Gravitational Blueshift and Redshift

generated at Laboratory Scale

Fran De Aquino
Maranhao State University, Physics Department, S.Luis/MA, Brazil.
Copyright 2012 by Fran De Aquino. All Rights Reserved.

In this paper we show that it is possible to produce gravitational blueshift and redshift at laboratory scale
by means of a device that can strongly intensify the local gravitational potential. Thus, by using this
device, it is possible to generate electromagnetic radiation of any frequency, from ELF radiation (f <
10Hz) up to high energy gamma-rays. In this case, several uses, such as medical imaging, radiotherapy
and radioisotope production for PET (positron emission tomography) scanning, could be realized. The
device is smaller and less costly than conventional sources of gamma rays.

Key words: Modified theories of gravity, Relativity and Gravitation, Gravitational Redshift and Blueshift.
PACS: 04.50.Kd, 95.30.Sf, 98.62.Py.


1. Introduction

It is known that electromagnetic
radiation is blueshifted when propagating
from a region of weaker gravitational field to
a region of stronger gravitational field. In this
case the radiation is blueshifted because it
gains energy during propagation. In the
contrary case, the radiation is redshifted. This
effect was predicted by Einsteins Relativity
Theory [1, 2] and was widely confirmed by
several experiments [3, 4]. It was first
confirmed in 1959 in the Pound and Rebka
experiment [3].
Here we show that it is possible to
produce gravitational blueshift and redshift at
laboratory scale by means of a device that
can strongly intensify the local gravitational
potential
*
[5]. Thus, by using this device, it is
possible to generate electromagnetic
radiation of any frequency, from ELF
radiation (f < 10Hz) up to high energy
gamma-rays. In this case, several uses, such
as in medical imaging, radiotherapy and
radioisotope production for PET (positron
emission tomography) scanning and others,
could be devised. The device is smaller and
less costly than conventional sources of
gamma rays.


*
De Aquino, F. (2008) Process and Device for Controlling
the Locally the Gravitational Mass and the Gravity
Acceleration, BR Patent Number: PI0805046-5, J uly 31,
2008.
2. Theory

From the quantization of gravity it
follows that the gravitational mass m
g
and
the inertial mass m
i
are correlated by means
of the following factor [5]:

( ) 1 1 1 2 1
2
0 0

+ = =
c m
p
m
m
i i
g

where is the rest inertial mass of the
particle and
0 i
m
p is the variation in the
particles kinetic momentum; is the speed
of light.
c
When p is produced by the
absorption of a photon with wavelength , it
is expressed by h p = . In this case, Eq.
(1) becomes
( ) 2 1 1 2 1
1 1 2 1
2
0
2
0
0

+ =

+ =

c m h
m
m
i
i
g
where c m h
i0 0
= is the De Broglie
wavelength for the particle with rest inertial
mass .
0 i
m
It has been shown that there is an
additional effect - Gravitational Shielding
2
effect - produced by a substance whose
gravitational mass was reduced or made
negative [6]. The effect extends beyond
substance (gravitational shielding) , up to a
certain distance from it (along the central
axis of gravitational shielding). This effect
shows that in this region the gravity
acceleration, , is reduced at the same
proportion, i.e.,
1
g
g g
1
1
= where
0
1
i g
m m = and is the gravity
acceleration before the gravitational
shielding). Consequently, after a second
gravitational shielding, the gravity will be
given by
g
g g g
2 1 1 2
2
= = , where
2
is
the value of the ratio
0 i g
m m for the second
gravitational shielding. In a generalized way,
we can write that after the nth gravitational
shielding the gravity, , will be given by
n
g

