An Introduction To CDMA Air Interface

An Introduction to CDMA Air Interface: TIA/EIA/IS-95A
Advanced Technology Center Computer & Communications Research Laboratories Industrial Technology Research Institute
Ray-Guang Cheng crg@atc.ccl.itri.org.tw
Contents
Introduction Forward CDMA Channel Reverse CDMA Channel
Chung-Wei Ku ATC/CCL/ITRI
CDMA Around the World
Multiple Access
FDMA
Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) and Total Access Communications System (TACS) AMPS systems use 30 kHz "slices" of spectrum for each channel Narrowband AMPS (NAMPS) requires only 10 kHz per channel TACS channels are 25 kHz wide
TDMA
IS-54 systems, designed to coexist with AMPS systems, divide 30 kHz of spectrum into three channels PDC divides 25 kHz slices of spectrum into three channels GSM systems create 8 time-division channels in 200 kHz wide carriers
Multiple Access
CDMA
unique digital codes are used to differentiate subscribers codes are shared by both MS and BS all users share the same range of radio spectrum
Benefits of CDMA:
Capacity increases: 8 to 10 times (AMPS); 4 to 5 times (GSM) Improved call quality Simplified system planning Enhanced privacy Improved coverage characteristics Increased talk time for portables Bandwidth on demand
CDMA
There are two CDMA common air interface standards:
Cellular (824-894 MHz) - TIA/EIA/IS-95A PCS (1850-1990 MHz) - ANSI J-STD-008
They are very similar in their features, with exceptions of the frequency plan, mobile identities, and related message fields. IS-95A
45 MHz spacing for forward & reverse channel Permissible frequency assignments are on 30 kHz increments W/R = 10 log (1.2288 MHz/9600Hz) = 21 dB for the 9600 bps rate set
ANSI J-STD-008
80 MHz spacing for forward & reverse channel Permissible frequency assignments are on 50 kHz increments
Frequency Plan of IS-95A
Frequency Plan of ANSI J-STD-008
Forward CDMA Channel of IS-95A

From BSS to MS It carries traffic, a pilot signal, and overhead information. Pilot is a spread but unmodulated DSSS signal. Pilot and overhead channels establish the system timing and station identity. Pilot channel is also used in the mobile-assisted handoff (MAHO) process as a signal strength reference. FEC code rate is 1/2 and the PN rate is 1.2288 MHz (1.2288 MHz = 128*9600 bps).
Forward Link Channel Parameters
Channel
Data rate Code repetition Modulation symbol rate PN chips/ modulation symbol PN chips/bit
Sync
1200 2 4800 256 1024
Paging
4800 2 9600 1 1200 8
Traffic
2400 4 4800 9600 bps 2 1
19,200 19,200 19,200 19,200 19,200 19,200 sps 64 256 64 128 64 1024 64 512 64 256 64 128
Signal Structure
The forward link consists of up to 64 logical channels (code channels). Code channels is one of a set of 64 so-called Walsh functions. Only whole periods of the Walsh functions occur in each code symbol, the Walsh makes the channels completely separable in the receiver. Each forward code channel is spread by the Short Code, which has I- and Q-components. The two coded, covered, and spread streams are vectormodulated on the RF carrier. The spreading modulation is thus QPSK, superimposed on a BPSK code symbol stream.
Overhead Channels
There are three types of overhead channel in the forward link:
pilot, is required in every station sync paging
Pilot channel
pure short code with no additional cover or information content always code channel zero a demodulation reference for the mobile receivers and for handoff level measurements carries no information all stations use the same short code, distinguished by the phase period of the short code, 215= 26.667 ms at the 1.2288 MHz chip rate
Overhead Channels
Pilot channel (Conti.)
pilot phases always be assigned to stations in multiples of 64 chips, giving a total of 215-6 = 512 possible assignments 9-bit number that identifies the pilot phase assignment is called the Pilot Offset
Sync Channel
sync channel carries timing and system configuration information data rate is always 1200 bps interleaver period is also 80/3 = 26.667 ms, simplifies finding frame boundaries, once the mobile has located the pilot code period ambiguity is then resolved by the long code state and system time fields
Overhead Channels
Paging channel
used to communicate with MSs when they are not assigned to a traffic channel successful accesses are normally followed by an assignment to a dedicated traffic channel paging channel may run at either 4800 or 9600 bps each BS must have at least one paging channel per sector, on at least one of the frequencies in use
Traffic Channel
Traffic channels
assigned dynamically, in response to MS accesses, to specific MS always carries data in 20 ms frames carry variable rate traffic frames, either 1, 1/2, 1/4, or 1/8 of 9600 bps rate variation is accomplished by 1, 2, 4, or 8-way repetition of code symbols, but the energy per bit approximately constant rate is independently variable in each 20 ms frame the 800 bps reverse link power control subchannel is carried on the traffic channel by puncturing 2 from every 24 symbols transmitted. all base stations must be synchronized within a few microseconds
Timing
Reverse CDMA Channel of IS-95

