TH 8670

A STUDY ON DECISION MAKING PATTERN OF URBAN WORKING AND NON-WORKING WOMEN IN HOME ACTIVITIES IN DHARWAD DISTRICT OF KARNATAKA STATE
Thesis submitted to the University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of
Master of Home Science In EXTENSION AND COMMUNICATION MANAGEMENT
By RANGALATA KHANDAI
DEPARTMENT OF EXTENSION AND COMMUNICATION MANAGEMENT COLLEGE OF RURAL HOME SCIENCE, DHARWAD UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, DHARWAD - 580 005 JULY, 2006
ADVISORY COMMITTEE
DHARWAD JULY, 2006 Approved by : Chairman :
(UMA S. HIREMATH) MAJOR ADVISOR
____________________________ (UMA S. HIREMATH)
Members :
1. _____________________________ (CHHAYA BADIGER)
2. _____________________________ (GANGA YENAGI)
3. _____________________________ (ASHALATHA K. V.)
4. _____________________________ (D. A. NITHYASHREE)
CONTENTS
Chapter No.
Title
Page No.
INTRODUCTION
II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
III
METHODOLOGY
IV
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
VI
SUMMARY
VII
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
LIST OF TABLES
Table No. 1 1.1 2
Title Employment details of working women Distribution of respondents according to their profession Delineation of areas of decision making of the respondent in home activities Decision making pattern of the respondents in children affairs Decision making pattern of the respondents in personal affairs Decision making pattern of the respondents in household affairs Socio-personal characteristics of the respondents Relationship between the independent variables and decision making pattern of the respondents Constraints faced by the respondents List of activities where in respondents get cooperation Occupational constraints faced by the working women Adoption of stress management techniques by the respondents Physical stress respondents Mental stress respondents management techniques adopted by the
Page No.
3 3.1 3.2 4 4.1
5 5.1 5.2 6 6.1
6.2
management
techniques
adopted
by
the
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure No. 1.
Title
Between pages
Map of Dharwad District showing the selected area for the study
28-29
2.
Conceptual framework
3.
Decision making pattern of the working and non-working women in children affairs
4.
Decision making pattern of the working and non-working women in personal affairs
5.
Decision making pattern of the working and non-working women in household affairs
6.
Constraints faced by the working and non-working women
7.
Occupational constraints faced by the working women
LIST OF APPENDIX
Appendix No.
Title
Page No.
I.
Interview schedule
I. INTRODUCTION
The constitution of India has guaranteed the right of equality to all its citizens irrespective of their sex, caste, creed and religion. Indian democracy, right from the days of independence, has been thriving on these basic principles for the last more than five decades. The national movement under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi was one of the first attempts to draw Indian women out of the restricted circles of domestic life into equal role with men. Writing in Young Indian in 1918, Gandhiji said, woman is the companion of man gifted with equal mental capacities. She has the right to participate in the minutest details of the activities of man. She has the same right of freedom and liberty as he. As the clock ticks off to the close of the twentieth century and as the world zooms into the great expectations of the twenty first century, there is still the primitive world of millions of women labourers in India and in the developing world struggling and staying a float, unrecognized, unrewarded and unsung, for the tedious and laborious work they put in (Nair, 1995). India is a country of great tradition, where social customs and norms exert a firm grip over the behavioural patterns of individuals. Women constitute one of the most important and dynamic but deprived and long neglected sections of the Indian society. But the prosperity and growth of a nation depends on the status and development of women. The participation of women in Panchayati Raj Institutions is considered not only for ensuring political participation in the democratic process but also for realizing the development goals for women. It is a general fact that women are not lower than men in terms of intelligence, thinking, imagination, attitudes, courage and activities. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru had said To awake people it is the woman who must be awakened. Once she is on the move, the family moves, the village moves and the nation moves. After independence the constitution has given equal opportunities to men and women on paper yet women remain secondary to men. Bishop (1985) of Kenya stressed, Train a man and you train an individual, Train a woman and you build a nation, viewed from these stand points, the position of women in any society is an index of its civilization. The status of women all over the world has lately become the focus of national and th international concern. The struggle for improving womens status begun in 19 century with the declaration of International Womens Decade (1976-1985). The United Nations Conference on the status of women held in Kenya in 1985 emphasized that the development of society requires full participation by all sections of the population and women in particular. Women contribute more than half of the duties and responsibilities of the family but are hardly empowered to participate in decision making. They were not given any rights, they were supposed to do domestic work and to look after children. Gradually with the passage of time, the concept of working women came into existence. A working woman refers to a woman who works outside her home for a wage or salary. Women are compelled to leave the security of their home due to economic necessity and hence they do not have enough time to look after their children, leave alone their health. Women began to come out of the domestic sphere and have begun to take up professional roles outside their homes. This has helped them to realize their potential, to broaden their outlook and to create a new meaning in their lives. The traditional role of a housewife has gradually evolved into the dual and more fulfilling role of a working woman and housewife. As is well known, the right of every individual to earn livelihood is the expression of ones economic freedom. This change is due to education and economic independence. Education and economic independence play a vital role in changing mindsets and attitudes. Education increases womens awareness and leads to their overall development thereby helping the nation to prosper. The presence of a woman is most seen, felt and experienced in the family. In fact the woman is most visible at home. In our country women play a pivotal role in the family and the community, shouldering all the responsibilities providing for the needs and comforts of the male members of the family and the children, running the household, managing within the limited budget. In the days gone by the female was born into a well defined community of women within her particular family. Her tasks were cutout, to be trained in learning the mandatory skills of household work, cooking, rearing and bearing of children, not to step out of this discrete feminine and domestic sphere of activity. She had to learn the virtues of
womanhood and consciously inculcate culturally designated feminine roles. She was trained to a lifetime of service and self-denial and to lead a life of dependency. They provide these services round the clock without any payment and yet they are considered economically dependent on their husband. Women have been given a secondary status in social life. Womens work includes agriculture, animal husbandry, industrial and household enterprises, all are productive but neither are they adequately paid nor is their contribution accounted in the national income. Employment exposes women to the outside world and as a result they are likely to develop new outlook towards life, new aspirations and awareness about their place in society. There is a general impression that working outside the home improves participation in decision making activities. On the other hand it may also happen that the housewives because of better time and specialization in different household activities are likely to wield higher influence in decision making on the home front. However the recent changes in the institution of family, education and economic independence of women have affected the traditional system and brought some structural changes in the status and roles of women in the family. Education, no doubt widens the mental horizons and releases from the clutches of ignorance and superstition, it makes a person aware about rights and improves decision making capacity. In modern times, higher education facilitated womens entry into gainful employment, which has really helped them to bring about a change in the economic power structure of a family in favour of women. The human society, today, is witnessing unprecedented changes in all walks of life due to rapid development of science and technology. Consequently, individuals are called upon to make adjustments, which involves series of decisions. Every action of an individual is the result of conscious or unconscious decision. The present decision has its roots in the past and reflects upon the future decisions. Decision making process involves a decision maker, an environment (situation) in which the decision maker must operate a set of actions available (means) and a set of goals to be accomplished. Decision making is an important aspect of daily life. It directs the things to happen, instead of just letting it to happen. Achievement of family goals depends upon effective decision making and task performing which involves coordination, supervision and checking of actions. It is, therefore, of vital importance to study the decision making pattern of urban working and non-working women with respect to home activities and also to give opportunity to realize their position/ status in the society and their rights as a woman. Keeping this background in mind the present study was designed with the following specific objectives. 1. To delineate the areas of decision making of urban working and non-working women with respect to home activities 2. To study the decision making pattern of urban working and non-working women with respect to home activities 3. To know the socio-personal characteristics and their relationship with the decision making pattern of urban working and non-working women with respect to home activities 4. To identify the constraints and stress management techniques adopted by the urban working and non-working women in home activities Scope of the study In the present study attempts were made to analyze the decision making process in operation, the nature and extent of participation of respondents in the process. Moreover, important constraints such as personal, familial, social and occupational constraints faced and the stress management techniques adopted by the respondents in their daily activities were considered. The results of the study would help the concerned extension agency to approach right person of the family, to get better results. The extension workers, nutritionists and the other social workers can use this information to educate families in making wise decisions. This may also help planners and executors of the developmental programmes to do programme planning more successfully, systematically and on scientific lines.
Limitations of the study

Since the study was designed as an expost facto type, the memory bias on the part of the respondents cannot be ruled out. The present study formed a part of the M.H.Sc. programme, the constraints of time, money and other resources are inevitable. This limitation determined the restricted purposive selection of one district. Hence, the generalization of results for the wider context should be applied only where similar situations prevail. Though every care was taken to collect and interpret the relevant information, there could be some distortion in the interpretation of the responses. The opinion of the respondents also may not be free from individual biases and prejudices. To a large extent, this research is more exploratory than definitive, more of hypothesis generating than of hypothesis testing. Therefore, there has been a greater concentration on the theoretical importance than on the statistical significance of the findings. With the above limitations, the study would bring out findings, which will be of much help in building up the body of knowledge as the topic has been little dealt through research.
Presentation of the study

