Formula Sheet: Electricity and Magnetism

Coulombs law
2 , 1 2
2 , 1
2 1
2 , 1
r
r
q kq
F

=

Electric Fields
E q ) q on ( F
0 0

=
Field of a point charge r
r
kq
E
2

=
Principle of
superposition
Field from an
infinitesimal charge
element.
Field on either side of an
infinite charged plane
Discontinuity at the
surface of charged plane
Gausss law
Flux: defined:
} }
= =
S S
n net
dA E dA n E

|
Gausss Law:
enclosed net
kq t | 4 =

0
c
enclosed
q
=
Electric potential
r
kq
) r ( V =




potential from an infinitesimal
charge element.
Potential calculated from the electric
field

d E dV =
and
tan
E
d
dV
=

}
= = A
b
a
a b
d E V V V



Constants
e = 1.602 10
19
C
1eV = 1.602 10
19
J
m
e
= 9.11 10
31
kg
m
p
= 1.67 10
27
kg
k = 1/(4tc
o
) = 8.99 10
9
N m
2
/C
2

c
o
= 8.85 10
12
F/m ( or C
2
/N m
2
)

o
= 4t 10
7
T m/A
1 T = 10
4
G
g = 9.8 m/s
2

Differential area element: dA
dA = (circumference)x(thickness)
ring: dA = 2tr dr

Differential volume elements: dv
dv = (surface area)x(thickness)
thin sheet: dv = A dy
thin cylindrical shell: dv = 2trL dr
thin spherical shell: dv = 4tr
2
dr

r
r
kdq
E d
2

=
0
c
o
= AE

=
=
n
i
i net
E E
1

0
2c
o
= E
The force on charge 1
due to charge 2. The
unit vector points from
charge 2 to charge 1
r
kdq
dV =
The potential for a point
charge or outside a
spherically symmetric
charge distribution, with
V=0 at infinity.

Formula Sheet: Electricity and Magnetism

Potential Energy

V q U A = A
0

for q
0
moving through V

=
=
n
i
i
1
i
V q U ; for a group of point
charges bringing in each
charge sequentially

QV U
2
1
= for a conductor at potential V

Energy stored in a capacitor:
C
Q
QV CV U
2
2
1
2
1
2
2
1
= = =
Energy density of electric fields

2
0 2
1
E u c =
e


Capacitors
d
A
C : plate parallel
V
Q
C
0
= =

Capacitors in a circuit
parallel:

=
= + + =
n
i
i
C C C
1
2 1 equiv
C

series:

=
=
+ +
=
n
i i
C
C C
1
2 1
equiv
1
1
1 1
1
C

DC Circuits
d
qnAv
dt
dQ
= = =
t
Q
I
A
L
R =
Resistors in a circuit
series:

=
= + + =
n
1 i
i 2 1 equiv
R R R R
parallel:

=
=
+ +
=
n
i i
R
R R
1
2 1
equiv
1
1
1 1
1
R

Ohms Law
IR V =
Power dissipated in a resistor
R
V
R I IV P
2
2
= = =
Kirchhoffs rules
(1) at a junction: E I
in
= E I
out

(2) around a closed loop: EAV = 0
Time dependent circuits
(c is the battery emf)

charge on a capacitor:
You can derive I(t)and V(t) from Q(t)

( )
RC
RC
t
o
RC
t
e Q t Q
RC e C t Q
t
t
t c
/
/
) ( : g dischargin RC,
, 1 ) ( : charging RC,

=
= =

current through an inductive circuit:
You can derive V
R
(t) from I(t)
( )
LR
LR
t
o
LR
t
e I t I
R
L
e
R
t I
t
t
t
c
/
/
) ( : switch open RL,
, 1 ) ( : switch close RL,

=
= =













Formula Sheet: Electricity and Magnetism

Magnetic Force
B v q F
B

= [ ) ( B v E q F
Lorentz

+ = ]
B L I F B l Id F d
B

= =
Magnetic Torques on current loops
Magnetic moment: n NIA =

) sin(u t NIAB = B

= t
potential energy of a current loop
B U

=
Magnetic Fields
Law Savart Biot

4
book) in the not : charge (point

4
2
0
2
0

=
r
r l Id
B d
r
r v q
B

In the center of a single current loop of
radius R
R
I
B
o
loop
t
t
2
4
=
On the axis of a single current loop of
radius R
( )
2 / 3
2 2
2
2
4
) (
R x
I R
x B
o
loop
+
=
t
t

(x = 0 in the center)
Inside a long solenoid
B
x
=
0
nI (n is loops/m = N/L)
Due to a very long straight wire
r
I
B
2
4
0
t

=
Due to a short straight segment
) sin (sin
4
1 2
0
u u
t

=
r
I
B
Amperes Law
encircled
C
I l d B
0
=
}






Induction
(see previous page for LR circuits)

Flux in a single loop
) cos( u BA dA n B
S
B
= = u
}


Faradays law (for one loop)

dt
d
B
u
= c


Self inductance and self-induced emf

I
N
L
B
u
=
dt
dI
L = c
Mutual inductance and induced emf

2
12 1
1
21 2
I
N
I
N
M
u
=
u
=

dt
dI
M = c

Magnetic Energy

2
2
1
LI U
m
= stored in an inductor
0
2
2
1

B
u
m
= energy density in a B field