From MS to BSS It carries traffic and signaling information. FEC code rate is 1/3, the code symbol rate = 28,800 symbols/sec, 6 code symbols/modulation symbol, and the PN rate is 1.2288 MHz modulation is 64-ary orthogonal Walsh functions, each period of the Walsh function is repeated for four chips of the PN code Walsh symbol rate is 1.2288 MHz/(4 chips per Walsh chip)/(64 Walsh chips per Walsh symbol) = 4,800 modulation symbols/ second
Reverse CDMA Channel Parameters, Rate Set 1

Channel Access Traffic 1,200 2,400 4,800 9,600 bps 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 3,600 7,200 14,400 28,800 sps 8 4 2 1 28,800 28,800 28,800 28,800 sps 1/8 1/4 1/2 1 6 6 6 6 256 256 256 256 128 128 128 128
Data rate 4,800 Code Rate 1/3 Symbol Rate before Repetition 14,400 Symbol Repetition 2 Symbol Rate after Repetition 28,800 Transmit Duty Cycle 1 Code Symbols/Modulation Symbol 6 PN Chips/Modulation Symbol 256 PN chips transmitted/bit 256
Signal Structure
Reverse CDMA Channel consists of 2 42-1 logical channels One of the logical channel is permanently and uniquely associated with each MS. The channel does not change upon handoff. Reverse link addressing is accomplished through manipulation of period 2 42-1 Long Code, which is part of the spreading process. The reverse CDMA Channel does not use strict orthogonality in any sense to separate logical channels. Rather, it uses a very long period spreading code, in distinct phases. The correlations between stations are not zero, but they are acceptably small.
Handoff
CDMA is specifically designed not only to reduce handoff failures but also to provide seamless service.
Handoff
Steps in a handoff
Starting in a state where only one cell is supporting the call in question. Informing the candidate cell of the imminent handoff Signaling the mobile to begin executing the handoff. New cell beginning to service the mobile Mobile beginning to use the new cell Entering the mid-handoff state (prolonged only in CDMA) Mobile discontinuing use of the old cell Old cell stopping service to the mobile Ending in a state where the new cell is supporting the call in question
AMPS v.s. CDMA

Difference between AMPS & CDMA
CDMA handoffs do not normally require frequency tuning. CDMA requires change of the code channel in the forward CDMA channel. No tuning, either frequency or code channel is required in the reverse CDMA channel at any time.
AMPS
Hard handoff (communication is interrupted briefly) not simultaneous communication with more than one BS BS do the signal quality measurement
CDMA Protocol
Upper Layers (Primary Traffic) Layer 2 (Primary Traffic)
Upper Layers (Secondary Traffic) Layer 2 (Secondary Traffic)
Layer 3 (Mobile Station Control Processes)
Layer 2 (Signaling)
Multiplex Sublayer (Traffic Channel)
Layer 2 (Link Layer) Paging & Access Channels
Layer 2 Sync Channels
Layer 1 (Physical Layer)
Multiplex Option Information

Format Bits Transmit Rate (bps) Mixed Mode ( MM ) 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Traffic Type ( TT ) 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 Traffic Mode ( TM ) 00 01 10 11 00 01 10 11 Primary Traffic Bits/frame 171 80 40 16 0 80 40 16 0 80 40 6 Signaling Traffic Bits/frame 0 88 128 152 168 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Secondary Traffic Bits/frame 0 0 0 0 0 88 128 152 168 0 0 0
9600
4800 2400 1200
Primary and Signaling Traffic