The thesis is divided into seven chapters. The first chapter deals with the introduction, where in the introduction, objectives, scope and limitations of the study is given. The second chapter Review of Literature deals with the review related studies in light of present investigation. The third chapter is devoted to the details of methodology used in the process of investigation, followed by presentation of results in fourth chapter. The findings of the study have been discussed in fifth chapter and sixth chapter summarizes the study followed by the references in seventh chapter and appendices.
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A conceptual frame work for the study based on the ideas and concepts gathered from review work of existing literature of both theoretical and empirical nature will facilitate planning the study in a comprehensive manner. It also helps to know the previous research work done in that area and acts as a torch for the new researchers. According to Fleishman (1969), better ways are needed to generalize the research findings from laboratory studies to operational settings, from one experimental study to another and from the operational setting to another. The proposed study is new in its subject treatment. However, an attempt is made here to put together some of the closely related research findings on the area. The literature survey on different dimensions is presented in the following subheads. 2.1 Concept of decision making process 2.2 Importance of decision making process 2.3 Decision making pattern of women 2.4 Socio-personal characteristics of women 2.5 Constraints faced and stress management techniques adopted by the working and nonworking women
2.1
Concept of Decision Making Process
The concept of decision making is really a short hand for mental activities that recognize and structure decision situations and then evaluate preferences to produce judgement and choices. Spencer and Siegelman (1959) after classifying function of managers into two different level of activities : coordination and supervision, they said that the decision making is a coordination function, the selection of action from two or more possible courses. The International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences states that decision making is a social process that selects a problem for decision (i.e. choice) and produce a limited number of alternatives, from among which, a particular alternative is selected for implementation and execution (Snyder, 1962). According to Dictionary of the Social Sciences decision making denotes the dynamic process of interaction among all participants who determine a particular policy choice, officials as well as non-officials (Gould and Kolb, 1964). Killen (1977) defined decision making without being far from the previous researchers by stating it as the selection of a particular course of action from the available alternatives. Ganguli (1983) delineated decision making as a deliberate and conscious selection of a given course of action from among a number of alternatives for the solution of a given problem. Stoner and Freeman (1992) conceptualized decision making as the process of identifying and selecting a course of action to solve a specific problem. Altier (1999) depicted the decision analysis process involving five conceptual steps : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Define the decision statement Establish objectives Value objectives Generate alternatives Compare and choose
Singh (2000) identified decision making as a process of : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Identifying the problem Defining and setting aim, Formulating alternatives Evaluating and choosing the alternatives Implementing the choice Commitment for action, and Follow it up
Thus, it could be noted from the above literature that decision making is a conscious human process involving both individual and social phenomena based upon factual and value premises, which include with a choice of one behavioural activity from among two or more alternatives with the intension of moving toward some desired state of affairs.
2.2
Importance of Decision Making Process
The importance of decision making is stressed by various social scientists for the development of the field. Bates (1954) stated that the decision making process involves a decision maker (actor), an environment (situation) in which the decision maker must operate, a set of actions available (means) and a set of goals to be accomplished. Emery and Ocser (1958) developed a measure of conceptual skills in which they included the ability to plan ahead, to make use of records, to maintain ones property, to take into account market prices and to use tax experts in preparation of tax returns. It formed a unidimensional scale indicating the ability to conceptualize and rationalize farm decisions. Campbell (1966) indicated that the existing individual adoption process model is too simple. So he developed a paradigm around two dichotomies which allows more variation in the process, rational or non-rational decisions and innovation or problem oriented ones. The terms rational is defined by him as a process in which the possible alternatives and consequences of the decision are considered before any action is taken. Non-rational is any process that occurs without consideration of the alternative or consequences. Singh and Sinha (1968) explained the importance of decision making as farmers all over the world, are projected and exposed to many innovations in agriculture and are called upon to take timely and judicious decisions with respect to farm and home aspects, the extension personnel must be aware of the different steps in decision making followed by farmers. Kowalski and Milton (1977) defined decision making in farm enterprise activities as it is a process of selection among alternatives and is a central function of farm management behaviour. Puri (1971) described that the number and volume of decisions of farm families have tremendously increased with the introduction of many programmes. But the success of a programme will largely depend on the rational decision making by millions of rural families. Handee and Stankey (1975) presented in an annual meeting that public involvement in decision making reflects resource agency commitment to its clients, but good intensions are not enough, while implementing a decision, a decision maker is principally concerned with translating a decision into an acceptable action programme. Premavathi and Seetharaman (2002) emphasized that the government is taking adequate steps to provide basic literacy to women which is needed to organize the women into viable groups and exposing them to the various development programmes and womens share in them and it could be achieved by organizing appropriate training programmes by the government and social welfare department.
Gaur (2004) said that womens empowerment status is assessed by their economic, education and health status, participation in household decision making process, political awareness and psychological strength. Education and economic independence play a vital role in changing mind sets and attitudes. Education increases womens awareness and leads to their overall development thereby helping the nation to prosper. Singh (2005) reported that women bear a disproportionately heavy burden of work than men as they have to contribute more time in the care economy i.e. the domestic work which is very hard to measure. More so this double burden of work is neither recognized in the data nor considered adequately in the formation of the policies for the socio-economic development of the women. Iyyampillai and Sebestina (2005) found that the women by joining the regular workforce could make the men more responsible towards family affairs and the women could also join decision making process. This would help arriving at better decisions with better results for the households and nation. Rosa (2005) revealed that the immense potential of employment to enhance the empowerment of women in the family setup. Hence, more opportunities should be provided to women for employment or self employment. Kharole (2005) concluded that the status of women in India is in the process of change in the positive direction though very slow and incomplete. Sayed and Prema (2005) defined empowerment is a process, not an event, which challenges traditional power equations and relations, abolition of gender based discrimination in all institutions and structures of the society and participation of women in policy and decision making processes at domestic and public levels. Ramanujam and Thenmozhi (2006) said that empowerment provides greater access to knowledge and resources, more autonomy in decision making, greater ability to plan their lives, more control over the circumstances, which influence their lives and freedom from custom, belief and practice and it enables women to realize their identify and powers in all spheres of life. Sharma (2006) explained that empowerment occurs with sociological, psychological, economic spheres and at various levels, such as individual, group and community and challenges our assumptions about the status quo, asymmetrical power relationships and social dynamics. Valasamma (2006) explored that the status of women is a barometer of the democratism of any state, an indicator of how human rights are respected in it.
2.3
Decision Making Pattern of Women
Benjamin (1962) reported that joint decision making appeared to be at its peak in the beginning stage with largest amount of consultation in decision making. Families with teen age children exhibited lowest amount of consultation in decision making. In the launching stage the decision making pattern was of beginning stage. Women appeared to be most active in home management and men in money management. Women reported that they become more emotionally involved in decision making discussions than men. Puri (1971) observed that women played an important role in decision making of home aspects while they were consulted by their counter parts in activities related to farm. In some cases like marriage, farm related tasks and expenditure pattern the heads of the family were the main decision makers, whereas in cases such as education of children, selection of occupation of children the whole family made the decisions. Mehare and Nikhade (1978) pointed out that in rural families the decision making team is usually the husband, wife and sons who are old enough to express their ideas and
opinion about the home affairs. In an ideal home all major decisions were taken by husband in consultation with his wife and grown up children but the final say is with the husband. Chhayadevi (1979) explored that the participation of farm women in home aspects is more than farm aspect. But in most of cases they are taking joint decisions rather than independent decisions. Dubey et al. (1982) found that womens participation was high in activities like utilization of milk, number of milch animals to rear, quantity of milk to be kept and sold, medium participation in activities like fixing the rate of milk, which animals to be sold, selection of breed, treatment of animals and housing of animals. Their decision making participation was low in utilization of income, vaccination, grazing of animals and breeding practices in animals. Nimbalkar and Thorat (1984) elicited that in majority of the rural family most of the decisions regarding household and agricultural matter are taken up by the family head alone. Wife is consulted for only households matter and not being involved for taking independent or joint decision in the agricultural matters. In a negligible proportion the wife takes independent decisions. Giriappa (1988) considered that the role and status of women has been undergoing a continuous change in recent years in both female and male headed households, the participation of women in decision making was found to be increased. Susheela et al. (1990) expressed that the type of family was found to be the influencing factor in decision making as it was evident that in nuclear households percentage of joint decision was found to be high in childrens education, marriage and also in all other aspects when compared with that of head of the family alone making decision in joint and extended households. Brij Bala et al. (1993) in their study on participation of rural women in decision making revealed that more than 90 per cent of the decisions, the participation of women was only of supportive nature. Illiteracy, lack of knowledge and awareness were found to be major reasons for lower participation. Sangwan et al. (1993) reported from their study on role of rural women in decision making for credit procurement that money related decisions are dominated by males and meagre involvement of rural women in decision making regarding credit procurement. Singh et al. (1994) showed that the women participation is maximum in household activities followed by allied and agriculture. Jain and Verma (1995) suggested that animal husbandry decisions were found to overwhelmingly rest with husbands and wifes contribution was marginal. Punam Kumari (1998) observed that womens role was found prominent in petty household issues only. In most of the cases women acted as initiators in deciding about some major household affairs but final decisions were being taken ultimately by men. Patki and Nikhade (1999) noticed that husband and wife play important role in decision making. It was seen that in skillful and risk bearing practices women decision making was less. The rural women participate in decision making of most of the animal husbandary practices and not in all practices. Minaxi and Lopamudra (2000) showed that women are considered neither knowledgeable nor competent enough to participate in the process of decision making. Major decisions about farming are mainly taken by the male family head. The influence of women in decision making about farm affairs was found to be only supportive in nature.
Seema et al. (2000) indicated that most of the women did not participate in allied activities. Major homestead and allied activities were performed independently and jointly with female members of the family. Cherian and Vats (2001) carried out that majority of the women made joint decisions with male regarding homestead, farm and animal husbandry related decisions and found that women did not make independent decisions regarding any of the activity. Rana et al. (2001) elucidated that decision related to the agricultural activities were taken by the male members of the family and the women were generally decision makers regarding the subsidiary enterprises only. Anita (2002) concluded that men had a lead over women in the field of money related decision making. But there may be increase in womens role in monetary decision making with increase in level of education, social participation and mass media participation. Devi and Rayalu (2002) studied that working women perceived higher levels of empowerment in all the aspects related to self decisions than non-working women. Hence womens participation in economic activities should be encouraged and reinforced to enhance their empowerment status. Devi and Rayalu (2003) revealed that working women perceived higher levels of empowerment in all the aspects related to self decision than non-working women. Thus the study showed that access to economic resources enhances womens empowerment status in the family. Bala and Monga (2004) traced out that employment in addition to enhancing economic independence and occupational status of women, exposes her to new relationships and situations in the world of work and she develops capacity to assert herself and take decisions in family matters and also helps her to effectively participate in decision making on all domestic fronts. Goswami et al. (2004) proved that women played important role in joint decision making processes in land management through in some areas male members were the dominant decision makers, still a major percentage of women folk were consulted in many areas before taking final decisions. Waman and Rahane (2005) studied that women engaged in Bidi making occupation either take self decisions or have equal participation with other family members with respect to decision regarding family affairs.
2.4
Socio-Personal Characteristics of Women

Place of study and sample size Nagpur, Maharashtra 125 Respondents belonging Farm women Findings
Variable/ author(s)/ year Age Chaudhari et al. (1998)
Patki and Nikhade (1999)
Akola, Maharashtra 200
Rural women
Suradkar and
Ratnagiri,
Farm women
Majority of farm women from all age groups (Young age group 18-35, middle age group 36-45, advanced age group 46-55 and old age group 56 and above) were having high decision making ability Reported that with the advancement of age, the involvement of rural women in decision making tends to decrease Observed that age was highly
Variable/ author(s)/ year Nirban (2001)
Place of study and sample size Maharashtra 200 Shimla, Mandi, Kangra and Chamba, Himachal Pradesh 64 Saharanpur, Udhampur nagar, Nainital and tehri Garwal, Uttar Pradesh 1500
Respondents belonging
Findings significant relationship with the extent of participation of farm women in decision making Indicated that majority of the farm women (57.81%) belonged to middle age group (25-50 years) and 21 per cent in the young (<25 years) and old age group (>50 years) 1. Concluded that a large majority of the rural farm women were belonged to middle age category 2. Showed that advancement in age improved independent decision making capacity of women for home related decisions Majority of the working women were in the age range of 31-45 years of age and non-working were in the age range of 36-45 years
Usha et al. (2001)
Farm women
Cherian and Vats (2001)
Rural farm women
Devi and Rayalu (2003)
Hyderabad and Secunderabad, Andhra Pradesh 150 (75 working women and 75 non-working women) Nagpur, Maharashtra 125 Ratnagiri, Maharashtra 200
Urban working and non-working women
Education Chaudhari et al. (1998) Suradkar and Nirban (2001)
Farm women
Farm women
Usha et al. (2001)
Shimla, mandi, Kangra and Chamba, Himachal Pradesh 64 Hyderabad and Secunderabad, Andhra Pradesh 150 (75 working women and 75 non-working women) Ratnagiri, Maharashtra 200
Farm women
Majority of the respondents were from middle and higher education level Found that there was a nonsignificant relationship between education and extent of participation of farm women in decision making A majority of the respondents (71.87%) were found in the category of illiterate to below middle level of education Majority of the working women studied upto UG and PG and non-working women only upto intermediate and UG
Marital status Suradkar and Nirban (2001)
Farm women
Saharanpur, Udhampur nagar, Nainital and tehri Garwal, Uttar Pradesh
Rural farm women
Observed that marital status was having highly significant relationship with the extent of participation of farm women in decision making Found that most of the rural women were married.
Variable/ author(s)/ year Devi and Rayalu (2003)
Place of study and sample size 1500 Hyderabad and Secunderabad, Andhra Pradesh 150 (75 working women and 75 non-working women) Ratnagiri, Maharashtra 200 Hyderabad and Secunderabad, Andhra Pradesh 150 (75 working women and 75 non-working women) Dharwad, Karnataka 206
Respondents belonging Urban working and non-working women
Findings
Majority of the working and non-working women were married
Family size Suradkar and Nirban (2001)
Farm women
Found that size of the family was non-significant with the extent of participation of farm women in decision making Non-working women had medium family size and working women had small family
Family type Susheela et al. (1990)
Rural women
Suradkar and Nirban (2001)
Ratnagiri, Maharashtra 200
Farm women
Reported that higher per cent of joints and extended households makes decision jointly on all items of expenditure Observed that family type was highly significant with the extent of participation of farm women in decision making in farming The poor and wealthy farm women took farm or home decisions more cautiously with the involvement of risk. The income higher or lower hence did not find to be impediment in decision making level Found that annual family income was non-significantly related with the extent of participation of farm women in decision making Majority of the respondents had monthly income ranges from Rs.5000 to Rs.20000
Annual family income Chaudhari et al. Nagpur, (1998) Maharashtra 125
Farm women
Suradkar and Nirban (2001)
Ratnagiri, Maharashtra 200
Farm women
Hyderabad and Secunderabad, Andhra Pradesh 150 (75 working women and 75 non-working women) Mass media participation Chaudhari et al. Nagpur, (1998) Maharashtra 125 Suradkar and Ratnagiri,
Farm women
Farm women
Found that exposure to mass media increases there was increase in decision making ability of farm women Observed that mass media
Variable/ author(s)/ year Nirban (2001)
Place of study and sample size Maharashtra 200
Respondents belonging
Findings exposure was negatively significant with the extent of participation of farm women in decision making
Cosmopoliteness Chaudhari et al. (1998)
Nagpur, Maharashtra 125
Farm women
The farm women who go outside of their villages and have exposure outside to the social system, develop better ability of decision making The large number of farm women from medium to high categories of socio-economic status group were found to have higher score in respect of decision making 1. Found that most of the rural women were from low socioeconomic status 2. Indicated that rise in socioeconomic status leads to joint decision along with other family members for home and family related decisions
Socio-economic status Chaudhari et al. Nagpur, (1998) Maharashtra 125
Farm women
Saharanpur, Udhampur nagar, Nainital and tehri Garwal, Uttar Pradesh 1500
Rural farm women
2.5 Constraints Faced And Stress Management Techniques Adopted By The Working And Non-Working Women
Yadav et al. (1998) detailed that the dual value system creates additional strains on the employed women. Physical and mental burden was great in case of women from rural and urban cases. Further, he reported that women who work have to face criticism and apposition from family members and society. Lack of job security, maternity and medical leave facilities, job guarantee, cuts in wages if absent from job, seasonal nature of employment, long hours of work were major constraints of labour income of rural and urban areas. Nalina Devi and Jagathambal (2000a) pointed out that the problems of women workers in the work spot are more complex than rural women in general. Though they play multiple roles at the work spot, they are seldom recognized and rewarded. Nalina Devi and Jagathambal (2000b) studied that the employers must take effective measures to improve the sanitary conditions to protect the women workers from infection diseases. The central government can initiate income generating schemes to enable the women workers to have adequate income for maintaining their families. Upmanyu (2000) suggested that the working women have to face double responsibility one in house and another in job and suffer from more stress in comparison to man. So they use stress management techniques such as relaxation, exercises, time management, diet, yoga to relieve from stress. Premavathi and Seetharaman (2002) observed that inadequate income and family power, high cost of food material and consumer articles lack of confidence in decision making, lack of time to help the children in their studies were the major problems faced by the farm women in home decision making. Aujla et al. (2004) praised that working women were significantly more stressed. During the period of stress, non-working women felt like stopping the work while working respondents complained of decreased working capacity. Majority of respondents in both categories were using stress management techniques.
III. METHODOLOGY
Research methodology is the blue print of the research architect. The study was conducted during the year 2005-06 in Dharwad district of Karnataka State. The main focus of this investigation was to study the decision making pattern of urban working and non-working women in home activities. In this chapter, it is attempted to critically evaluate and explain the various methods and procedures followed in the present study in order to enable the researcher to answer the research problems in question. A detailed description of the methods and procedures followed in carrying out the research is furnished under the following heads. 3.1 Research design 3.2 Locale of the study 3.3 Sampling procedure 3.4 Instruments for data collection 3.5 Quantification of variables 3.6 Statistical tools used in the study
3.1
Research Design
Research design as defined by Kerlinger (1995) is the plan and structure of investigation so conceived as to obtain answers to research questions. Expost facto research design was followed for conducting the study. Rabinson (1976) defined expost facto research design as any systematic empirical enquiry into which the independent variable have not been directly manipulated because they have already occurred or they are inherently not manipulable. Cooper and Schindler (1992) defined expost facto as a research design in which investigator have no control over the variables in the sense of being able to manipulate them. They can only report what has happened or what is happening. Keeping this in view, the adaptability of the proposed design with respect to the type of study, variables under consideration, size of respondents and phenomenon to be studied, the expost facto was selected as an appropriate research design.
3.2
LOCALE OF THE STUDY
Dharwad district is situated on northern part of Karnataka State 7428 north latitude and 14 31 eastern latitutde. The district comes under northern dry zone and northern transitional zone. Geographical area of Dharwad district is 4092 square kilometers. The population of Dharwad is 16,03,794 comprising 8,23,415 male and 7,80,379 female population. The literacy rate of the district is 71 per cent. Male literacy is 78.5 per cent and female literacy is 63.5 per cent.
3.3
Sampling Procedure
A purposive sampling and random sampling was adopted for the investigation. The details are given below.
3.3.1 Selection of the population