( ) 3 ...
3 2 1
g g
n
n
=

This possibility shows that, by means
of a battery of gravitational shieldings, we
can strongly intensify the gravitational
acceleration.
In order to measure the extension of
the shielding effect, samples were placed
above a superconducting disk with radius
, which was producing a
gravitational shielding. The effect has been
detected up to a distance of about 3m from
the disk (along the central axis of disk) [
m r
D
1375 . 0 =
7].
This means that the gravitational shielding
effect extends, beyond the disk by
approximately 20 times the disk radius.
From Electrodynamics we know that
when an electromagnetic wave with
frequency and velocity incides on a
material with relative permittivity
f c
r
,
relative magnetic permeability
r
and
electrical conductivity , its velocity is
reduced to
r
n c v = where is the index of
refraction of the material, given by [
r
n
8]

( ) ( ) 4 1 1
2
2

+ + = =

r r
r
v
c
n

If >> , f 2 = , Eq. (4) reduces to
( ) 5
4
0
f
n
r
r

=
Thus, the wavelength of the incident
radiation (See Fig. 1) becomes

( ) 6
4
mod

f n n
f c
f
v
r r
= = = =











Fig. 1 Modified Electromagnetic Wave. The
wavelength of the electromagnetic wave can be
strongly reduced, but its frequency remains the same.
v =c v =c/n
r
=c/f

mod
=v/f =c/n
r
f
n
r

If a lamina with thickness equal to
contains atoms/m n
3
,

then the number of
atoms per area unit is n . Thus, if the
electromagnetic radiation with frequency
incides on an area of the lamina it
reaches
f S
nS atoms. If it incides on the total
area of the lamina, , then the total number
of atoms reached by the radiation is
f
S

f
nS N = . The number of atoms per unit of
volume, , is given by n

( ) 7
0
A
N
n

=

where is the
Avogadros number;
kmole atoms N / 10 02 . 6
26
0
=
is the matter density
of the lamina (in kg/m
3
) and A is the molar
mass(kg/kmole).
When an electromagnetic wave incides
on the lamina, it strikes front atoms,
where
f
N
( )
m f f
S n N ,
m
is the diameter of
the atom. Thus, the electromagnetic wave
incides effectively on an area
m f
S N S= ,
where
2
4
1
m m
S = is the cross section area of
3
one atom. After these collisions, it carries out
with the other atoms (See Fig.2).
collisions
n










Fig. 2 Collisions inside the lamina.
atom
S
m
Wave


Thus, the total number of collisions in the
volume S is

( )
( ) 8

S n
S n S n S n n N N
m
m m l m l collisions f collisions
=
= + = + =


The power density, , of the radiation on the
lamina can be expressed by
D

( ) 9
m f
S N
P
S
P
D = =

We can express the total mean number
of collisions in each atom, , by means of
the following equation
1
n

( ) 10
1
N
N n
n
collisions photons total
=

Since in each collision a momentum h is
transferred to the atom, then the total
momentum transferred to the lamina will be
( ) h N n p
1
= . Therefore, in accordance
with Eq. (1), we can write that

( )
( )
( )
( ) 11 1 1 2 1
1 1 2 1
2
0
2
0
1
0

+ =
=

+ =

collisions photons total

l i
l g
N n
N n
m
m

Since Eq. (8) gives S n N
l collisions
= , we get
( ) (12
2
S n
hf
P
N n
l collisions photons total

= )

Substitution of Eq. (12) into Eq. (11) yields

( )
( )
( ) ( ) 13 1 1 2 1
2
0
2
0

+ =

S n
hf
P
m
m
l
l i
l g

Substitution of P given by Eq. (9) into Eq.
(13) gives

( )
( ) ( )
( ) 14 1
1
1 2 1
2
0
2
0

+ =

c m
S n
f
D S N
m
m
l i
l
m f
l i
l g

Substitution of ( )
m f l f
S n N and
m f
S N S =
into Eq. (14) results

( )
( ) ( )
( ) 15 1
1
1 2 1
2
2
0
2 2 2 3
0

+ =

cf m
D S S n
m
m
l i
m m f l
l i
l g

where
( ) ( ) ( ) l l l i
V m =
0
.
Now, considering that the lamina is
inside an ELF electromagnetic field with
E andB , then we can write that [9]