172 bits 9600 bps Primary Traffic only
MM =0 TT =0 TT =0 TM =00 TM =01
Primary Traffic = 171 bits Primary Traffic = 80 bits Primary Traffic = 40 bits Signaling Traffic = 88 bits Signaling Traffic = 128 bits Signaling Traffic = 152 bits
Dim & Burst with rate 1/2 MM primary & signaling traffic =1 Dim & Burst with rate 1/4 primary & signaling traffic Dim & Burst with rate 1/8 primary & signaling traffic Blank & Burst with signaling traffic only
MM =1 MM =1 MM =1
TT TM Primary Traffic =0 =10 = 16 bits TT =0 TM =11
Signaling Traffic = 168 bits

80 bits
4800 bps primary traffic only 2400 bps primary traffic only 1200 bps Primary traffic only
Primary Traffic = 80 bits

40 bits

16 bits
Secondary Traffic
172 bits
Dim & Burst with rate MM 1/2 primary & =1 Secondary traffic Dim & Burst with rate MM 1/4 primary & =1 Secondary traffic Dim & Burst with rate MM 1/8 primary & =1 Secondary traffic
TT =1 TT =1
TM =00 TM =01
Primary Traffic = 80 bits Primary Traffic = 40 bits
Signaling Traffic = 88 bits Signaling Traffic = 128 bits
TT TM Primary Traffic =1 =10 = 16 bits TT =1 TM =11
MM Blank & Burst with Secondary traffic only =1
Sync Channel
Signaling on all channels use a synchronized bit-oriented protocol. Sync channel is used during the system acquisition stage. Sync channel frame length is the length of pilot PN sequence. Only the Sync Channel Message is sent on the sync channel. MS
obtains information from Sync Channel Message adjusts its timing to normal system timing begins monitoring its Paging Channel
Paging Channel
Data rate: 2400, 4800, 9600 bps One 9600 bps Paging Channel can support 180 pages/sec. Paging Channel conveys four major types of messages:
overhead paging order channel assignment
Configuration of the system is conveyed in four overhead messages:

System Parameter Message Access Parameter Message Neighbor List Message CDMA Channel List Message Advanced Technology Center
Computer & Communications Research Laboratories Industrial Technology Research Institute
Overhead Messages
System Parameter Message:
configuration of the Paging Channel registration parameters parameters to aid pilot acquisition
Access Parameter Message

configuration of the Access Channel control parameters used to stabilize the Access Channel
Neighbor List Message

time offset of the pilot basic neighbor configuration
CDMA Channel List Message

CDMA frequency assignment that contain Paging Channels
Paging Channel Messages

Page Message:
contains pages to one or more mobile stations.
Order Message:
a broad class of messages used to control a particular MS.
Channel Assignment Message:

let BS to assign a MS to the traffic channel change Paging Channel Assignment direct the MS to use the analog FM system
Access Channel
Access Channel provides communications from MS to BS when MS is not using a Traffic Channel. All Access Channel use 4800 bps mode Access Channel Message:
call origination response to pages orders registrations
One or more Access Channel are paired with every Paging Channel Control of Access Channel transmission is accomplished through the Access Parameter Message sent on the Paging Channel
Framing and Signaling on the Traffic Channel

Both forward & reverse Traffic Channels use 20 ms frames. Frames can be sent at 9600, 4800, 2400, or 1200 bps Signaling
blank-and-burst signaling: sent at 9600 bps replace one or more frames of primary traffic data dim-and-burst signaling: sent at 9600 bps sends both signaling and primary traffic data in a frame degradation in voice quality is essentially undetectable
Traffic Channel Messages & Service Option

Four types of control messages on the Traffic Channel
messages controlling the call itself messages controlling handoff messages controlling forward link power messages for security and authentication
IS-95 supports different user applications, called service options Two different service options can be simultaneous supported:
primary traffic secondary traffic
MS can specify the desired service option at call origination.