A total of 140 respondents including 70 working women and 70 non-working women were selected for the study. Dharwad district was purposively selected.
3.3.2 Selection of respondents

Working women: A list of female workers working in different government organizations, non-governmental organizations, private organizations such as school, college, bank, Life Insurance Corporation, hospital, agriculture department, horticulture department, education department, zilla panchayat, revenue department was prepared. The method used for selection of the working women was random sampling. Thus the sample size of working
Fig. 1. Map of Dharwad District showing the selected area for the study
women was 70. Out of this 70, 9 respondents belonged to administrator category, 27 respondents belonged to teaching staff and 34 respondents belonged to supporting staff. Non-working women: The method used for selection of the non-working women was random sampling. A total of 70 non-working women from Dharwad city formed the non-working sample for the study.
3.4
Instruments For Data Collection
The data in line with the objectives were collected with the help of interview schedule. The procedure followed for developing and administering the interview schedule are explained below.
3.4.1 Development of interview schedule

An interview schedule was developed in consultation with the experts in the field and referring the relevant literature on the subject. The schedule was divided into 3 parts. First part was designed to study the socio-personal characteristics of the respondents. Second part was to know the decision making pattern of respondents in home activities and the third part was framed to identify the constraints faced by the respondents in home activities.
3.4.2 Administration of interview schedule

Required data was collected by personal interview method using the final interview schedule. The respondents were contacted individually at their residence and work place as per their convenience. The filled interview schedules were checked immediately after the interview for their completion in all aspects.
3.5 Quantification Of Variables

3.5.1 Dependent variable
Sl. No. 1 Variable Decision making pattern Empirical measurements Procedure followed by Devi et al. (2002) and Swarnalatha et al. (2004)
Considering the objectives of the study decision making pattern was considered as dependent variable. Decision making pattern of working and non-working women was analyzed in respect of home related activities. Each area of decision-making includes a series of sub-decisions pertaining to varied tasks associated with that area. The decision making pattern was measured in terms of independent female decision, joint decision and independent male decision.
3.5.2 Independent variables

Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Variables Age Education Marital status Family type Family size Annual family income Social participation Mass media participation Empirical measurements Procedure followed by Devalatha (2005) Procedure followed by Bharathi (2005) Procedure followed by Sulthana (2001) and Bharathi (2005) Procedure followed by Sulthana (2001) Procedure followed by Bharathi (2005) Procedure followed by Patil (2000) and Lakshmi (2003) Procedure followed by Lakshmi (2003)
Fig. 2. Conceptual framework
Independent variables that were supposed to influence the dependent variable were identified by review of relevant literature and discussion with scientists. The variables selected were:
1. Age
Age is measured as the number of calender years reported to have been completed by the respondent at the time of interview. Based on the completed years respondents were classified as follow. Category Young Middle Old Score 35 and below 36-55 Above 55
This procedure was followed by Devalatha (2005).
2. Education
Education was operationally defined as the number of years of formal education acquired by a respondent. The respondents were grouped into the following categories. Category Primary school (1-4 std.) Middle school (5-7 std.) High school (8-10 std.) PUC Graduation Post graduation and above Score 1 2 3 4 5 6
The scores of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 were given respectively for primary school, middle school, high school, PUC, graduation and post graduation and above.
3. Marital status
Marital status of the respondent was noted by asking them directly and the respondents were classified into three categories as follow. Category Married Unmarried Widow This procedure was followed by Bharathi (2005). Score 1 2 3
4. Family type
Family type refers to two way classification of family as nuclear and joint. The basic grouping of mates and their children is called nuclear family and collection of more than one nuclear family on the basis of close blood ties and common residence is called joint family (Dahama and Bhatnagar, 1980). Scores of one and two were given respectively for nuclear and joint family. Category Nuclear family Joint family Score 1 2
This procedure was followed by Sulthana (2001) and Bharathi (2005).
5. Family size
Family was taken as a group of closely related persons living together in a single household with a common kitchen. It was measured as the absolute number of members in the household sharing the same economic unit. Respondents families are classified into three categories. Category Small family Medium family Large family Score < 5 members 5-7 members > 7 members
This procedure was adopted by Sulthana (2001).
6. Annual family income

Annual family income refers to the income earned by all the members of the family of the respondents from different sources per year. Categorization of annual income was done as follows. Category Low income Medium income High income Range Less than (mean-0.425 SD) Between (mean 0.425 SD) More than (mean +0.425 SD)
This procedure was followed by Bharathi (2005).
7. Social participation
It was conceptualized as the degree of involvement of an individual in various orgnaisations as a member or as an office bearer. It was empirically measured using the procedure followed by Patil (2000) and Lakshmi (2003). Two score was given for regular participation, one score was assigned for occasional participation and zero score was given for never participation in the activities of each organization. Items Regularly Occasionally Never Scores 2 1 0
The respondents were categorized into three groups by using mean and standard deviation as a measure of check. Category Low Medium High Scores Less than (mean 0.425 SD) Between (mean 0.425 SD) More than (mean + 0.425 SD)
8. Mass media participation

It referred to the respondent exposure to the different mass communication media and participation in the related activities such as listening to radio, viewing television and reading newspapers and magazines.
Detailed information about the mass media participation of the respondents was obtained with respect to (i) (ii) Subscription of newspaper, magazines and their reading habit Possession of radio, T.V. and listening and viewing habit of the respondents
The quantification of mass media participation was done according to the procedure followed by Lakshmi (2003) which is as follows. Subscriber/ owner 1 1 1 1 Scores assigned Listening/viewing/reading behaviour Regularly Occasionally Never 2 1 0 2 1 0 2 1 0 2 1 0
Item Radio Television Newspaper Magazines
The mean and standard deviation were worked out and the respondents were grouped into low, medium and high categories. Category Low Medium High Score Less than (mean 0.425 SD) Between (mean 0.425 SD) More than (mean + 0.425 SD)
3.6
Statistical Tools Used In The Study
The data collected from respondents were scored, tabulated and analyzed using suitable statistical methods. The statistical methods used in the present study are described below.
3.6.1 Frequencies and percentages

Mean, standard deviation, frequencies and percentages were used to interpret the categories of personal, social characters and extent of participation of respondents in home activities. These were also used for interpreting the findings pertaining to constraints of working and non-working women in home activities.
Adoption of stress management techniques by the respondents

In the present study adoption refers to using some techniques to relieve physical and mental stress of working and non-working women home activities. Adoption statements about the stress management techniques were collected initially from sources such as review of literature and consulting experts in this field. After the discussion thirty three adoption statements were constructed. The adoption statements were administered to respondents. Every working and nonworking woman was requested to give her judgment on three point continuum namely full adoption, partial adoption, non-adoption for each statement. The responses of the respondents were recorded. The weightages of 3, 2 and 1 for each statement were given.
3.6.2 Simple correlation

Simple correlation analysis was used to measure the relationship between dependent and independent variables using the formula. nxy - xy [nx - (x)] [ny-(y)]
r= Where,
r = Simple correlation coefficient x = Independent variable y = Dependent variable x = Sum of x values y = Sum of y values x = Sum of squares of x values y = Sum of squares of y values xy = Sum of xy n = Number of pairs of observations
3.6.3 Test of significance for dependent variable

This was employed to findout the association between the dependent variable of the working and non-working women. This value was calculated by using following formula.
= Where,
(Oi - Ei) Ei
and significance was tested at (r-1) (c1) degrees of freedom
Oi = Observed frequency and Ei = Expected frequency In some cases where some cell frequencies were less than five, modified chi-square was used. Chi-square value was calculated by using above formula. Correction was made from table value by using following formula. Modified = [1-1/n(1-d] d 0.05 at 5 per cent Where, d 0.05 is table value at d degrees of freedom for 5 per cent level of significance n = Sample size
IV. RESULTS
The results of the study are presented in this chapter under the following broad headings. 4.1 Employment details of working women 4.2 Delineation of areas of decision making of the respondent in home activities 4.3 Decision making pattern of the working and non-working women in home activities 4.3.1 Decision making pattern of the respondents in children affairs 4.3.2 Decision making pattern of the respondents in personal affairs 4.3.3 Decision making pattern of the respondents in household affairs 4.4 Socio-personal characteristics of the respondents 4.5 Relationship between the independent variables and decision making pattern of the respondents 4.6 Constraints faced and stress management techniques adopted by the working and nonworking women in home activities
4.1 Employment Details Of Working Women

A data presented in Table 1 revealed that majority (24.28%) of the women were working in the development departments followed by college (22.85%), bank (21.44%), school (20.00%), non-government organizations (11.43%). Table 1.1 depicts nearly fifty per cent of the women were working as supporting staff followed by teaching staff (38.57%). A very less percentage of the women were working as administrators (12.86%).
4.2 Delineation Of Areas Of Respondent in Home Activities
Decision
Making
Of
The
The data in the Table 2 indicates delineation of the areas of decision making of urban working and non-working women in home activities. There are total thirteen areas in home activities such as marriage of children, education of children, expenditure aspect, savings for future, loan aspect, family planning, religious practices, social participation, medical consultation, entertainment, home improvement, purchasing of items and hygiene practices. Each major area of decision making includes a series of sub-areas.
4.3 Dicision Making Pattern Of The Working And Non-Working Women In Home Activities
The overall view of the decision making pattern of the respondents with respect to home activities such as children affairs (Table 3), personal affairs (Table 3.1) and household affairs (Table 3.2) clearly indicates that majority of the working and non-working women were taking joint decisions. The discussion of each area of all the three aspects are discussed below.
4.3.1 Decision making pattern of the respondents in children affairs

The data in the Table 3 shows decision making pattern of the working and nonworking women in children affairs. With respect to marriage of children and education of children majority of the women in both the category were taking joint decisions followed by independent decisions whereas a very less percentage of decisions were taking by male members.
Table 1. Employment details of working women N=70 Name of organization Frequency Percentage
School
14
20.00
College
16
22.85
Bank
15
21.44
Non-government organizations
11.43
Development departments
17
24.28
Table 1.1 Distribution of respondents according to their profession N=70 Name of profession Frequency Percentage
Administrator
12.86
Teaching staff
27
38.57
Supporting staff
34
48.57
Table 2. Delineation of areas of decision making of the respondent in home activities Sl. No. 1. Decision activity Marriage of children a. Selection of suitable match b. Dowry matters c. Expenses of marriage Education of children a. Type of education b. Type of school, college c. Home work and tuition work d. Education of sons e. Education of daughter f. Selection of occupation for children Expenditure aspect a. Expenditure on food b. Clothing c. House/ house rent d. Construction/renovation /expansion of house e. Jewellery f. Fuel g. Purchasing home equipments h. Gifts ad presents Saving for future a. Kind and amount of saving and investments b. Bank deposits c. Post office deposits d. Purchase of LIC policy Loan aspect a. Decision of taking loans b. Decision of repaying loans c. All loan borrowing decisions Family planning a. Family size b. Use of family planning methods Religions practices a. Attending religious activities b. Going to different religious places Social participation a. Attending marriage ceremonies b. Birthday parties Medical consultation a. Care of elderly, aged and dependent persons b. Hospitalization of sick persons c. Consultation on illness Entertainment a. Visiting friends b. Going for movies c. Going out for vacations Home improvement a. Purchase of house b. Construction/renovation/expansion of house Purchasing of items a. Food items b. Clothing c. Household durables Hygiene practices a. Keeping clean inside the house b. Keeping clean surrounding the house
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7. 8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Majority of the working and non-working women were joint decision makers in selection of suitable match for their children (87.14% and 75.71%), dowry matters (84.29% and 74.29%) and expenses of marriage (85.71% and 74.29%) followed by independent decisions. A cursory look of Table 3 reveals that majority of the working and non-working women were taking joint decisions in type of education (55.71% and 58.57%), type of school, college (52.86% and 55.71%), education of sons (65.71% and 72.86%), education of daughter (65.71% and 74.29%) and selection of occupation for their children (71.43% and 74.29%) followed by independent decisions. But in case of children home work and tuition work the women in both the category were taking independent decisions followed by joint decisions. It is clear from table 3 that there was a significant association between working and non-working women in taking decision with respect to marriage of children and education of children.
4.3.2 Decision making pattern of the respondents in personal affairs

