1.

Explain 5 factors that would affect the speed of a river (5m) The gradient of the river One of the factors that affect the speed of the river would be the gradient. The steeper the river , the faster the speed of the river. This is because the gravitational pull from the earth is stronger. Likewise, the gentler the gradient, the slower the speed of the river as the gravitational pull will be weaker Meandering of the river Meanders of the river affects will affect speed of the river. The more the river meanders while it travels, there will be more water crashing into the sides of the meanders which causes more friction between the water and the river banks. Thus slowing down the speed of the river. Hence, the lesser meanders there are,the less friction there is in the ow of the water and hence the speed is faster.Similarly, the more meanders there are,the more the friction and the slower the speed of the river. Wetted Perimeter The wetted perimeter affects the speed of the river. The wetted perimeter is the area which the river bed and the shore is in contact with the water . The larger the wetted perimeter is the slower the river gets . The smaller the wetted perimeter is , the faster the river is . A large wetted perimeter means that . This means a higher amount of friction which then slows the river . Thus , the wetted perimeter affects the speed of the river. Direction of wind The direction of the wind also affects the speed of the river. If the direction of the wind blows against the ow of the river, it would create friction against the surface of the river,it contributes to slowing down the river. However, if the wind blows in favor of the river ow, the ow of the river will be faster as the friction will push it faster. Temperature of the river Another one of the factors affecting the speed of the river would be the temperature. When the temperature of the river water is higher, the river would move faster as the molecules of the water in the river will be heated up. Thus, the heat energy will cause the river to move faster.

2. Explain 5 factors that would affect the volume of a river (5m) Size of drainage basin Size of the drainage basin affects the volume of water in the river. When there is a larger basin there is more surface area to collect rainwater so, the volume of the water in the river increases compared to a smaller drainage basin where there would be less rainwater collected. Presence of vegetation The presence of vegetation affects the volume of the river as when there is more vegetation that is in the way when the rainwater inltrates, it results in less surface run-off to the river, so the volume of water in the river is smaller or if there is lesser vegetation there would be surface run-off leading to an increase in the volume of water in the river. Permeability of rocks Climate (ambience temperature/rainfall) Climate of the area the river is in affects the volume of water in the river. When the river is in an area with more rainfall during that season, there will be a larger volume of water in the river rather than a river in a climate of less rainfall each season which would result in smaller volume of water in the river.Similarly, in hot weathers, more evaporation will take place as the temperature is higher and hence leaving the river with lesser volume of water Presence of rocks Presence of rocks underground affects the volume of water in the river. When the rocks underground are packed together under the soil, it will be difcult for the rainwater to inltrate into the ground thus it increases the amount of surface run-off to the river, which increases the volume of water in the river compared to river that is near an area with loosely packed rocks it would allow more surface runoff resulting in smaller volume of water in the river. Temperature of water Also, the temperature of the water itself causes affects the volume of the river. When the temperature of the water is higher, the water evaporates quickly thus leaving a smaller amount of water in the river itself. And, when the temperature of the water is cooler, the rate of evaporation is slower thus the volume will be higher.