IS-95 Standard
Forward Link
Pilot Channel Sync Channel Paging Channels (max. 7) Traffic Channels
Power Control Sub-Channel
Reverse Link
Access Channels Traffic Channels
Forward CDMA Channel

Forward link consists of up to 64 logical channels (code channels) The code channels are distinguished by a set of 64 Walsh functions Walsh function code number zero is always reserved as the pilot Short Code (with period 215, 27.667 ms at 1.2288 MHz)
spreading the CDMA Forward Channel used in conjunction with the Long Code for spreading the CDMA Reverse Channel
Long Code (with period 242 - 1)

spreading the CDMA Reverse Channel Long Code Mask serves as a reverse link address
Generation of Forward Code Channel
Forward Channel Modulator (Spreading)

Identical I, Q signals; but different I, Q PN sequences (short code) Transmitted power is reduced by 3, 6, or 9 dB for variable data rates at 9.6 k, 4.8 k, 2.4 k, and 1.2 kbps QPSK modulation
Forward Link Modulation Parameters

64 othoronal Walsh codes per sector to identify channels
(S/N is not infinite due to AWGN, multipath, and the neighboring cell)
Long code (period 2 42 -1) to scramble data DS at 1.2288 Mcps Every cell uses the same PN sequence (period 2 15 or 26.67ms) and is identified by a pre-defined offset (64 x n chips) Coherent QPSK demodulation Diversity
time diversity: coding + interleaving path diversity: soft handoff and RAKE receiver
Logical Forward CDMA Channel
Forward CDMA Channel
Pilot Chan W0
Sync Paging Chan Ch 1 W32 W1
...
Up to
Paging Traffic Ch 7 Ch 1 W7 W8
...
Traffic Ch N
...
Up to
Traffic Traffic Ch 24 Ch 25 W31 W33
...
Up to
Traffic Ch 55 W63
Traffic Data
Mobile Power Control Sub-Channel
Pilot Channel
Unmodulated signal Unique per sector/cell Signal level is 4~6 dB higher than traffic channel Perfect phase/time/signal strength reference for MS Used in initial system acquisition and handoff for MS
Walsh Function W0 Pilot Channel (All 0s)
PN Chips 1.2288 Mcps
Sync Channel
1200 bps To convey pilot PN sequence offset, time of day, and long code state to allow immediate sync of MS to the network
Walsh Function W32 Sync Convolutional Channel Encoder 1.2 kbps R=1/2, K=9 Bits Code Symbol 2.4 ksps Modulation Symbol 4.8 ksps Modulation Symbol 4.8 ksps PN Chips 1.2288 Mcps
Symbol Repetition
Block Interleaver
Sync Channel Frame Structure

Sync channel message has length of 93 x N bits
Message Length (in bytes) 8 bits Data N MSG = 2 ~ 1146 bits CRC 30 bits Padding = 000...
Sent in N superframes:
1 superframe (96 bits, 80 ms) = 3 sync channel frames 1 frame (32 bits, 26.67 ms) = 1-bit SOM + 31-bit data SOM = 1 : start of message
Message contains:
system identification (SID) and network identification (NID) PN sequence offset and long code state system time, leap seconds, offset from UTC, etc. Advanced Technology Center Chung-Wei Ku paging channel data rate Computer & Communications Research Laboratories
Industrial Technology Research Institute
ATC/CCL/ITRI
Paging Channels
4.8 k or 9.6 k bps Same time alignment as the traffic channels To page MS and to process other orders
Code Symbol 9.6 ksps or 19.2 ksps Long Code Mask for Paging Channel p
Walsh Function Wp 1p7 Modulation Symbol 19.2 ksps 19.2 ksps PN Chips 1.2288 Mcps
Paging Convolutional Channel Encoder Bits 4.8 kbps R=1/2, K=9 or 9.6 kbps
Symbol Repetition
Modulation Symbol 19.2 ksps
Block Interleaver
19.2 ksps Long Code Generator Decimator 1.2288 Mcps
Paging Channel Frame Structure

Synchronized paging channel message has length of 47 x N or 95 x N bits
Sent in N paging channel slots:

1 slot (80 ms) = 8 paging channel half-frames 1 half-frame (10 ms, 48 or 96 bits) = 1-bit SCI + 47 (or 95)-bit data SCI = 1 : start of a paging channel message
Message contains:
system parameters access parameter (for access channel) channel assignment TMSI (temporary MS identification) assignment
Forward Traffic Channels