( )
( ) 16
2
0
2
c
E n
D
l r

=

Substitution of Eq. (16) into Eq. (15) gives

( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) 17 1
1
2
1 2 1
2
2 2
0 0
2 2 2 2 3
0

+ =


f c m
E S S n n
m
m
l i
m m f l l r
l i
l g

In the case in which the area is just the
area of the cross-section of the lamina
f
S
( )

S ,
we obtain from Eq. (17), considering that
( ) ( )


S m
l l i
=
0
, the following expression

4
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) 18 1
1
2
1 2 1
2
2 2
0
2 2 2 3
0

+ =

f c
E S S n n
m
m
l
m m l l r
l i
l g
According to Eq. (6) we have
( )
( ) 19
f n
c
f
v
l r
= = =
mod

Substitution of Eq. (19) into Eq. (18) gives

( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) 20 1
4
1 2 1
2 6 2 2
0
4 4 4 2 6 4
0

+ =
f c
E S S n n
m
m
l
m m
l l r
l i
l g

Note that t E E
m
sin = .The average value
for
2
E is equal to
2
2
1
m
E because E varies
sinusoidaly ( is the maximum value
for
m
E
E ). On the other hand, 2
m rms
E E = .
Consequently we can change
4
E by ,
and the equation above can be rewritten as
follows
4
rms
E
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) 21 1
4
1 2 1
2 6 2 2
0
4 4 4 2 6 4
0

+ =
= =
f c
E S S n n
m
m
l
rms m m
l l r
l i
l g

Now consider the Gravitational Shift

Device shown in Fig.3.
Inside the device there is a dielectric
tube ( 1
r
) with the following characteristics:
mm 60 = ,
2 3 2
10 83 . 2 4 m S

= =

.
Inside the tube there is an Aluminum sphere
with 30mm radius and mass
kg M
gs
30536 . 0 = . The tube is filled with air
at ambient temperature and 1atm. Thus,
inside the tube, the air density is
( ) 22 . 2 . 1
3
= m kg
air

The number of atoms of air (Nitrogen) per

unit of volume, , according to Eq.(7), is
given by
air
n

( ) 23 / 10 16 . 5
3 25 0
m atoms
A
N
n
N
air
air
= =


The parallel metallic plates (p),
shown in Fig.3 are subjected to different drop
voltages. The two sets of plates (D), placed
on the extremes of the tube, are subjected to
( )
V V
rms D
22 16. = at Hz f 1 = , while the central
set of plates (A) is subjected to
( )
V V
rms A
98 191. = at Hz f 1 = . Since mm d 98 = ,
then the intensity of the electric field, which
passes through the 36 cylindrical air laminas
(each one with 5mm thickness) of the two
sets (D), is

( ) ( )
m V d V E
rms D rms D
/ .53 165 = =

and the intensity of the electric field, which
passes through the 7 cylindrical air laminas
of the central set (A), is given by

( ) ( )
m V d V E
rms A rms A
/ .
3
10 959 1 = =

Note that the metallic rings (5mm
thickness) are positioned in such way to
block the electric field out of the cylindrical
air laminas. The objective is to turn each one
of these laminas into a Gravity Control Cells
(GCC) [10]. Thus, the system shown in Fig.
3 has 3 sets of GCC. Two with 18 GCC each,
and one with 19 GCC. The two sets with 18
GCC each are positioned at the extremes of
the tube (D). They work as gravitational
decelerator while the other set with 19 GCC
(A) works as a gravitational accelerator,
intensifying the gravity acceleration and the
gravitational potential produced by the mass
of the Aluminum sphere. According to
Eq. (3) the gravity, after the GCC
becomes
gs
M
th
19
2
1
19
19
r GM g
gs
= , and the
gravitational potential
1
19
r GM
gs
=
where
( ) ( ) l i l g
m m = is given by Eq. (21)
and mm r 35
1
= is the distance between the
center of the Aluminum sphere and the
surface of the first GCC of the set (A).
The objective of the sets (D), with 18
GCC each, is to reduce strongly the value of
the external gravity along the axis of the
tube. In this case, the value of the external
gravity, , is reduced by the factor ,
ext
g
ext d
g
18