A close perusal of Table 3.1 elicits decision making pattern of the working and nonworking women in personal affairs. Regarding family planning, social participation and entertainment, maximum number of the women in both the category were taking joint decisions followed by independent decisions. A very less percentage of decisions were taking by male members. In case of religious practices, majority of the working and non-working women were taking independent decisions followed by joint decisions. A scan of Table 3.1 revealed that more than 90.00 per cent of the working and nonworking women were joint decision makers in family size and use of family planning methods. The women in both the category were taking joint decisions in attending marriage ceremonies (47.14% and 54.29%), birthday parties (42.86% and 55.71%), visiting friends (60.00% and 54.29%), going for movies (84.29% and 75.71%) and going out for vacations (80.00% and 74.29%) followed by independent decisions. With respect to religious practices majority of the working and non-working women were taking independent decisions in attending religious activities (54.29% and 55.71%) and going to different religious places (48.57% and 50.00%) followed by joint decisions. Information in Table 3.1 shows that there was significant association between working and non-working women in taking decisions in the areas like family planning, social participation, religious practices and entertainment.
4.3.3 Decision making pattern of the respondents in household affairs

An examination of Table 3.2 explains decision making pattern of the working and non-working women in household affairs. Majority of the women in both the category were taking independent decisions in expenditure aspect, purchasing of items and hygiene practices followed by joint decisions whereas a very less percentage of decisions were taking by male members. Regarding savings for future, loan aspect and home improvement, majority of the women in both the category were taking joint decisions followed by male decisions whereas a very less percentage of decisions were taking by the women. In case of medical consultation maximum number of the women in both the category were taking joint decisions followed by independent decisions.
Table 3. Decision making pattern of the respondents in children affairs N=140 Working women (n=70) Sl. No. Decision activity Independent female decision Marriage of children Selection of suitable match Dowry matters Expenses of marriage 2. Education of children Type of education Type of school, college Home work and tuition work Education of sons Education of daughter Selection of occupation for children 7 (10.00) 5 (7.14) 4 (5.71) 15 (21.43) 17 (24.29) 45 (64.29) 8 (11.43) 9 (12.86) 7 (10.00) Joint decision Independent male decision Independent female decision 11 (15.71) 11 (15.71) 11 (15.71) 13 (18.57) 12 (17.14) 37 (52.86) 12 (17.14) 12 (17.14) 11 (15.71) Joint decision Independent male decision Non-working women (n=70) values
1.
61 (87.14) 59 (84.29) 60 (85.71) 39 55.71 37 (52.86) 22 (31.43) 46 (65.71) 46 (65.71) 50 (71.43)
2 (2.86) 6 (8.57) 6 (8.57) 16 (22.86) 16 (22.86) 3 (4.29) 16 (22.86) 15 (21.43) 13 (18.57)
53 (75.71) 52 (74.29) 52 (74.29) 41 (58.57) 39 (55.71) 27 (38.57) 51 (72.86) 52 (74.29) 52 (74.29)
6 (8.57) 7 (10.00) 7 (10.00) 16 (22.86) 19 (27.14) 6 (8.57) 7 (10.00) 6 (8.57) 7 (10.00)
142.89* 135.22* 140.03*
42.81* 37.43* 23.97* 88.45* 90.02* 102.50*
Note: Figures in parenthesis indicates percentages * Significant at 0.05 level of significance
Marriage of children
Education of children Fig. 3. Decision making pattern of the working and nonworking women in children affairs
Table 3.1. Decision making pattern of the respondents in personal affairs N=140 Sl. No. 1. Decision activity Family planning Family size Use of family planning methods 2. Social participation Attending marriage ceremonies Birthday parties 3. Religious practices Attending religious activities Going to different religious places 4. Entertainment Visiting friends Going for movies Going out for vacations Working women (n=70) Independent Independent Joint female male decision decision decision 4 (5.71) 6 (8.57) 24 (34.29) 25 (35.71) 38 (54.29) 34 (48.57) 22 (31.43) 7 (10.00) 10 (14.29) 65 (92.86) 63 (90.00) 33 (47.14) 30 (42.86) 28 (40.00) 31 (44.29) 42 60.00 59 (84.29) 56 (80.00) 1 (1.43) 1 (1.43) 13 (18.57) 15 (21.43) 4 (5.71) 5 (7.14) 6 (8.57) 4 (5.71) 4 (5.71) Non-working women (n=70) Independent Independent Joint female male decision decision decision 6 (8.57) 6 (8.57) 26 (37.14) 25 (35.71) 39 (55.71) 35 (50.00) 23 (32.86) 13 (18.57) 13 (18.57) 64 (91.43) 64 (91.43) 38 (54.29) 39 (55.71) 31 (44.29) 35 (50.00) 38 (54.29) 53 (75.71) 52 (74.29) values
218.35* 208.02*
6 (8.57) 6 (8.57) -
21.97* 20.71*
31.11* 31.83*
9 (12.86) 4 (5.71) 6 (8.57)
37.56* 138.63* 119.53*
Note: Figures in parenthesis indicates percentages * Significant at 0.05 level of significance
Family Planning
Social Participation
Fig. 4. Decision making pattern of the working and non-working women in personal affairs
Religious practices
Entertainment Fig. 4. (Contd) Decision making pattern of the working non-working women in personal affairs
Expenditure aspect
Savings for future Fig. 5. Decision making pattern of the working and non-working women in household affairs
Loan aspect
Medical consultation Fig, (contd) Decision making pattern of the working and non- working women in household affairs
Home Improvement
Purchasing of Items Fig. 5. (contd.) Decision making pattern of the working and non-working women in household affairs
Fig.5.(contd) Decision making pattern of the working and non-working women in household affairs
A glance at the table 3.2 elucidates that majority of the working and non-working women were taking independent decisions in expenditure on food (57.14% and 58.57%), clothing (60.00% and 62.86%), fuel (57.14% and 67.14%) and gifts and presents (60.00% and 50.00%) followed by joint decisions. Table 3.2 explains that majority of the women in both the category were taking joint decisions in expenditure on house/house rent (48.57% and 37.14%) and construction/renovation/expansion of house (64.29% and 57.14%) followed by male decisions. With respect to jewellery and purchasing home equipments majority of the working women were taking joint decisions followed by independent decisions. For the same aspects more than fifty percent of the non-working women were taking independent decisions followed by joint decisions. It is clear from Table 3.2 that majority of the women in both the category were joint decision makers in kind and amount of saving and investments (68.57% and 50.00%), bank deposits (65.71% and 47.14%), post office deposits (62.86% and 51.43%) and purchase of LIC policy (65.71% and 52.86%). More than seventy per cent of the working and more than fifty per cent of the nonworking women were taking joint decisions with respect to all loan borrowing aspects i.e. taking and repaying loans followed by male decisions. It is clearly evident from Table 3.2 that maximum number of the working and nonworking women were taking joint decisions in case of elderly, aged and dependent persons (47.14% and 45.71%), hospitalization of sick persons (65.71% and 58.57%) and consultation on illness (61.43% and 57.14%) followed by independent decisions. With respect to home improvement more than sixty per cent of the working and more than seventy per cent of the non-working women were joint decisions makers. Regarding purchasing of items, majority of the working and non-working women were taking independent decisions in purchasing food items (65.71% and 55.71%), clothing (65.71% and 55.71%) and household durables (61.43% and 50.00%). The women in both the category were taking independent decisions in keeping clean inside the house (74.29% and 78.57%) and keeping clean surrounding the house (64.29% and 75.71%) with respect to hygiene practices. Table 3.2 revealed that there was significant association between working and nonworking women in taking decisions in the areas such as expenditure aspect, saving for future, loan aspects, medical consultation, home improvement, purchasing of items and hygiene practices.
4.4 Socio-Personal Characteristics Of The Respondents

Information on socio-personal characteristics of the respondents were presented in Table 4.
Age
The data projected in Table 4 showed that majority of the working (58.57%) and nonworking (52.86%) women belonged to middle age group followed by young age group. A very less percentage of the women in both the category belonged to old age group, i.e., above 55 years.
Education
Information in Table 4 indicated that majority of the working women (41.43%) were post graduates followed by graduation (37.14%), PUC (11.43%) and high school (10.00%) whereas majority of the non-working women were high school education level holders
Table 4. Socio-personal characteristics of the respondents N=140 Sl. No. 1. Age Variable Category Young (35 and below) Middle (36-55) Old (above 55) Primary (1-4 std) Middle (5-7 std) High school (8-10 std) PUC Graduation Post graduation Married Unmarried Widow Nuclear Joint Small (<5 members) Medium (5-7 members) Large (above 7 members) Low (<0.85 lakhs) Medium (0.85-1.58 lakhs) High (>1.58 lakhs) Low Medium High Low Medium High Working women (n=70) Frequency 27 41 2 0 0 7 8 26 29 63 4 3 51 19 24 41 5 14 40 16 8 27 35 3 20 47 % 38.58 58.57 2.85 0 0 10.00 11.43 37.14 41.43 90.00 5.72 4.28 72.86 27.14 34.29 58.57 7.14 20.00 57.14 22.86 11.43 38.58 50.00 4.30 28.57 67.14 Non-working women (n=70) Frequency 29 37 4 4 11 23 9 18 5 66 1 3 34 36 22 32 16 33 25 12 12 45 13 5 18 47 % 41.43 52.86 5.71 5.71 15.71 32.86 12.86 25.72 7.14 94.30 1.40 4.30 48.57 51.43 31.43 45.71 22.86 47.14 35.72 17.14 17.14 64.29 18.71 7.14 25.71 67.14
2.
Education
3.
Marital status
4. 5.
Family type Family size
6.
Annual family income
7.
Social participation
8.
Mass media participation
(32.86%) followed by graduation (25.72%), middle school education (15.71%) and PUC (12.86%). A very less percentage of the non-working women belonged to the category of post graduation (7.14%) and primary education (5.71%).
Marital status
An investigation of Table 4 states that majority of the working and non-working women were married and equal percentage of the women were widows in both categories.
Family type
A close perusal of Table 4 informs us that 72.86 per cent of the working women belonged to nuclear family followed by joint family (27.14%). Among non-working women, 51.43 per cent of them belonged to joint family followed by nuclear family (48.57%).
Family size
With respect to family size it is clear from Table 4 that majority of the working and nonworking women belonged to medium size family followed by small and large family size.

A cursory look at the Table 4 indicates that 57.14 per cent of the working women had medium level of income followed by high level income (22.86%) whereas 47.14 per cent of the non-working women had low level of income followed by medium level income (35.72%).
With regard to social participation 50.00 per cent of the working women had high level of social participation followed by medium level (38.58%) of social participation. Among non-working women, 64.29 per cent of the women had medium level of social participation followed by high level (18.17%) of social participation.

It can be observed from Table 4 that majority of the working and non-working women had high level of mass media participation followed by medium level of mass media participation. A very less percentage of the women in both the category had low level of mass media participation.
4.5 Relationship Between The Independent Variables And Decision Making Pattern Of The Respondents
It seems to be interesting to view the information projected in Table 4.1 which reveals that there was no relationship between any of the independent variables and decision making pattern of the respondents. But with respect to family type of the non-working women it was negative and significant relationship with decision making pattern.
4.6 Constraints Faced And Stress Management Techniques Adopted By The Working And Non-Working
The Table 5 depicts various constraints faced by the working and non-working women such as personal, familial and social constraints in home activities.
Table 4.1. Relationship between the independent variables and decision making pattern of the respondents
r values Sl. No. Variables Working women (n=70)

NS
Non-working women (n=70)

NS
Age
0.119
-0.067
Education
0.052NS -0.140NS
NS
0.024NS 0.151NS
Marital status
Family type
-0.132
-0.239*
NS
Family size
0.103
NS
-0.168
0.050NS -0.109NS
NS
-0.140NS 0.109NS
NS
0.103
0.043
* Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level NS Non-significant
Personal and familial constraints Working women

Data in Table 5 revealed that majority of the working (71.43%) women were expressed neglecting of duties of children as their main constraint followed by not getting time for leisure sleep, personal care and entertainment and feeling fatigued after work. Table 5 highlights that nearly 95.00 per cent of the working women were facing the constraint of feeling tired due to long hours of work. Majority of the working women were facing the constraint of non-cooperation from family members (71.43%). More than 40.00 per cent of the women expressed feeling of insecurity as their constraint. About 29.00 per cent of the working women were facing the constraints of non-cooperation from husband and lack of communication facilities as their personal and familial constraints whereas a very less percentage of the women faced the constraint of over burden of work. Non-working women Data presented in Table 5 elicits that about 57.14 per cent of the women expressed neglecting of duties of children as their constraint followed by neglecting household activities (31.43%) and family members (28.57%).
Table 5. Constraints faced by the respondents N=140 Sl. No. Constraints Personal and familial constraints Neglecting of duties a. Children b. Household c. Family members Feeling tired due to long hours of work Non cooperation from family members Do not get time for leisure, sleep, personal care and entertainment Became irritable and intolerance due to the strain of work Feeling fatigued after work Feeling of insecurity Non cooperation from husband Lack of communication facilities Over burden of work Social constraints No social visits No link with the people No time for attending social gatherings, marriage ceremonies, birthday parties Working women (n=70) Frequency % Non-working women (n=70) Frequency %
1.
2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 1. 2. 3.
50 25 38 66 50 42 35 30 29 20 20 4 50 10 45
71.43 35.71 54.29 94.29 71.43 60.00 50.00 42.86 41.43 28.57 28.57 5.71 71.43 14.29 64.29
40 20 22 15 30 49 35 50 50 40 60 55 60 55 65
57.14 28.57 31.43 21.43 42.86 70.00 50.00 71.43 71.43 57.14 85.71 78.57 85.71 78.57 92.85
Working women
100 90 80 70 60
Non-working women
LEGEND Personal and familial constraints 1. Neglecting of duties a. Children b. Household c. Family members 2. Feeling tired due to long hours of work 3. Non cooperation from family members 4. Do not get time for leisure, sleep, personal care and entertainment 5. Became irritable and intolerance due to the strain of work 6. Feeling fatigued after work 7. Feeling of insecurity 8. Non cooperation from husband 9. Lack of communication facilities 10. Over burden of work Social constraints
Per cent
50 40 30 20 10 0
1. No social visits 2. No link with the people 3. No time for attending social gatherings, marriage ceremonies, birthday parties
1a
1b
1c
10
Personal and familial constraints
Social constraints
Fig. 6. Constraints faced by the working and non-working women
Fig. 6. Constraints faced by the working and non-working women
Among non-working women, nearly 86.00 per cent of them were expressed lack of communication facilities as their major constraint. About 78.57 per cent of the non-working women faced the constraint of over burden of work as their personal and familial constraints. Table 5 also explains that more than seventy per cent of the non-working women were facing the constraints such as feeling of insecurity, not getting time for leisure, sleep, personal care and entertainment and feeling fatigued after work. Majority of the women were facing the constraints like non-cooperation from husband (57.14%), non-cooperation from family members (42.86%) and feeling tired due to long hours of work (21.43%). Equal percentage (50.00%) of the women in both the category were facing the constraint of irritableness and intolerance due to the strain of work.
Social constraints
Data in Table 5 pointed out that seventy per cent of the working women were expressed no social visits as their main constraint while it was 85.71 per cent in case of nonworking women. Nearly 80.00 per cent of the non-working women were facing the constraint of no link with the people whereas it was very less percentage (14.29%) in case of working women. More than 90.00 per cent of the non-working women were facing the constraint of not getting time for attending social gatherings, marriage ceremonies and birthday parties while it was 64.29 per cent in case of working women.
List of activities where in respondents get cooperation Working women