9.6, 4.8, 2.4, or 1.2 k bps; 20 ms frames Rate can be changed every frame
Forward Traffic Channel Information Bits for User m (172, 80, 40 or 16 bits/frame) Add Frame Quality Indicator for 9600 & 8.6 kbps 4.0 kbps 4800 bps Rates 2.0 kbps 0.8 kbps Add 8-bit Encoder Tail Convolutional Encoder R=1/2, K=9 Symbol Repetition
9.2 kbps 4.4 kbps 2.0 kbps 0.8 kbps
Modulation Symbol 19.2 ksps Long Code Mask for Paging Channel p Block Interleaver Long Code Generator
Modulation Symbol 19.2 ksps
Power Control 800 bps Bits 19.2 ksps
PN Chips 1.2288 Mcps MUX Walsh Function Wm Chung-Wei Ku ATC/CCL/ITRI
Decimator 1.2288 Mcps
Decimator 800 Hz
Forward Traffic Channel Frame Structure

9600 bps Frame 192 bits (20 ms) 172 information bits 4800 bps Frame 96 bits (20 ms) 80 information bits 2400 bps Frame 48 bits (20 ms) 40 information bits 1200 bps Frame 24 bits (20 ms) 16 information bits F: Frame Quality Indicator (CRC) T: Encoder Tail Bits Advanced Technology Center
Computer & Communications Research Laboratories Industrial Technology Research Institute
12 F
8 T
8 F
8 T
8 F
8 T
8 F
8 T
Forward Traffic Channel Frame Structure

For signaling
Logical Reverse CDMA Channel
Reverse CDMA Channel
Access Ch 1
...
n 32
Access Ch n
Traffic Ch 1
m 62
Traffic Ch m
Address by Long Code PNs
Access Channels
To access the system, respond the page, make call origination and process other messages between the MS and the BS 4.8 kbps slotted random access channel MS is identified by orthogonal of long code
Access Channel Information Bits 4.4 (88 bits/frame) kbps Add 8-bit Encoder Tail Code Convolutional Symbol Encoder 4.8 R=1/3, K=9 14.4 kbps ksps 64-ary Orthogonal Modulator 4.8 ksps Modulator Symbol (Walsh chip) PN Chips 1.2288 Mcps Long Code Generator Symbol Repetition Code Symbol 28.8 ksps Block Interleaver Code Symbol 28.8 ksps
Long Code Mask
Long code mask contents
41
110001111
33 32
28 27
25 24
Access Channel Paging Channel Base Station Number Number Identification
Pilot Offset for the Forward Channel
41
1100011000
32 31
Access Channel Long Code Mask

Permuted ESN
Reverse Traffic Channel Public Long Code Mask ESN=(E31, E30, E29, E28, E27, E26, E25, , E2, E1, E0) Permuted ESN=(E0, E31, E22, E13, E4, E26, E17, E8, E30, E21, E12, E3, E25, E16, E7, E29, E20, E11, E2, E24, E15, E6, E28, E19, E10, E1, E23, E14, E5, E27, E18, E9)
Access Channel
Is used by the MS to initiate communication with the BS & to respond to Paging Channel message Fixed data rate (4800 bps) & 20 ms frame duration Access Channel Message may carry Origination of a call Paging responses Orders response Data bursts Acknowledgements to Paging Channel message Registration Access Channel Basic frame structure 96 bits (20 ms)
Information Bits = 88 bits
Encoder Tail 8 bits Chung-Wei Ku ATC/CCL/ITRI
Access Channel Frame Structure

Access channel message has length of 88 x N bits
Access channel slot is as

96 x (4+PAM_SZ+MAX_CAP_SZ) bits
Access Channel Preamble = 000000 96 x (1+PAM_SZ) bits Access Channel Frame 96 bits
...
Access Channel Frame 96 bits
Access channel frame = 88-bits + 8-bit tail bits (all 0s) The value of PAM_SZ and MAX_CAP_SZ are received on the paging channel
Access Channel Slot Structure