5
where
2
10

=
d
. For example, if the base
BS of the system is positioned on the Earth
surface, then is reduced
to and, after the set A, it is increased
by . Since the system is designed for
2
/ 81 . 9 s m g
ext
=
ext d
g
18

19

5 . 308 = , then the gravity acceleration on

the sphere
becomes , this
value is much smaller than
2 12 18 19
/ 10 4 . 2 s m g
ext d

=
2 8 2
/ 10 26 . 2 s m r GM g
s gs sphere

= = .
The values of and
d
, according to
Eq. (21) are given by
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) 24 1 10 645 1 1 2 1
1
4
1 2 1
4 9
2 6 2 2
0
4 4 4 2 6 4

+ =
=

+ =

rms A
l
rms A
m m
l l r
E
f c
E S S n n
.

( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) 25 1 10 645 1 1 2 1
1
4
1 2 1
4 9
2 6 2 2
0
4 4 4 2 6 4

+ =
=

+ =

rms D
l
rms D
m m
l l r
d
E
f c
E S S n n
.

where
( )
1 =
r r air r
n , since ( ) <<

;
, ,
3 25
/ 10 16 . 5 m atoms n
air
= m
m
10
10 55 . 1

=
2 20 2
10 88 . 1 4 m S
m m

= = and Hz f 1 = .
Since and
, we get
( )
m V E
rms A
/ .
3
10 959 1 =
( )
m V E
rms D
/ .53 165 =

( ) 26 5 . 308 =

and

( ) 27 10
2

The electrical conductivity of air, inside the

dielectric tube, is equal to the electrical conductivity
of Earths atmosphere near the land, whose average
value is m S
air
/ 10 1
14
[11].
Then the gravitational acceleration
after the 19
th
gravitational shielding of the
set A (See Fig.3)

is

( ) 28
2
1
19
1
19
19
r GM g g
gs
= =

and the gravitational potential is

( ) 29
1
19
1
19
r GM
gs
= =

Thus, if photons with frequency are
emitted from a point 0 near the Earths
surface, where the gravitational potential is
0
f

r GM
0
(See photons source in
Fig.3), and these photons pass through the
region in front of the 19
th
gravitational
shielding, where the gravitational potential is
increased to the value expressed by Eq. (29)
then the frequency of the photons in this
region, according to Einsteins relativity
theory, becomes , where f f f + =
0
f is
given by

( ) 30
2
1
19
0
2
0
c
r GM r GM
f
c
f
gs
+
=

=



If 0 < , then and 0
19
<
0 > f (blueshift). Note that, if the number
of Gravitational Shieldings in the set A is
odd (
n
,... 7 , 5 , 3 , 1 = n ) then the result is
0 > f (blueshift). But, if is even
(
n
,... 8 , 6 , 4 , 2 = n ) and

> r M r M
gs
n
1
then
the result is 0 < f (redshift). Note that to
reduce down to it is
necessary that . This
precision is not easy to be obtained in
practice. On the other hand, if for example,
Hz f
14
0
10 = Hz f
11
10
Hz f
14
10 999 . 0 =

The gravitational shielding effect extends beyond the

gravitational shielding by approximately 20 times its
radius (along the central axis of the gravitational
shielding). [7] Here, this means that, in absence of the
set D (bottom of the device), the gravitational
shielding effect extends, beyond the 19
th
gravitational
shielding, by approximately 20 (/2) 600mm.