Table 5.1 indicates that cent per cent of the working women were getting cooperation from their husband in children education and care of old persons. More than 90.00 per cent of them were getting cooperation in official work and shopping whereas it was 80.00 per cent in attending marriage ceremonies and other social gathering and leaving at bus stand. About 70 per cent of them were getting cooperation in cooking and social visits from their husbands. Incase of washing clothes, cent per cent of the women were getting cooperation from their family members whereas it was nil from their husband. From family members the working women were getting cooperation in the home activities like shopping, attending marriage ceremonies and other social gatherings (90.00%), leaving at bus stand and care of children (80.00%). About 75.00 per cent of the women were getting cooperation in cleaning house, children education, care of old persons, official work from family members. Half of the women were getting cooperation from their family members in case of cooking. About 60.00 per cent of the women were getting cooperation from family members in social visits.
Non-working women
It is witnessed from the data presented in Table 5.1 that cent per cent of the nonworking women were getting cooperation from their husbands in the activities like shopping and care of old persons. About 83.34 per cent of the women were getting cooperation in children education. Whereas it was 73.74 per cent in care of children 66.67 per cent of the women were getting cooperation in attending social gatherings and marriage ceremonies from their husband. Half of the women were getting cooperation from husband in case of cooking and social visits.
Table 5.1. List of activities where in respondents get cooperation N=140
Sl. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Cooking
Activities
From husband# Working (n=50) 35 (70.00) 10 (20.00) 48 (96.00) 42 (84.00) 20 (40.00) 50 (100.00) 50 (100.00) 35 (70.00) 45 (90.00) 42 (84.00) Non-working (n=30) 15 (50.00) 5 (16.67) 30 (100.00) 22 (73.34) 25 (83.34) 30 (100.00) 15 (50.00) 20 (66.67)
From family members## Working (n=20) 10 (50.00) 15 (75.00) 18 (90.00) 20 (100.00) 16 (80.00) 16 (80.00) 15 (75.00) 15 (75.00) 12 (60.00) 15 (75.00) 18 (90.00) Non-working (n=40) 38 (95.00) 22 (55.00) 35 (87.50) 30 (75.00) 40 (100.00) 35 (87.50) 40 (100.00) 35 (87.50) 38 (95.00)
Cleaning house Shopping Washing clothes Leaving at bus stand Care of children Children education Care of old persons Social visits Official work Attending marriage ceremonies and other social gatherings
Figures in parenthesis indicates percentages # - 70-20 (Table 5) = 50, 70-40 (Table 5) = 30 ## 70-50 (Table 5) = 20, 70-30 (Table 5) = 40
Table 5.2. Occupational constraints faced by the working women N=70 Sl. No.
Constraints
Frequency
Percentage
1.
Problem during travelling
53
75.71
2.
Long working hours with limited payment
47
67.14
3.
Long hours of work with no stipulated time
47
67.14
4.
Ill treatment on the work place
40
57.14
Note: Multiple answers possible A large percentage of the women (75.00%) were getting cooperation from their family members in washing clothes. Cent per cent of the non-working women were getting cooperation in the activities like care of children and care of old persons from their family members. About 95.00 per cent of women were getting cooperation in the cooking, attending social gatherings and marriage ceremonies whereas it was 87.50 per cent in shopping, children education and social visits. More than half of the women were getting cooperation in cleaning house from family members.

Table 5.2 explained the various occupational constraints faced by the working women. A close examination of Table 5.2 revealed that around 78.00 per cent of the women opined that they were facing problem during traveling. Equal percentage (67.14%) of the women faced the constraints such as long working hours with limited payment and long hours of work with no stipulated time. Majority of the women (57.14%) were facing the constraint of ill treatment on the work place.
Adoption of the stress management techniques by the respondents

It is clear from Table 6 that majority of the working (82.86%) and non-working (70.00%) women adopting stress management techniques to manage their physical and mental stress whereas 17.14 per cent of the working women and 30.00 per cent non-working women were not adopting it.
80 70 60 50
Per cent
40 30 20 10 0 Problem during travelling Long working hours with limited payment Long hours of work with no stipulated time Ill treatment on the work place
Constraints
Fig. 7. Occupational constraints faced by the working women
Fig. 7. Occupational constraints faced by the working women
Table 6. Adoption of stress management techniques by the respondents N=140 Working women (n=70) Sl. No. Adoption category Frequency % Frequency % Non-working women (n=70)
1.
Yes
58
82.86
49
70.00
2.
No
12
17.14
21
30.00
Physical stress management techniques adopted by the respondents

The techniques followed by the respondents to manage their physical stress were relaxation, sitting posture, diet, body therapy and medical therapy.
Relaxation
A close review of Table 6.1 revealed that majority of the working (68.97%) and nonworking (73.46%) women had fully adopted taking rest while 31.03 per cent of the working women and 26.53 per cent of the non-working women had partially adopted it. Nearly fifty per cent of the working and non-working women had fully adopted to time for leisure hours. Majority of the working women (48.27%) had fully adopted deep breathing to relieve from physical stress whereas 42.85 per cent of the non-working women had partially adopted it. Fifty per cent of the working women had partially adopted writing diary to relieve from physical stress whereas 32.76 per cent of them disagreed to adopt it. To make diary writing a strategy, more than fifty per cent of the non-working women were disagreed to adopt it.
Correct posture
A look at the data in Table 6.1 demonstrates that nearly seventy per cent of the working and non-working women had partially adopted change in posture in their activities to manage their physical stress. Majority of the working (67.24%) and non-working (75.51%) women had partially adopted to avoid bending whereas 18.96 per cent of the working women and 22.44 per cent of the non-working women had disagreed to adopt it. More than sixty per cent of the working and non-working women had partially adopted convenient placement of things whereas 31.03 per cent of working women and 28.57 per cent of the non-working women had fully adopted to it.
Table 6.1. Physical stress management techniques adopted by the respondents N=107 Sl. No. 1. Working women (n=58) Stress management techniques Relaxation Take rest Take out time for leisure Deep breathing Write diary 2. Correct posture Change posture Avoid bending Convenient placement of things Use standard furniture 6 (10.35) 8 (13.79) 18 (31.03) 18 (31.03) 39 (67.24) 39 (67.24) 38 (65.51) 33 (56.89) 13 (22.41) 11 (18.96) 2 (3.45) 7 (12.06) 5 (10.20) 1 (2.04) 14 (28.57) 10 (20.40) 33 (67.34) 37 (75.51) 30 (61.22) 32 (65.30) 11 (2.44) 11 (22.44) 5 (10.20) 7 (14.28) 40 (68.97) 30 (51.72) 28 (48.27) 10 (17.24) 18 (31.03) 26 (44.82) 20 (34.48) 29 (50.00) 2 (3.45) 10 (17.24) 19 (32.76) 36 (73.46) 22 (44.89) 19 (38.77) 5 (10.20) 13 (26.53) 19 (38.77) 21 (42.85) 17 (34.69) 8 (16.32) 9 (18.63) 27 (55.10) Full adoption Partial adoption No adoption Non-working women (n=49) Full adoption Partial adoption No adoption
Table 6.1. Contd.. N=107 Sl. No. 3. Working women (n=58) Partial Full adoption No adoption adoption 6 (10.35) 25 (43.10) 3 (5.17) 15 (25.86) 5 (8.62) 9 (15.51) 33 (56.89) 23 (39.65) 22 (37.93) 22 (37.93) 31 (53.44) 28 (48.27) 38 (65.51) 21 (36.20) 32 (55.17) 22 (37.93) 28 (48.27) 29 (50.00) 30 (51.72) 2 (3.45) 27 (46.55) 5 (8.62) 32 (55.17) 17 (29.31) 3 (5.17) 7 (12.06) 7 (12.06) 58 (100) 58 (100) Non-working women (n=49) Partial Full adoption No adoption adoption 6 (12.24) 19 (38.77) 6 (12.24) 11 (22.44) 5 (10.20) 5 (10.20) 13 (26.53) 15 (30.61) 14 (28.57) 15 (30.61) 30 (61.22) 25 (51.02) 34 (69.38) 13 (26.53) 24 (48.97) 29 (59.18) 29 (59.18) 29 (59.18) 28 (57.14) 18 (36.73) 4 (8.16) 31 (63.26) 20 (40.81) 7 (14.28) 5 (10.20) 6 (12.24) 49 (100) 49 (100)
Stress management techniques Diet Eat less Take balanced diet A low calorie diet High fibre diet
4.
Body therapy Swimming Games Walks Listen to music while resting Listen to music while working
5.
Medical therapy Sleeping pills Mood altering drugs and alcohol
Note: Figures in parenthesis indicates percentages
Majority of the working (56.89%) and non-working (65.30%) women had partially adopted using standard furniture to relieve from physical stress.
Diet
The information in the Table 6.1 indicated that more than fifty per cent of the working and non-working women had strongly disagreed with respect to eating less whereas majority of them (working women - 53.44% and non-working women-61.22%) had partially adopted taking balanced diet. In case of taking low calorie diet, nearly 50.00 per cent of the women in both the category had partially adopted to it against 46.55 per cent and 36.73 per cent of the working and non-working women respectively had disagreed to adopt it. With respect to taking high fibre diet, more than 60.00 per cent of the working and non-working women had partially adopted it.
Body therapy
The data in the Table 6.1 depicts that majority of the working (55.17%) and nonworking (63.26%) women had disagreed to adopt swimming whereas 36.20 per cent of the working and 26.53 per cent of the non-working women had partially adopted it. In case of playing games, 55.00 per cent of the working and 48.97 per cent of the non-working women had partially adopted to reduce their physical stress whereas 29-40 per cent of them had disagreed to adopt it. More than 50.00 per cent of the working women had fully adopted to walking whereas it had partially adopted by the non-working women. With respect to listening to music while resting and walking, majority of the working and non-working women had partially adopted to this therapy to relieve their stress.
Medical therapy
A close perusal of data in Table 6.1 informs us that cent per cent of the working and non-working women had disagreed either to take sleeping pills or mood altering drugs and alcohol to manage their physical stress.
Mental stress management techniques adopted by the respondents