Is (3+MAX_CAP_SZ)+(1+PAM_SZ) Access Channel frames in length An Access Channel slot begins & ends on an Access Channel frame boundary. Access Channel slots begin at Access Channel frames in which t mod (4+MAX_CAP_SZ+PAM_SZ)=0 & t: system time in frames Access Slot n Access Channel Slot Structure
Access Transmission Max Length
Access Slot n+1
Access Slot n+2
Access channel slot of five 20 ms Access Channel frames
Preamble
Max Capsule Size
Access Slot Boundary

20 ms Access channel frame Chung-Wei Ku ATC/CCL/ITRI
Access Channel Structure

0.02 (4+PAM_SZ+MAX_CAP_SZ) sec = 96 (4+PAM_SZ+MAX_CAP_SZ) bits
Access Channel Slot

20 ms = 96 bits
AC Frame
AC Frame
AC Frame AC T Body
AC Frame
AC Frame
1+ PAM_SZ frame=96 (1+ PAM_SZ)bits
Nf frames=96 Nf bits
Access Channel Preamble
AC T AC T Body Body
88 Nf bits
Access Channel Message Capsule

8 MSG_Length bits As Required
Access Channel Message
Padding 30 bits CRC
AC frame = Access Channel frame Nf :: Number of Access Channel frames needed for message transmission T :: Encoder Tail bits
8 bits MSG Length
2~842 bits Message Body
Access Channel field (MSG_Length & CRC)

Access Channel Message 8 bits MSG Length 2~842 bits Message Body
Padding 30 bits CRC
Access Channel field (MSG_Length & CRC)
The CRC includes the MSG_Length & the message body. The generator polynomial for the CRC is::
g(x)=X30+X29+X21+X20+X15+X13+X12+X11+X8+X7+X6+X2+1
The MS set the field of to the length of the message in octets, including the MSG_Length, the message body & the CRC. The field shall be 8 bits in length, & the MS shall limit the maximum Access Channel length to 110 octets or 880 bits
Access Channel field (Message Body)

Padding 30 bits CRC
Message Type
Common Layer 2 & Common Authentication Identification field field
Reserved or others as needed
Registration Message = 00000001 Order Message = 00000010 Data Burst Message = 00000011 Origination Message = 00000110 Page Response Message = 00000101 Authentication Challenge Response Message = 00000110

Padding 30 bits CRC
Message Type
8 fields
ACK_SEQ:: Acknowledgement Sequence Number ACK_REQ:: Acknowledgement Required Indicator ACK_TYPE:: Acknowledgement Address Type MSID_LEN:: MS Identifier field length MSG_SEQ:: Message Sequence Number VALID_ACK:: Valid Acknowledgement Indicator MSID_TYPE:: MS Identifier field type MSID:: MS Identifier

Padding 30 bits CRC
Message Type
AUTH_MODE: Authentication mode AUTHR: Authentication data RANDC: Random Challenge value COUNT: Call history parameter
4 fields
Access Channel field: Registration Message

Padding 30 bits CRC
Access Channel field Registration Message

REG_TYPE SLOT_CYCLE MOB_P_REV SCM (4 bits) INDEX(3 bits) (8 bits) (8 bits) MOB_TERM (1 bits) Reserved (6 bits)
Registration Message
Message Type Common Layer 2 & Common Authentication Identification field field Reserved or others as needed
AUTH_MODE AUTHR RANDC COUNT (2 bits) (0 or 18 bits) (0 or 8 bits) (0 or 6 bits)
00000001
ACK_SEQ (3 bits) MSG_SEQ (3 bits)
ACK_REQ VALID_ACK ACK_TYPE MSID_TYPE MSID_LEN MSID (1 bits) (1 bits) (3 bits) (3 bits) (4 bits) (8MSID_LEN)
Access Channel field: Order Message

Padding 30 bits CRC

Reversed (2 bits)
Access Channel field Order Message

Order (6 bits) Order-specific ADDR_ Reserved field if used RECORD_LEN (5 bits) (8 Add_record_len bits) (3 bits)
Order Message
00000010
Does NOT have This Field

Access Channel field: Data Burst Message

Padding 30 bits CRC

MSG_ NUMBER (8 bits)
Access Channel field Data Burst Message
Burst_TYPE NUM_MSGS SNUM_FIELD (6 bits) (8 bits) (8 bits)
CHARi (8 bits)
Data Burst Message

