Drag on a Sphere and Settling Velocity

Drag One of basic concepts in Hydraulics and Fluid Mechanics Drag on a sphere A simple case No general theoretical solutions Still a challenging topic

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Drag on a Sphere

A
Sediment transport Sludge transport Air pollution Food processing

Applications

Water purification

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What is Drag?
Lift

Drag

Drag is a hydro-/aero-dynamic force that opposes an object's motion through a fluid

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Two kind of Drags

Pressure Drag Friction Drag

DP = P cos ds

D f = sin ds
4

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Two kind of Drags

Pressure Drag depends on the shape of the object, and also called Form Drag.

Friction Drag is related to the surface roughness and the boundary layer. It is also called Surface Drag.

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Drag Coefficient
Consider a flow with velocity V approaching an object

V a b
Stagnation point

Pb V2 = a f g 2g
Pressure head b = Velocity head a
(Bernoulli equation)

V A Dp = f

V2 2

* A* C p

Projected area normal to the flow

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Drag Coefficient
Drag FD =

V2 2

* A * CD
Drag Coefficient

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Force Balance (Simplified BBO Equation)

FD = C D
FB = g

D2
D3 D

w2
2

FD

FB

FW = p g

FW

FD + FB = FW

CD

D2

w 2
2

= ( p )g

D3

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Settling Velocity & Drag Coefficient

CD

D2

w 2
2

= ( p )g

D3

w=

4 gD 3 CD

CD =

4 gD 3 w2

Here = (p - )/

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General Relationship: CD ~ Re

CD Laminar BL
No inertial effect

Turbulent BL

2*105

Re = wD/v
10

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Theoretical Solution

For creeping flow (Re = wD/v <1)

CD = 24 Re

CD

1 D2 w= g 18

No inertial effect

1
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Re
11

Critical Re-Values Re < 1, No inertial effect, Creeping flow

Re = 25, Separation occurs, Stationary wake Re = 150, Unstable wake starts to shed periodically

Re > 2*105, Turbulent boundary layer, Wake size reduces, Drag sharply decreases

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Flow over a Circular Cylinder

Creeping Flow, Steady, Symmetric Streamlines

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(Van Dyke, 1982)

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Flow over a Circular Cylinder

Laminar Flow, Steady, Separated Flow

(Van Dyke, 1982)
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Flow over a Circular Cylinder

Laminar Flow, Steady, Separated Flow

(Van Dyke, 1982)
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Flow over a Circular Cylinder

Unsteady Transitional Flow, Karman Vortex Street

(Van Dyke, 1982)
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Flow over a Circular Cylinder

Unsteady, Turbulent Flow

(Van Dyke, 1982)
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Flow over a Circular Cylinder

Unsteady, Turbulent Flow

(Van Dyke, 1982)
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Settling Velocity of a Sphere

CD = 24 if Re < 1 Re

24 1 + C D = Re 0.45

Re 86

for Re < 1200 for Re = 1200 ~ 2 10 5

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Settling Velocity of a Sphere

1000000 Clift et al. (1978) 100000 10000 1000 CD 100 10 1 0.1
0.0001 0.01 1 100 10000 1000000

Computation

24 1 + C D = Re 0.45

Re 86

for Re < 1200 for Re = 1200 ~ 2 10 5

Re
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10

CD = f (Re)
4 gD wD ) = f( 2 3 w v
(Iteration needed for computing w)
1/ 3

3C D 2 Re 4

1/ 3

g = 2 D D*

Re = f ( D* ) w = f (D)
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For spherical particles

2 1 1 + 0.102 D* .5 1 21.5 D w= 1.72 gD

for D* < 80 for D* = 80 ~ 2400

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11

Settling Velocity of Naturally Worn Particles

32 2/3 C D = + 1 Re

3/ 2

For Stokes range, it reduces to

CD =

32 Re
23

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100000000 10000000 1000000 100000 CD 10000 1000 100 10 1 1E-07 1E-06 1E-05 0.0001 0.001 Experiment Computation

0.01 Re

0.1

10

100

1000

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24

12

10000 1000 100 10 Measurement Cheng (1997)

Re

1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001

0.00001 0.000001 0.0000001 0.01 0.1

w=

( 25 + 1.2 D*2 5)1.5

10 100 1000

D*
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Particle Concentration Effect on Settling Velocity

wm = (1 c) K w
wD 4 . 65 + 0 . 42 K = 0 . 75 wD 1 + 0 . 175
0 . 75

Wm = w if c = 0

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