The techniques followed by the respondents to manage the mental stress were doing meditation, psychotherapy, social support, altering situation, planning and reducing responsibilities.
Meditation
It becomes clearly evident from Table 6.2 that majority of the working (56.89%) and non-working (67.34%) women had fully adopted in doing prayers to reduce their mental stress. 55.17 per cent of the working and 40.81 per cent of the non-working women had believed yoga as a technique to manage mental stress. With respect to religious practices, more than fifty per cent of the working and non-working women had fully adopted to it.
Psychotherapy
It is noted from Table 6.2 that nearly fifty per cent of the working and non-working women had partially adopted to change in routine work to reduce their mental stress. Majority of the working (53.44%) and non-working (65.30%) women had partially adopted recreation with family members as mental stress management technique to relieve their mental stress. Sixty per cent of the working and non-working women partially adopted to positive thinking as a psychotherapy to manage their mental stress.
Table 6.2. Mental stress management techniques adopted by the respondents N=107 Sl. No. 1. Working women (n=58) Partial Full adoption No adoption adoption 33 (56.89) 12 (20.68) 30 (51.72) 17 (29.31) 27 (46.55) 20 (34.48) 1 (1.72) 31 (53.44) 24 (41.37) 27 (46.55) 13 (22.41) 24 (41.37) 32 (55.17) 28 (48.27) 29 (50.00) 31 (53.44) 38 (65.51) 8 (13.79) 27 (46.55) 34 (58.62) 31 (53.44) 28 (48.27) 1 (1.72) 14 (24.13) Non-working women (n=49) Partial Full adoption No adoption adoption 33 (67.34) 10 (20.40) 28 (57.14) 12 (24.48) 17 (34.69) 19 (38.77) 1 (2.04) 15 (30.61) 13 (26.53) 13 (26.53) 6 (12.24) 16 (32.65) 20 (40.81) 19 (38.77) 26 (53.06) 32 (65.30) 30 (61.22) 11 (22.44) 32 (65.30) 35 (71.42) 32 (65.30) 33 (67.34) 19 (38.77) 2 (4.08) 11 (22.44) 37 (75.51) 2 (4.08) 1 (2.04) 4 (8.16) 10 (20.40)
Stress management techniques Meditation Offer prayers Yoga Religious practices
2.
Psychotherapy Change in routine Recreation with family Positive thinking Cry to relieve stress
12 (20.68) 49 (84.48) 17 (29.31)
3.
Social support Work in group Talk to someone Attend social gatherings Take counseling
Table 6.2. Contd.. N=107 Sl. No. 4. Working women (n=58) Partial Full adoption No adoption adoption 25 (43.10) 8 (13.79) 7 (12.06) 31 (53.44) 23 (39.65) 16 (27.58) 32 (55.17) 2 (3.45) 13 (22.41) 33 (56.89) 46 (79.31) 41 (70.68) 27 (46.55) 34 (58.62) 29 (50.00) 26 (44.82) 13 (22.41) 13 (22.41) 38 (65.51) 45 (77.58) 4 (6.81) 10 (17.24) 1 (1.72) 13 (22.41) Non-working women (n=49) Partial Full adoption No adoption adoption 4 (8.16) 20 (40.81) 5 (10.20) 3 (6.12) 14 (28.57) 15 (30.61) 6 (12.24) 10 (20.40) 2 (4.08) 2 (4.08) 20 (40.81) 27 (55.10) 40 (81.63) 41 (83.61) 34 (69.38) 32 (65.30) 29 (59.18) 37 (75.51) 24 (48.97) 20 (40.81) 33 (67.34) 25 (51.02) 2 (4.08) 4 (8.16) 5 (10.20) 1 (2.04) 2 (4.08) 14 (28.57) 2 (4.08) 25 (51.02) 27 (55.10) 14 (28.57)
Stress management techniques Altering situation Changing residence Maintaining well organized home Avoiding painful reminders Adopting to the distressing events
5.
Planning Set priorities Do preparation Alter heavy work with light work Use time and labour saving devices
6.
Reducing responsibilities Postponing certain tasks Assign work to others Change standards of job preference
45 (77.58) 45 (77.58) 18 (31.03)
Note: Figures in parenthesis indicates percentages
It is clear from Table 6.2 that majority of the working (84.48%) and non-working (75.51%) women had strongly disagreed for crying therapy to relieve stress.
Social support
Information in Table 6.2 indicated that nearly fifty per cent of the working women had fully adopted towards working in groups whereas 65.30 per cent of the non-working women had partially adopted to it. Majority of the working (58% and 53%) and non-working (71% and 65%) women were partially adopted talk to someone and attending social gatherings as social support for mental stress management. 48.27 per cent of the working and 67.34 per cent of the nonworking women had partially adopted take counseling to reduce their mental stress.
Altering situation
The data in Table 6.2 showed that majority of the working (77.58%) and non-working (51.02%) women had strongly disagreed towards changing residence as a mental stress management technique. Half of the working and non-working women partially adopted maintaining well organized home followed by fully adopted. To manage mental stress, 70-80 per cent of the working and 80.00 per cent of the non-working women were partially adopted avoiding painful reminders and adopting to the distressing events as stress management techniques.
Planning
A close review of Table 6.2 revealed that majority of the working women (53.44%) had fully adopted to set priorities in their planning activities whereas 70.00 per cent of the non-working women were partially adopted it. Majority of the working (58.62% and 50.00%) and non-working (65.30% and 60.00%) women were partially adopted do preparation and alter heavy work with right work as stress management techniques to manage their mental stress. Fifty five per cent of the working women were fully adopted towards using time and labour saving devices whereas 75.51 per cent of the non-working women were partially adopted it.
Reducing responsibilities
To manage mental stress, postponing certain tasks and assign work to others as stress management techniques were disagreed by the majority of the working and nonworking women. With respect to change standards of job preference, 65.51 per cent of the working and 67.34 per cent of the non-working women were partially adopted it.
V. DISCUSSION
The results of the study are interpreted and discussed in the same order and sequence as presentation of the results in the previous chapter. 5.1 Employment details of working women 5.2 Delineation of the areas of decision making of the respondent in home activities 5.3 Decision making pattern of the working and non-working women in home activities 5.3.1 Decision making pattern of the respondents in children affairs 5.3.2 Decision making pattern of the respondents in personal affairs 5.3.3 Decision making pattern of the respondents in household affairs 5.4 Socio-personal characteristics of the respondents 5.5 Relationship between the independent variables and decision making pattern of the respondents 5.6 Constraints faced and stress management techniques adopted by the working and nonworking women in home activities
5.1
Employment Details of Working Women
The analysis of the results (Table 1) regarding employment details revealed that majority (24.28%) of the women were working in development departments followed by college (22.85%) and bank (21.44%). The government organizations and institutions such as college, school, bank and development departments were providing all types of job security to the employee. But in nongovernment organizations, there is no guarantee of job and over burden of work for the employee compare to other government offices. It is evident from the result (Table 1.1) that around 50.00 per cent of the women were working as supporting staff followed by teaching staff (38.57%). Most of the women prefer supporting work and teaching work bearing less responsibility which helps to balance between household work and office work. On the other hand, 12.86 per cent of the women were working as administrators because administrative work is the top level of the organization and the administrator takes whole responsibility of the organization. Most of the time administrators are going for tour which is not suitable for the women and they may be promoted to this level not by direct recruitment.
5.2
Delineation of Areas of Decision Making of Respondents in Home Activities
The data in the Table 2 indicates delineation of the areas of decision making of urban working and non-working women in home activities. There are total thirteen areas in home activities such as marriage of children, education of children, expenditure aspect, savings for future, loan aspect, family planning, religious practices, social participation, medical consultation, entertainment, home improvement, purchasing of items and hygiene practices. Each major area of decision making includes a series of sub-areas.
5.3 Decision Making Pattern of The Working And Non-Working Women in Home Activities
The overall view of the decision making pattern of the respondents with respect to home activities such as children affairs (Table 3), personal affairs (Table 3.1) and household affairs (Table 3.2) clearly indicates that majority of the working and non-working women were taking joint decisions.
The probable reason might be that the working and non-working women though they are staying in urban area and more exposed to different mass media they are secondary to men in every spheres at life. Even with the development of science and technology, the women in our Indian culture still sticking to their tradition and customs, such as they should give respect to elders and take decisions of elderly members of the family. Even if a woman earns as much as her husband, in matters of investment or major expenditure, she must listen to him. In her profession she may make significant decisions, but at home she is a second fiddle.
5.3.1 Decision making pattern of the respondents in children affairs

The results presented in the light of the investigation made to find out the decision making pattern of the working and non-working women in children affairs and are illustrated in Table 3. The Table 3 revealed that majority of the respondents were taking joint decisions followed by independent decisions in marriage of children and education of children. It can be justified that in case of marriage of children, both husband and wife share their knowledge, experience, ideas, opinion which will make the marriage success. Regarding education of children, most of the women discuss with their husbands in which many alternative ideas will be generated and also both are fully responsible for the education of children. But in case of children home work and tuition work, they were taking independent decisions as children are more close to their mother than father and the children are getting more moral support from their mother. From Table 3, chi-square value shows that there was significant association between working and non-working women in taking decision with respect to marriage of children and education of the children. Regarding marriage of children and education of children both the women were taking joint decision because both the father and mother are responsible for the future of the children.
5.3.2 Decision making pattern of the respondents in personal affairs

A clear observation on Table 3.1 gives us the idea about the decision making pattern of the respondents in personal affairs. Perusal of data brought to focus that in case of family planning, social participation and entertainment, majority of the working and non-working women were taking joint decisions followed by independent decisions. The possible reasons might be family planning is a joint affair in which both the husband and wife involved to take decisions and to follow small family norms. Another reason might be in our culture women give due respect to their husband as he is the head of the family and always discuss and take permission to attend any social functions outside the home. Entertainment activities like visiting friends, going for movies, going out for vacations are not only for husband and wife but also for the family. Both husband and wife together discuss and plan for family entertainment as a whole. In case of religious practices, both working and non-working women were taking independent decisions. Though they are staying in urban area, exposed to different mass media and scientific information but still sticking to their tradition and customs. They are more devoted to religious practices than male members of the family. With respect to family planning, social participation, religious practices and entertainment both the women category were taking joint decisions. The probable reason might be that family planning and entertainment are joint affairs in which both husband and
wife are involved. In case of social participation and religious practices, wife cannot go alone to attend different social functions and religious activities.
5.3.3 Decision making pattern of the respondents in household affairs

A close examination of findings in Table 3.2 revealed decision making pattern of the working and non-working women in household affairs. Majority of the women in both the category were taking independent decisions in expenditure aspect, purchasing of items and hygiene practices. The probable reason might be expenditure on food, clothing, fuel, gifts and presents, household durables and keeping the house clean are directly concerned with the women. So they are independent decision makers. But expenditure on house/house rent, construction/renovation and expansion of house need heavy investments which may not be possible by the women alone to take decisions and it is also a joint enterprise. Hence they are taking joint decisions in this area. In the areas like expenditure on jewellery and purchasing home equipments, the working women were taking joint decisions but the non-working women were taking independent decisions. This might be due to the fact that the working women and their husband both are employed, they know the value of the money. Hence, according to the family needs they spend their money. On the other hand, only husband of the non-working women are working and the women are looking after the whole family so she is the best judge for the purchase and expenditure of household things. Hence she is taking independent decisions. Another reasons may be they are not working, since they may not know the value of money so they may be taking independent decisions according to their will and wish. Regarding savings, loan aspect and home improvement, majority of the working and non-working women were taking joint decisions followed by male decisions. The reason might be that since these are joint enterprises requires heavy investment of money, it may not be possible for the women to take independent decisions. In case of medical consultation, most of the respondents were taking joint decisions followed by independent decisions. Care of elderly, aged and dependent persons in the family is not individual concern and also hospitalization of sick persons, the male members are more involved than female members. Table 3.2 explains that both the women category were taking joint decisions in household affairs. Savings, loan aspects and home improvement are joint enterprises requires heavy investment of money, it may not be possible for the women to take independent decisions. Regarding expenditure aspect, purchasing of items, medical consultation and hygiene practices they were taking joint decisions, because there is a age old tradition that women cannot take independent decisions without consulting to their elders.
5.4 SOCIO-PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESPONDENTS Age

Majority of the respondents were found to be middle aged followed by young age group (Table 4). Middle and young aged women are generally enthusiastic, innovative, more strength, vigour, challenging, interested to earn more and to develop their personality. And unlike in the earlier days, the present day young generation is not adjusted with their traditions and customs which burry their hidden potential talents. In recent years there are lots of efforts from both government and non-governmental organizations towards empowering women. These women can also influence their family members regarding their participation in home activities. The findings of the study are in line with the findings of Chaudhari et al. (1998), Usha et al. (2001) and Cherian and Vats (2001).
Education
Perusal of data in the Table 4 brought to focus that majority of the working and nonworking women were educated. This can be justified as education plays a very crucial role in the social and economic development of women. For this the probable reasons for good literacy might be that the women and child welfare department and education department are putting maximum efforts to provide good education to all women by starting many schemes and programmes. Since the selected respondents were from urban area, exposure to various media which make them aware about the advantages of education for the overall development of the family. The result was in confirmation with the result of Devi and Rayalu (2003).
Marital status
The critical evaluation of the results (Table 4) predicted that a large percentage of the working and non-working women belonged to the age group of 36 to 55 years, i.e., middle age group and were married. The reason could be attributed to this finding might be our tradition and custom towards getting married at a certain age. The findings were in consonance with the findings of Cherian and Vats (2001) and Devi and Rayalu (2003).
Family type
According to the results presented in the Table 4, 72.86 per cent of the working women belonged to nuclear type of family. Because the tradition of having joint family system is decreasing year after year, people would prefer to live in nuclear families for the sake of better harmony and for better satisfaction of basic needs, less responsibility, privacy etc. Further, migration in search of children education, job motivates many to have nuclear families. On the other hand, most of the non-working women belonged to joint family. Joint family system is the representative family type in rural and urban India since centuries. Hence, people in India believe in cooperative living and sharing the responsibilities.
Family size
The results (Table 4) brought to light that majority of the working and non-working women belonged to medium size family. It may be because of the realization of the advantages of small family in terms of educating their children, for saving money, assets etc.

The findings of the result showed that 57.14 per cent of working women had medium level of income followed by high level income (22.86%). This might be due to the earnings through different occupations. Since most of them are staying in nuclear family, they spend money economically and saves money in different saving schemes to increase their family income. Among non-working women, 47.14 per cent of the women had low level of income followed by medium level income (35.72%) because of the single income from their husband and they are living in joint family where expenditure is more.
Perusal of results (Table 4) stated that 50.00 per cent of the working women had high level of social participation followed by medium level of social participation and majority of the non-working women had medium level of social participation followed by high level of social participation. The plausible reasons might be that they are staying in urban area which makes them aware of different organizations such as Mahila mandal, cooperative society, school etc.
They are interested to participate in such organizations to get the recent and updated information regarding home related fields like house keeping, nutritious recipies, methods of cooking, education of children etc.

The findings in the Table 4 showed that majority of the working and non-working women had high level of mass media participation followed by medium level of mass media participation. The main reasons for this might be they are staying in urban area which makes them more exposure to all types of mass media such as Cable TV, DTH, DISH TV, Radio and print media. Since they are educated, they can read all types of print media like daily newspapers, magazines, journals etc. Further, they belonged to medium level of family income that makes them to buy all the mass media and their interest to watch, to listen, to read such mass media.
5.5 Relationship Between The Independent Variables And Decision Making Pattern of The Respondents
The calculated r values presented in Table 4.1 revealed that age, education, marital status, family size, annual family income, social participation and mass media participation were non-significantly related with the decision making pattern of the working and nonworking women. But family type of the non-working women was found to have negative and significant relationship with the decision making pattern. The probable reason might be majority of the non-working women were having joint families in which they were taking decisions in all aspects with their husband and other family members and discuss whatever they want. Hence, they could not take independent decisions in the family.
5.6
Constraints Faced And Stress Management Techniques Adopted By The Working And Non-Working Women In Home Activities
The information in the Table 5 gives a clear picture regarding various constraints faced by the working and non-working women in home activities such as personal, familial and social constraints.

