Harmony

In music, harmony is the use of simultaneous pitches (tones, notes), or chords. The study of harmony involves chords and their construction and chord progressions and the principles of connection that govern them. Harmony is often said to refer to the "vertical" aspect of music, as distinguished from melodic line, or the "horizontal" aspect. Counterpoint, which refers to the interweaving of melodic lines, and polyphony, which refers to the relationship of separate independent voices, is thus sometimes distinguished from harmony.

Monophonic Literally meaning "one sound," monophonic texture (noun: monophony) describes music consisting of a single melodic line. Whether it is sung/played by one person or many, as long as the same notes and rhythms are being performed, monophonic texture results Where might you encounter monophonic texture?

Texture
One definition of texture refers to a "structure of interwoven fibers." In music, texture refers to the way multiple voices (or instruments) interact in a composition. One may also think of texture as a description of musical hierarchy: which voice is most prominent? Are all the voices equal?

Unison singing at a religious service "Happy Birthday" at a birthday party A lone bugle playing "Taps" The singing of "The Star-Spangled Banner" at a baseball game A composition for solo flute

A graphic representation of monophony may look like this:

Types of Texture in Music

Although there are multiple ways of describing texture in music, we will focus on four particular types:

Polyphonic Polyphonic texture ("many sounds;" noun: polyphony) describes a musical texture in which two or more melodic lines of relatively equal importance are performed simultaneously. This is a fairly complex style which served as a proving ground for composers from around 1500-1800. It is important to note that a group of singers are required in polyphonic music, but polyphony can be performed on

Monophonic Polyphonic Homophonic Heterophonic

some instruments-such as the piano, organ, and guitar-by a single musician. Related terms include counterpoint and imitation.

made up of voices that move in counterpoint to each other. The important aspect is that the chords are subservient to the melody. Where might one encounter homophonic texture?

Where might one encounter polyphonic texture?

Vocal and instrumental music from the Renaissance through the Baroque Music for large instrumental ensembles Religious choral music A round or canon

Most popular music styles (rock, folk, country, jazz, etc.) Accompanied vocal music from the Middle Ages to the present Hymn singing during a religious service

Here's that tune again, performed in a homophonic style. Here's the tune from the monophonic example, but performed in a polyphonic style. Note the imitation effect as each voice enters with the same melody, but entering at different times. (You should hear three voices.) A graphic representation of polyphony may look like this: Note how the chords supply rhythmic support and harmony, but it's the melody that remains supreme. A graphic representation of homophony may look like this:

Heterophonic Heterophonic texture is rarely encountered in western music. It consists of a single melody, performed by two or more musicians, with slight or not-so-slight variations from performer to performer. These variations usually result from ornamentation being added spontaneously by the performers. Heterophony is mostly found in the music of

Homophonic Homophonic (or homophony) is the texture we encounter most often. It consists of a single, dominating melody that is accompanied by chords. Sometimes the chords move at the same rhythm as the melody; other times the chords are

nonwestern cultures such as Native American, Middle Eastern, and South African.

musically identical that repeat are called rounds "Row, Row, Row Your Boat" and "Frre Jacques" being widely known examples.

A graphic representation of heterophony may look like this: Types of canon The most rigid and ingenious forms of canon are not strictly concerned with pattern but also with content. Canons are classified by various traits: the number of voices, the interval at which each successive voice is transposed in relation to the preceding voice, whether voices are inverse, retrograde, or retrograde-inverse; the temporal distance between each voice, Rounds whether the intervals of the second voice are exactly those of A round is a musical composition in which two or more the original or if they are adjusted to fit the diatonic scale, and voices sing exactly the same melody (and may continue the tempo of successive voices. However, canons may use repeating it indefinitely), but with each voice beginning at more than one of the above methods. different times so that different parts of the melody coincide in the different voices, but nevertheless fit harmoniously together. It is one of the easiest forms of part singing, as only one line of melody need be learned by all parts, and is part of a popular musical tradition. They were particularly favored in glee clubs, which combined amateur singing with regular drinking. ASSIGNMENT IN

Canons
In music, a canon is a contrapuntal composition that employs a melody with one or more imitations of the melody played after a given duration (e.g., quarter rest, one measure, etc.). The initial melody is called the leader (or dux), while the imitative melody, which is played in a different voice, is called the follower (or comes). The follower must imitate the leader, either as an exact replication of its rhythms and intervals or some transformation thereof (see "Types of canon", below). Repeating canons in which all voices are

MAPEH-MUSIC ALVIN PATRICK C. ASIS I-SAMPAGUITA SIR DAVID