00000011
Access Channel field: Origination Message

Padding 30 bits CRC
Access Channel field Origination Message

1 (1 bits) 2 (3 bits) 3 (8 bits) 4 (8 bits) 5 (3 bits) 6 (1 bits) 7 (0 or 16 bits) 8 (1 bits) 9 (1 bits) 10 (0 o 3 bits) 11 (0 or 4 bits) 12 (1 bits) 13 (8 bits) 14 (4 or 8 bits) 15 (1 bits) 16 (0~7 bits)
Origination Message
Message Type Common Layer 2 & Common Authentication Identification field field
NUM_FIELDS occurrences of this field

00000100
1:: MOB_TERM 2::SLOT_CYCLE_INDEX 3::MOB_P_REV 4::SCM 5::REQUEST_MODE 6::SPECIAL_SERVICE 7::SERVICE_OPATION 8::PM 9:DIGIT_MODE 10::NUMBER_TYPE 11::NUMBER_PLAN 12::MORE_FIELDS 13::NUM_FIELDS 14::CHARi 15::NAR_AN_CAP 16::RESERVED
Access Channel field: Page Response Message

Padding 30 bits
MOB_ TERM (1 bits)
Access Channel field Page Response Message

SLOT_CYCLE INDEX (3 bits) RESERVED (5 bits) REQUEST_ MODE (3 bits) SERVICE_ OPTION (16 bits) NAR_AN _CAP (1 bits) MOB_ P_REV (8 bits) SCM (8 bits) PM (1 bits)
CRC
Page Response Message

AUTH_MODE AUTHR RANDC COUNT (2 bits) (0 or 18 bits) (0 or 8 bits) (0 or 6 bits) MSG_SEQ (3 bits) ACK_REQ VALID_ACK ACK_TYPE MSID_TYPE MSID_LEN MSID (1 bits) (1 bits) (3 bits) (3 bits) (4 bits) (8MSID_LEN)
00000101
ACK_SEQ (3 bits)
Access Channel field: Authentication Challenge Response Message

Padding 30 bits CRC
Access Channel field Authentication Challenge Response Message
RESERVED (4 bits)
Authentication Challenge Response Message

RESERVED AUTHR (2 bits) (0 or 18 bits) MSG_SEQ (3 bits) ACK_REQ VALID_ACK ACK_TYPE MSID_TYPE MSID_LEN MSID (1 bits) (1 bits) (3 bits) (3 bits) (4 bits) (8MSID_LEN)
00000110
ACK_SEQ (3 bits)
Reverse Traffic Channels

Variable data rates and format are as forward traffic channel. But transmission duty cycle is reduced accordingly. (Bits are not repeated on this channel.) Message format is identical to the forward traffic channel.
Code Add Frame Reverse Traffic Symbol Convolutional Add 8-bit Symbol Quality Indicator Channel Encoder Encoder for 9600 & Information Bits 8.6 kbps 28.8 ksps Repetition 9.2 kbps 9.6 kbps R=1/3, K=9 Tail (172, 80, 40 or 4.0 kbps 4800 bps Rates 14.4 ksps 4.4 kbps 4.8 kbps 16 bits/frame) 2.0 kbps 7.2 ksps 2.0 kbps 2.4 kbps 3.6 ksps 0.8 kbps 0.8 kbps 1.2 kbps Code Modulation Frame Data Rate Symbol PN Chips Code Symbol 64-ary 1.2288 Mcps Symbol (Walsh chip) Data Burst 28.8 ksps Block Orthogonal Randomizer Interleaver 28.8 ksps Modulator 4.8 ksps Long Code (307.2 kcps) Mask Long Code Generator
Reverse CDMA Channel Signal Generation
Reverse Channel Modulator (Spreading)

Identical I, Q signals; but different I, Q PN sequences (long code + short code) OQPSK modulation
Reverse Link Modulation Parameters