It was found in Table 5 that majority of the working (71.43%) women expressed neglecting of duties of children as their main constraint followed by not getting time for leisure, sleep, personal care and entertainment and feeling fatigued after work. The possible reason may be the working women doing both office work and household work and not getting much time for care of children and family members. Table 5 explains that nearly 95.00 per cent of working women were facing the constraint of feeling tired due to long hours of work because all are working from morning to evening in the office which leads to physical and mental tiredness. Majority of the women faced the constraint such as non-cooperation from family members (71.43%). The reason may be that they were living on the nuclear family which comprise husband, wife and their children, doing both office work and household work independently. So they may not be getting any cooperation from their family members. More than 40.00 per cent of the women expressed feeling of insecurity as their constraint. The
probable reasons might be they are working in different organization with male members, working for long hours and over burden of work without any extra payment. Around 29.00 per cent of the women faced the constraint of non-cooperation from their husbands. The possible reasons may be the schedule of office work of wife and husband may differ. Also usually husbands come home late as they are in the habit of spending time with their friends after office hours and may not be available to help their wife in household work.
Non-working women
Data in Table 5 showed that nearly 86.00 per cent of the non-working women expressed lack of communication facilities as their major constraint. They are staying in joint families, always busy with household activities and they belonged to low income group which cannot afford to buy all the communication aids like computer, internet, telephone, mobile phones, fax etc. be the possible reasons. About 78.57 per cent of the women faced the constraint of over burden of work followed by not getting time for leisure, sleep, personal care and entertainment, feeling fatigued after work and neglecting duties of children, household activities and family members. The probable reasons might be that they are housewives and they may not keep any servant at home, they are taking all responsibilities like going outside, attending social functions, serving guests in the home. Feeling of insecurity as the constraint faced by majority of the non-working women in home activities. The reason may be though they are housewives they depend upon their husband in each sphere of life mainly in financial aspects. It can be observed from Table 5 that majority of the non-working women were facing the constraints of non-cooperation from husband (57.14%) and family members (42.86%). Non-cooperation from husband in the sense that they may not like to help her in the household work which is below their prestige. Since they are staying in joint families, there may be division of work among themselves and also they may not get any cooperation from others. Equal percentage (50.00%) of the women in both the category were facing the constraint of irritableness and intolerance due to the strain of work. The probable reasons may be due to over burden of work, non-cooperation from family members and ill health of the women.
Social constraints
Data in Table 5 described that majority of the working and non-working women were facing the constraints of no social visits and not getting time for attending social gatherings, marriage ceremony and birthday parties in their home activities. The reason could be attributed that the working women besides office work, they were doing all the household works as they belonged to nuclear family and not getting any cooperation from their husband. Among non-working women, they are staying at home, busy with their household work and there is an age old restriction and tradition that they have to consult and take permission of elderly persons of the family for any social contacts and links with outsiders.
Occupational constraints faced by the working respondents

The results presented in Table 5.2 indicates that various occupational constrains faced by the working women in their work place. Around 78.00 per cent of the women opined that they were facing problems during travelling. The probable reasons might be they are staying far from the office. Since they belonged to medium income family which is unable to afford personal vehicles and less
frequency of buses to reach the working place. Equal percentage (67.14%) of the women faced the constraints such as long working hours with limited payment and long hours of work with no stipulated time. This might be due to introduction of new curriculum in schools and colleges, organizing training programmes and functions after office hours, visits of higher officers for inspection, to attend essential and emergency services in the hospital. Majority of the women (57.14%) faced the constraint of ill treatment on the work place due to negative attitude towards women, gender discrimination, personal likes and dislikes of higher authority and other staffs.

An detail investigation of results (Table 6) reviewed that majority of the working (82.86%) and non-working (70.00%) women were adopting stress management techniques to manage their physical and mental stress. This result provides a clear view and insight that the working women have to attend both household work and office work which leads to physical and mental tiredness. The nonworking women have to attend all household work without anybodys help is very tedious, laborious and over burden, so that they became physically tired. To relax their physical and mental stress, both the category women were adopting some important stress management techniques in their daily life.
Physical stress management techniques adopted by the respondents Relaxation

Results in the Table 6.1 indicates that majority of the working and non-working women were adopting relaxation as a physical stress management strategy to relieve their physical stress by taking rest, take out time for leisure, deep breathing. It may be due to the fact that the nervous system which is the most important functional unit to keep control over all the parts of internal organs, get influenced by the stress and it will have effect upon blood circulation in the body. So by taking rest, our blood cells and nervous system get complete rest and are fully relaxed. From the Table 6.1, it is clear that there was a significant difference between working and non-working women with regard to writing diary as a method of reducing stress. This may be because working women have more interaction with the society which may have made them more aware of this stress management technique than non-working women.
Correct posture
The data in Table 6.1 shows that both the category women were adopting different correct body postures such as changing in postures, avoid bending, convenient placement of things, use of standard furniture for performing various tasks can help to reduce the physical stress.
Diet
An examination of the data in Table 6.1 reveals that both the category women were not found to be adopting the technique of eating less food as a means of reducing stress. With regard to taking low calorie diet, balanced diet and high fibre diet majority of the working and non-working women were partially adopted. The probable reason might be that both the category women are educated and know the advantages of taking balanced diet. Another reason may be they are more exposed to all types of mass media and their interest also motivates them to know the new information about the diet.
Body therapy
It can be seen in the Table 6.1 that majority of the working and non-working women were not adopting swimming exercise as a way of stress management. This may be because women are not aware of these techniques as a method of stress management. Daily walking and playing games tends to boost self esteem (increase feelings of control over their lives) that a human being with high feelings of self worth tend to be happy and well adjusted and apparently well equipped to deal with stress. In fact, research shows that regular exercises report a lower level of stress than does their sedentary counterparts. The more use of music as a way of reducing stress clearly reveals that music relieves one self from stress and every person can enjoy and stress free life.
Medical therapy
Data exhibited in Table 6.1 shows that cent per cent of the women in both the category were disagreed towards taking sleeping pills, mood altering drugs and alcohol. The reason might be due to the fact that these medical therapies have some side effects which leads to permanent damage of the body parts and also death of the person. Mental stress management techniques adopted by the respondents
Meditation
A large percentage of the working and non-working women were offering prayer, doing religious practices and yoga to manage their mental stress. This is due to the fact that the women are more devoted towards doing prayer, yoga and religious practices. They have enough time to devote to reading different books.
Psychotherapy
Table 6.2 elicits that majority of the working and non-working women were adopting many psychotherapies such as change in routine work, recreation with family, positive thinking to reduce their mental stress. It is due to that change in routine work may cut the monotony of the work which gives mental satisfaction and relieve their stress. Another reason may be that recreation with family members and always thinking positively have positive effect on the mind and body of the women so that it helps the women to reduce their mental stress. Very few respondents were using cry to relieve stress technique to manage their mental stress.
Social support
Majority of the working and non-working women had partially adopted that social support as an important stress management strategy to manage their mental stress. The probable reason might be that working in groups, talk to someone, attending social functions may cut the loneliness and negative thinking of the respondent which makes them mentally free. Sometimes women are taking counselling that how to manage heavy mental stress. Another reason may be that human being is a part of social system and interacting with others help to curb their natural instincts and relieves stress.
Altering situation
Table 6.2 shows that both working and non-working women had disagreed towards changing residence if it produced stress. This may be because it is not possible economically to shift house. The working and non-working women maintained well organized home and avoiding situations that serve as painful reminders as method to reduce stress because it gives mental satisfaction. There was no significant difference between working and nonworking women with regard to the altering situation for getting relief from stress. People who always think of past never succeed. The only way to prepare for future is to do todays work with strength and enthusiasm.
Planning
From the data, it was found that both the working and non-working women were adopting different planning techniques such as setting priority, do preparation, alter heavy work with light work and use time and labour saving devices to manage their mental stress. This may be because they feel more comfortable in the set sequence of doing work as they usually do. Further, they should know how to make balance between heavy work and light work to reduce their mental stress.
Reducing responsibilities
Data shows that majority of the women in both the category had disagreed to adopt postponing certain task and assign work to others. It may be due to that they are educated, more exposed to various mass media which makes them aware about their position, status in the family and society. Regarding change in standards of job preference, both the categories were making the adoption of mental stress management technique.
VI. SUMMARY
Women development is an integral part of socio-economic development of the nation. In general terms development means removal of poverty, improvement of productivity and subsequent raise in quality of life, status and also distributive justice. Womens employment is considered as an integration in the main stream of development. Our Late Prime Minister, Mrs. Indira Gandhi stressed emphatically that women have trailed behind men in almost all sectors and their status could only be raise by generating opportunities for their independent gainful employment. A societys progress can be judged by how well half its population, namely, women have progressed. If people are to progress, half the talent and half the energy of the society cannot be ignored. Women must be allowed full freedom of action and full movement. Women are equal to men in every aspect, whether spiritual urges, political ideals or historical sacrifices. Womens empowerment begins with the awareness about their rights and capabilities and the understanding as to how the socio-economic and political forces affect them. Empowerment as a concept encompasses their social upliftment, political decision making and economic independence. Thus, the process of empowerment of women enables them to realize their full potential and empowers them in all spheres of life. The conservatives define empowerment as womens capacity to make the best of their own lives. From this point of view, a woman is empowered when she is literate, educated and has productive skills, access to capital and confidence in herself. The wifes decision making role has been a subject of some interest in the diffusion of new information and the acceptance of technological change. In the household, specially in the tightly knit households of India whether it is rural or urban one can safely say that making of decisions is not an individual task, but many times they are made within the group. The decision making by the families is not an easy job, as it might appear. It passes through a series of Ifs and Buts before finally arriving at a decision. It indicates that the range in magnitude of families is very great and this is an area that needs thorough investigation. The knowledge and understanding of decision making, role performance and role expectation of women are important in a developing country like India. This will help in planning and execution of the development programmes for the rural people more systematically. For systematic and successful implements of educational programmes it is necessary to know who plays the dominant role in decision making, how the decisions are shared between husband and wife. Further, once the decisions are made, what role do women play in their implementation and what factors influence the decision making pattern, what are the different decision making patterns and what exactly is the role played by the women in their implementation should be known to the extension worker which may help him to judge whom he should approach in order to get better results. The research study was designed to understand the role of women in decision making of home activities. Keeping this background in mind, the present study was designed with the following specific objectives. 1. To delineate the areas of decision making of urban working and non-working women with respect to home activities 2. To study the decision making pattern of urban working and non-working women with respect to home activities 3. To know the socio-personal characteristics and their relationship with the decision making pattern of urban working and non-working women with respect to home activities 4. To identify the constraints and stress management techniques adopted by the urban working and non-working women in home activities The study was conducted during the year 2005-06 in the purposively selected Dharwad district of the northern Karnataka State. The total sample size was 140 including 70 working women and 70 non-working women. The working women were selected purposively from different organizations and institutions such as school, college, bank, LIC, government organizations, non-governments organizations and hospital and the non-working women were selected randomly from Dharwad urban area. The data was collected with the help of structured questionnaire. The dependent variable taken for the study was decision making pattern of the respondents in home activities. Independent variables studied were age,
education, marital status, family size, family type, annual family income, social participation and mass media participation. The statistical procedures applied were frequency, percentage, rank order correlation analysis and chi-square test.
Major findings of the study are as follows

1. Majority of the working women (22.85%) were working in the college followed by school (20.00%) and government organizations (20.00%). 2. Among working women, nearly 50.00 per cent of the women were working as supporting staff followed by teaching (38.57%) and administrators (12.86%). 3. Majority of the working (58.57%) and non-working (52.86%) women belonged to middle age group followed by young and old age group. 4. Majority of the working women (41.43%) were post graduates and non-working women (32.86%) were high school education level holders. 5. Majority of the working and non-working women were married. 6. A large percentage of the working women (72.86%) belonged to nuclear family and more than 50.00 per cent of the non-working women belonged to joint family. 7. An overwhelming majority of the working and non-working women belonged to medium size family (5 to 7 members). 8. About 57.00 per cent of the working women had medium level of income and 47.00 per cent of the non-working women had low family income. 9. Half of the working women had high level of social participation whereas 64.00 per cent of the non-working women had medium level of social participation. 10. Majority of the working and non-working women had high level of mass media participation.
Decision making pattern of the respondents Children affairs

11. 12. 13. With respect to marriage of children and education of children, higher percentage in both the women category were taking joint decisions. Incase of children homework and tuition work, both the category of women were taking independent decisions. There was significant association between working and non-working women in taking decisions with respect to marriage of children and education of children.
Personal affairs
14. 15. 16. In relation to personal affairs, both the working and non-working women were taking joint decisions in family planning, social participation and entertainment. Majority of the working and non-working women were taking independent decisions in religious practices. There was significant association between working and non-working women in taking decisions in the areas like family planning, social participation, religious practices and entertainment.
Household affairs
17. 18. 19. 20. Towards household affairs, higher percentage of the women in both the category were taking independent decisions in the areas such as expenditure aspect, purchasing of items and hygiene practices. Regarding savings, loan aspect, medical consultation and home improvement, majority of the women were taking joint decisions. With respect to jewellery and purchasing home equipments, majority of the working women were taking joint decisions whereas it was independent decisions by more than 50.00 per cent of the non-working women. Regarding household affairs there was significant association between working and non-working women in taking decisions.
Relationship between the independent variables and decision making pattern of the respondent 21. 22. There was no relationship between any of the independent variables and decision making pattern of the respondents. Family type of the non-working women was negative and significant relationship with decision making pattern.
Constraints faced and stress management techniques adopted by the working and nonworking women in home activities

