue() As Single, u() As Single, v() As Single, cf() As Single) As Integer

Dim uss As Single, fm1 As Integer, j As Integer, yod As Single
Dim cdf As Single, xlmo As Single, xlmm As Single, y As Single
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Boundary Layer Analysis Toolkit
An Independent Study Report
Richard Getze

Dim yp As Single, tlm() As Single, stkm As Single, stkm1 As Single, deno As Single
Dim a() As Single, b() As Single, c() As Single, R() As Single
Dim tke() As Single

Const sigk = 1#
Const cd = 0.09

ReDim tke(mmm), tlm(mmm), a(mmm), b(mmm), c(mmm), R(mmm)

tke(mmm) = 0#
If ncon < 2 Then
uss = 0.5 * Ue(nnx) ^ 2 * cf(nnx - 1)
'Assume initial profile of K from fig. 7-20 in Schetz
fm1 = mest - 1
For j = 1 To mest
yod = (j - 1) / fm1
If yod < 0.001 Then
tke0(j) = 5500 * yod * uss
ElseIf yod < 0.12 Then
tke0(j) = 0.5 * uss * (7# - 3# / 0.099 * (yod - 0.11))
Else
tke0(j) = 0.5 * uss * (-7 / 0.9 * (yod - 1))
End If
Next j
End If

cdf = cd ^ 0.25
xlmo = 0.09 * (mest - 1) * dy

For j = 1 To mmm
y = (j - 1) * dy
yp = y * Ue(nnx) * Re * Sqr(0.5 * cf(nnx - 1))
xlmm = rkap * (1# - exp(-yp / 26)) * y
If xlmm > xlmo Then xlmm = xlmo
tlm(j) = xlmm * cdf
Next j

stkm = 0#
deno = sigk * dy ^ 2
b(1) = 1#
c(1) = 0
R(1) = 0
a(mmm) = 0
b(mmm) = 1
R(mmm) = tke(mmm)
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Boundary Layer Analysis Toolkit
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Richard Getze


For j = 2 To mmm - 1
stkm1 = stkm
If tke0(j) >= 0 Then
stkm = Sqr(tke0(j))
Else
MsgBox "Attempted square root of negative. Quitting."
tkes = -1
Exit Function
End If

a(j) = -0.5 * v(j, nnx - 1) / dy - stkm1 * tlm(j - 1) / deno
b(j) = u(j, nnx - 1) / dx + cd * stkm / tlm(j) + (stkm1 * tlm(j - 1) + stkm * tlm(j)) / deno
c(j) = -stkm * tlm(j) / deno + 0.5 * v(j, nnx - 1) / dy
R(j) = stkm * tlm(j) * (u(j + 1, nnx - 1) - u(j - 1, nnx - 1)) ^ 2 / (4 * dy ^ 2) + u(j, nnx - 1) * tke0(j) /
dx
Next j

tke = trid(mmm, a, b, c, R, tke)

tmu(1) = 0
For j = 2 To mmm
tmu(j) = Re * tlm(j) * Sqr(tke0(j))
Next j

For j = 1 To mmm
tke0(j) = tke(j)
Next j

tke0(1) = 0
tke0(mmm) = 0

End Function

Public Function trid(mm As Integer, a() As Single, b() As Single, c() As Single, R() As Single, S() As
Single) As Single()
'TDMA
Dim j As Integer, gam() As Single, rp() As Single, deno As Single

ReDim gam(UBound(S)), rp(UBound(S))
gam(1) = c(1) / b(1)
rp(1) = R(1) / b(1)
For j = 2 To mm
deno = b(j) - a(j) * gam(j - 1)
gam(j) = c(j) / deno
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Boundary Layer Analysis Toolkit
An Independent Study Report
Richard Getze

52
rp(j) = (R(j) - a(j) * rp(j - 1)) / deno
Next j

S(mm) = rp(mm)
For j = 1 To mm - 1
S(mm - j) = rp(mm - j) - gam(mm - j) * S(mm - j + 1)
Next j

trid = S

End Function