20 ms interleaver for time diversity Orthogonal 64-ary Walsh modulation symbols Long code of period 2 42 -1 (for channel identification) concatenated with PN codes of length 2 15. Noncoherent OQPSK Diversity
time diversity: coding + interleaving path diversity: RAKE receiver spatial diversity: 2 Rx antennas (4 Rx antennas available during handoff)
Reverse Channel Demodulation

System with 4 fingers and 8 searchers
Antenna A Antenna B
Nocoherent Maximal Ratio Combining
Soft Decisions to Viterbi Decoder

Signaling Flow of Registration Process

MS notifies BS of its presence (location, status, identification, etc.) in the system IS-95 supports the following registration types:
power-up registration power-down registration timer-based registration distance-based registration zone-based registration parameter-change registration ordered registration implicit registration
Signaling Flow of Registration Process

MS
Register Determination Global Challenge Register Validate RAND ISDN REGISTER REGISTER
BS
MSC
New VLR
HLR
Old VLR
IS-41 REGNOT Database Update IS-41 REGCANC Confirm
ISDN REGISTER Register Confirm

REGISTER Response
REGNOT Response
Initialization and Call Processing of MS

Acquires the pilot channel Receives the sync channel with sync channel message Adjust to system timing Receives the paging channel message Sends origination message (also registration) on the access channel Receives channel assignment message on the paging channel Initializes the traffic channel Enters conversion substate

An Introduction To CDMA Air Interface

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An Introduction to CDMA Air Interface: TIA/EIA/IS-95A

CDMA Around the World

Frequency Plan of IS-95A

Frequency Plan of ANSI J-STD-008

Forward CDMA Channel of IS-95A

Forward Link Channel Parameters

Reverse CDMA Channel of IS-95

Reverse CDMA Channel Parameters, Rate Set 1

AMPS v.s. CDMA

Upper Layers (Primary Traffic) Layer 2 (Primary Traffic)

Upper Layers (Secondary Traffic) Layer 2 (Secondary Traffic)

Layer 3 (Mobile Station Control Processes)

Multiplex Sublayer (Traffic Channel)

Layer 2 (Link Layer) Paging & Access Channels

Layer 2 Sync Channels

Layer 1 (Physical Layer)

Multiplex Option Information

4800 2400 1200

Primary and Signaling Traffic

TT TM Primary Traffic =0 =10 = 16 bits TT =0 TM =11

Signaling Traffic = 168 bits

Primary Traffic = 80 bits

Primary Traffic = 40 bits

Primary Traffic = 16 bits

Primary Traffic = 80 bits Primary Traffic = 40 bits

Signaling Traffic = 88 bits Signaling Traffic = 128 bits

TT TM Primary Traffic =1 =10 = 16 bits TT =1 TM =11

Signaling Traffic = 152 bits

MM Blank & Burst with Secondary traffic only =1

Signaling Traffic = 168 bits

Configuration of the system is conveyed in four overhead messages:

Access Parameter Message

Neighbor List Message

CDMA Channel List Message

Paging Channel Messages

Channel Assignment Message:

Framing and Signaling on the Traffic Channel

Traffic Channel Messages & Service Option

MS can specify the desired service option at call origination.

Forward CDMA Channel

Long Code (with period 242 - 1)

Generation of Forward Code Channel

Forward Channel Modulator (Spreading)

Forward Link Modulation Parameters

Logical Forward CDMA Channel

Forward CDMA Channel

Sync Paging Chan Ch 1 W32 W1

Traffic Traffic Ch 24 Ch 25 W31 W33

Mobile Power Control Sub-Channel

PN Chips 1.2288 Mcps

Sync Channel Frame Structure

Modulation Symbol 19.2 ksps

19.2 ksps Long Code Generator Decimator 1.2288 Mcps

Paging Channel Frame Structure

Sent in N paging channel slots:

Forward Traffic Channels

9.2 kbps 4.4 kbps 2.0 kbps 0.8 kbps

9.6 kbps 4.8 kbps 2.4 kbps 1.2 kbps

19.2 kbps 9.6 kbps 4.8 kbps 2.4 kbps

Modulation Symbol 19.2 ksps

Power Control 800 bps Bits 19.2 ksps

PN Chips 1.2288 Mcps MUX Walsh Function Wm Chung-Wei Ku ATC/CCL/ITRI

Decimator 1.2288 Mcps