6

Hz f
14
0
10 = and then
i.e., the redshift is
negligible. However, the device can be
useful to generate ELF radiation by redshift.
For example, if
Hz f
10
10 =
Hz f f f
14
0
10 + =
GHz f 1
0
= , and 18 = n
15278521 . 95 = , then we obtain ELF
radiation with frequency . Radiation
of any frequency can be generated by
gravitational blueshift. For example, if
and then
. What means that a
light beam with frequency was
converted into a gamma-ray beam with
frequency . Similarly, if
and
Hz f 1
Hz f
14
0
10 = Hz f
18
10 + =
Hz f f f
18
0
10 + =
Hz
14
10
Hz
18
10 MHz f 1
0
=
MHz f 9 + = , then ,
and so on.
MHz f f f 10
0
+ =


















Now, consider the device shown in
Fig. 3, where 5 . 308 = , kg M
gs
30536 . 0 = ,
mm r 35
1
= . According to Eq. (30), it can
produce a given by f







( ) 31 10 6 . 3
22
2
1
19
Hz
c
r GM
f
gs

Thus, we get

( ) 32 10 6 . 3
22
0
Hz f f f + =



What means that the device is able to convert
any type of electromagnetic radiation
(frequency ) into a gamma-ray beam with
frequency . Thus, by controlling
the value of



0
f
Hz
22
10 6 . 3
and , it is possible to
generate radiation of any frequency.
0
f














7











































Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of the Gravitational Shift Device (Blueshift and Redshift) The device
can generate electromagnetic radiation of any frequency, since ELF radiation (f <10Hz) up to high energy gamma-rays.
E
=5 mm
Parallel plate capacitor (p)
1
2
17
18
1
2
18
19
1
2
17
18
=60mm
d =98 mm
M
g
Metallic ring
(5 mm thickness)
Electric field of capacitor
Aluminum sphere
(60 mm diameter)
Dielectric tube

r
1
A
D
D
E
D(rms)
E
A(rms)
Air
Air
Air
Air Air
1 atm300K

r
1
=35mm
Air
Air
Air
Photons Source
(frequency f
0
)
Photons Beam
(frequency f )
0
f
0
19
<

= r GM
0

1 1
, g
s s
g ,
r
s

0

f
Region with potential
1
19
=
2
1
19
0
2
0
c
r GM r GM
f
c
f
gs
+
=

=







8

References

[1] Misner, Charles W.; Thorne, Kip S.; Wheeler, J ohn
Archibald (1973-09-15 1973). Gravitation. San
Francisco: W. H. Freeman.

[2] Bonometto, Silvio; Gorini, Vittorio; Moschella, Ugo
(2002). Modern Cosmology. CRC Press.


[3] R.V. Pound and G.A. Rebka, J r. (1959) Gravitational
Red-Shift in Nuclear Resonance, Phys. Rev. Lett. 3 439
441.

[4] Vessot, R. F. C., et al., (1980) Test of Relativistic
Gravitation with a Space-Borne Hydrogen Maser.
Physical Review Letters 45 (26): 20812084.

[5] De Aquino, F. (2010) Mathematical Foundations of
the Relativistic Theory of Quantum Gravity, Pacific
J ournal of Science and Technology, 11 (1), pp. 173-
232.

[6] De Aquino, F. (2010) Gravity Control by means of
Electromagnetic Field through Gas at Ultra-Low
Pressure, Pacific J ournal of Science and Technology,
11(2) November 2010, pp.178-247, Physics/0701091.

[7] Modanese, G., (1996), Updating the Theoretical
Analysis of the Weak Gravitational Shielding
Experiment, supr-con/9601001v2.

[8] Quevedo, C. P. (1977) Eletromagnetismo, McGraw-
Hill, p. 270.

[9] Halliday, D. and Resnick, R. (1968) Physics, J. Willey
& Sons, Portuguese Version, Ed. USP, p.1124.

[10] De Aquino, F. (2010) Gravity Control by means of
Electromagnetic Field through Gas at Ultra-Low
Pressure, Pacific J ournal of Science and Technology,
11(2) November 2010, pp.178-247, Physics/0701091.

[11] Chalmers, J .A., (1967) Atmospheric Electricity,
Pergamon press, Oxford, London; Kamsali, N. et al.,
(2011) Advanced Air Pollution, chapter 20, DOI:
10.5772/17163, edited by Farhad Nejadkoorki, Publisher:
InTech, ISBN 978-953-307-511-2, under CC BY-NC-
SA 3.0 license.