23. A large percentage of the working women (71.43%) expressed neglecting of duties of children as their main constraint followed by neglecting family members and household activities. Nearly 95.00 per cent of the working women were facing the constraint of feeling tired due to long hours of work. Majority of the working women were facing the constraints such as non-cooperation from family members (71.43%) and not getting time for leisure, sleep, personal care and entertainment (60.00%). More than 40.00 per cent of the working women expressed feeling of insecurity and feeling fatigued after work as their constraints. About 29.00 per cent of the women were facing the constraint of non-cooperation from husband.
24. 25.
26. 27.
Non-working women
28. 29. 30. Nearly 86.00 per cent of the non-working women expressed lack of communication facilities as their major constraint. About 78.57 per cent of the non-working women faced the constraint of over burden of work. More than 70.00 per cent of the women were facing the constraints such as feeling of insecurity, not getting time for leisure, sleep, personal care and entertainment and feeling fatigued after work. About 57.14 per cent of the non-working women expressed neglecting of duties of children as their constraint. Majority of the non-working women faced the constraints like non-cooperation from husband (57.14%), non-cooperation from family members (42.86%) and feeling tired due to long hours of work (21.43%). Equal percentage (50.00%) of the women in both the category were facing the constraint of irritableness and intolerance due to the strain of work.
31. 32.
33.
Social constraints
34. 35. About 70.00 per cent of the working women were expressed no social visits as their main constraint while it was 85.71 per cent in case of non-working women. Nearly 80.00 per cent of the non-working women were facing the constraint of no link with the people whereas it was very less percentage (14.29%) in case of the working women. More than 90.00 per cent of the non-working women were facing the constraint of not getting time for attending social gatherings, marriage ceremony and birthday parties while it was 64.29 per cent in case of working women.
36.
Activities where in respondents get cooperation Working women
37.
38. 39.
40. 41.
The working women were getting cooperation from their husbands in the home activities such as cooking (70.00)%, shopping (96.00%), leaving at bus stand and attending marriage ceremonies and other social gatherings (84.00%), children education and care of old persons (100.00%), social visits (70.00%), official work (90.00%). In case of washing clothes, they were not getting any cooperation from their husband. From family members the working women were getting cooperation in the home activities like washing clothes (100.00%), shopping and attending marriage ceremonies and other social gatherings (90.00%), leaving at bus stand and care of children (80.00%). About 75.00 per cent of the women were getting cooperation in cleaning house, children education, care of old persons, official work from family members. Half of the women were getting cooperation from their family members in case of cooking. About 60.00 per cent of the women were getting cooperation from family members in social visits.
Non-working women
42. Majority of the non-working women were getting cooperation from their husbands in the activities like shopping and care of old persons (100.0%), children education (83.34%), care of children (73.74%) and attending social gathering and marriage ceremonies (66.67%). Half of the women were getting cooperation from husband in case of cooking and social visits. A large percentage of the women (75.00%) were getting cooperation from their family members in washing clothes. The non-working women were getting cooperation in the activities like care of children and care of old persons (100.00)%, cooking and attending social gatherings and marriage ceremonies (95.00%), shopping, children education and social visits (87.50%) from their family members. More than half of the women were getting cooperation in cleaning house from family members.
43. 44. 45.
46. 47.

48. 49. 50. Around 78.00 per cent of the women opined that they were facing problems during traveling. Equal percentage (67.14%) of the women faced the constraints such as long working hours with limited payment and long hours of work with no stipulated time. Majority of the women (57.14%) were facing the constraint of ill treatment on the work place.

Majority of the working (82.86%) and non-working (70.00%) women were adopting stress management techniques to manage their physical and mental stress. Physical stress management techniques adopted by the respondents 52. Majority of the working (68.97%) and non-working (73.46%) women had fully adopted taking rest as a physical stress management technique. 53. Nearly 50.00 per cent of the working and non-working women had fully adopted to the statement time for leisure hours to reduce their physical stress. 54. Majority of the working women (48.27%) had fully adopted breathing deeply to relieve from physical stress whereas 42.85 per cent of the non-working women had partially adopted to it. 55. Fifty per cent of the working women had partially adopted writing diary to relieve from physical stress whereas more than 50.00 per cent of the non-working women disagreed to adopt it. 56. Nearly 70.00 per cent of the working and non-working women had partially adopted change in posture in their activities to manage their physical stress. 51.
57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66.
Majority of the working (67.24%) and non-working (75.51%) women had partially adopted to avoid bending. More than 60.00 per cent of the working and non-working women had partially adopted convenient placement of things. Majority of the working (56.89%) and non-working (65.30%) women had partially adopted using standard furniture to relieve from physical stress. More than 50.00 per cent of the working and non-working women had strongly disagreed with respect to eating less to relieve the physical stress. Majority of the women in both the category had partially adopted to taking low calorie diet, balanced diet and high fibre diet. Majority of the working (55.17%) and non-working (63.26%) women had disagreed to adopt swimming to reduce their physical stress. Regarding games, 55.00 per cent of the working and 48.97 per cent of the non-working women had partially adopted to reduce their physical stress. More than 50.00 per cent of the working women had fully adopted to walking whereas it had partially adopted by the non-working women. With respect to listening to music while resting and walking, majority of the working and no-working women had partially adopted to this therapy to relieve physical stress. Cent per cent of the women in both the category had disagreed either to take sleeping pills or mood altering drugs and alcohol to manage the physical stress.
Mental stress management techniques adopted by the respondents

67. 68. 69. 70. 71. Majority of the working (56.89%) and non-working (67.23%) women and fully adopted in doing prayers to reduce their mental stress. Around 56.00 per cent of the working and 40.81 per cent of the non-working women had believed yoga as a technique to manage mental stress. More than 50 per cent of the working and non-working women had fully adopted to religious practices. Nearly 50.00 per cent of the working and non-working women had partially adopted to change in routine work to reduce their mental stress. Majority of the working (53.44%) and non-working (65.30%) women had partially adopted recreation with family members as a mental stress management technique to relieve their mental stress. About 60.00 per cent of the working and non-working women partially adopted to positive thinking as a psychotherapy to mange their mental stress. Majority of the working (84.48%) and non-working (75.51%) women had strongly disagreed for crying therapy to relieve stress. Nearly 50.00 per cent of the working women had fully adopted towards working in groups whereas 65.30 per cent of the non-working women had partially adopted to it. Majority of the working (58% and 53%) and non-working (71% and 65%) women partially adopted talk to someone and attending social gatherings as social support for mental stress management. Nearly 50.00 per cent o the working and 67.34 per cent of the non-working women had partially adopted take counseling to reduce their mental stress. A large percentage of the working (77.58%) and non-working (51.02%) women had strongly disagreed towards changing residence as mental stress management technique. Half of the working and non-working women partially adopted in maintaining well organized house followed by fully adopted. To manage mental stress, 70-80 per cent of the working and 80.00 per cent of the nonworking women partially adopted avoiding painful reminders and adopting to the distressing events as stress management techniques. More than 50.00 per cent of the working women had fully adopted to set priorities in their planning activities while it was partially adopted by 70.00 per cent of the nonworking women. Majority of the working (58.62% and 50.00%) and non-working (65.30% and 60.00%) women partially adopted do preparation and alter heavy work with light work as stress management techniques to manage their mental stress.
72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80.
81.
82. 83. 84.
About 55.00 per cent of the working women had fully adopted towards using time and labour saving devices whereas 75.51 per cent of the non-working women had partially adopted to it. Postponing certain tasks and assign work to others as stress management techniques were disagreed by the majority of the respondents. With respect to change standards of job preference, 65.51 per cent of the working and 67.34 per cent of the non-working women had partially adopted to it.
Implications of the study

The implications based on the findings of the current investigation are as follows. 1. This study has broughtout the emerging role of the home maker in the family decisions. The Joint decisions were more in the home activities. In some areas/activities the wife was taken independent decisions. So the government is taking adequate steps to organize the women into viable groups and exposing them to the various development programmes and womens share in them. 2. The present study revealed that most of the respondents were educated and had lesser participation in decision making. So there is a need to impart better skills and technical know how which increase their confidence about their role in decision making and to improve their social status by increasing their social awareness. 3. It was observed from the study that most of the working and non-working women were facing constraints in the home activities. So all the family members should be cooperated with them in all steps of life.
Suggestions for future research

1. The present study was conducted with limited number of organizations and sample size. In order to derive wider generalizations a study could be conducted with more number of government, non-government, private/other organizations. 2. The present study was conducted in the urban area, it is also suggested to conduct in the rural area. 3. In the light of the findings of the present study, it is also suggested to study other areas besides home activities like farm aspect, animal husbandry of decision making. 4. A detailed study about the constraints faced by the women in home activities can be taken up. 5. In depth study about impact of the stress management techniques on decision making pattern may be studied.
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APPENDIX I
INTERVIEW SCHEDULE
Respondent No._________ Section A I. General information 1. Name of the respondents : 2. Name of the place : 3. Name of the taluk/district : 4. Employed/unemployed : 5. If employed, where ? : Name of school/college/bank/LIC/NGOs/Govt. organization/any other 6. Name of the profession (if employed) : Administrator/Teaching staff/supporting staff II. Personal characteristics of the respondent 1. Age 2. Education a. Primary school (1-4 standard) b. Middle school (5-7 standard) c. High school (8-10 standard) d. PUC e. Graduate f. Post graduate and above 3. Marital status a. married b. Unmarried c. Widow d. Divorced 4. Family size a. Small (<5 members) b. Medium (5-7 members) c. Large (>7 members) 5. Family type a. Nuclear b. Joint 6. Annual family income a. Main source : b. Subsidiary : c. Salary : d. Total : III. Social participation (during last one year) Are you a member of office bearer of the following organization ? Yes/No If yes, specify Sl. Name of Member Office Participation No. organization bearer Regularly Occasionally 1 Mahila mandal 2 Co-operative society 3 School 4 Anganwadi centre 5 Private organization 6 Any other
Never
2. Mass media participation Sl. Mass media No. 1 2 3 4 5 Radio TV Newspaper Magazine/ journals Any other
Subscriber/ owner
Listening/viewing/reading behaviour Regularly Occasionally Never
Section B Who will take major decision on the following home activities
Sl. No. 1. Activities Marriage of children a. Selection of suitable match b. Dowry matters c. Expenses of marriage Education of children a. Type of education b. Type of school, college c. Home work and tuition work d. Education of sons e. Education of daughter f. Selection of occupation for children Expenditure aspect a. Expenditure on food b. Clothing c. House/ house rent d. Construction/renovation /expansion of house e. Jewellery f. Fuel g. Purchasing home equipments h. Gifts ad presents Saving for future a. Kind and amount of saving and investments b. Bank deposits c. Post office deposits d. Purchase of LIC policy Loan aspect a. Decision of taking loans b. Decision of repaying loans c. All loan borrowing decisions Family planning a. Family size b. Use of family planning methods Religions practices a. Attending religious activities b. Going to different religious places Social participation a. Attending marriage ceremonies b. Birthday parties Medical consultation a. Care of elderly, aged and dependent persons b. Hospitalization of sick persons c. Consultation on illness
Working women Independent Joint Independent female decision male decision decision Non-working women Independent Joint Independent female decision male decision decision
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Entertainment a. Visiting friends b. Going for movies c. Going out for vacations Home improvement a. Purchase of house b.Construction/renovation/ expansion of house Purchasing of items a. Food items b. Clothing c. Household durables Hygiene practices a. Keeping clean inside the house b. Keeping clean surrounding the house
Section C I. Constraints of working and non-working women in home activities 1. Personal 2. Familial 3. Social 4. Occupational II. Stress management techniques adopted by the working and non-working women 1. Do you feel stress doing heavy work ? Yes/No 2. Do you use stress management technique to reduce your stress ? If yes, Yes/No
Sl. No. Activities Full adoption Relaxation Take rest Take out time for leisure Deep breathing Write diary 2. Correct posture Change posture Avoid bending Convenient placement of things Use standard furniture 3. Diet Eat less Take balanced diet A low calorie diet High fibre diet 4. Body therapy Swimming Games Walks Listen to music while resting Listen to music while working 5. Medical therapy Sleeping pills Mood altering drugs and alcohol Meditation Offer prayers Working women Partial adoption No adoption Non-working women Full adoption Partial adoption No adoptio n
1.
6.
Yoga Religious practices 7. Psychotherapy Change in routine Recreation with family Positive thinking Cry to relieve stress 8. Social support Work in group Talk to someone Attend social gatherings Take counseling 9. Altering situation Changing residence Maintaining well organized home Avoiding painful reminders Adopting to the distressing events Planning Set priorities Do preparation Alter heavy work with light work Use time and labour saving devices Reducing responsibilities Postponing certain tasks Assign work to others Change standards of job preference
10.
11.
Working women 1. Why are you feeling tired after coming from work a. Over burden b. Long hours of work 2. Do your family members happy with your job ? Yes/No 3. Do you face any problem during travelling ? Yes/No 4. Are you getting cooperation from your husband and family both in household work and in job ? If yes, name the activities in which you are getting cooperation Sl. No. Activities From husband
From family members
Non-working women 1. Do you feel tired after heavy work ? Yes/No 2. Do your family members happy with your work ? Yes/No 3. Are you getting cooperation from your husband and family in household work ? Yes/No If yes, name the activities in which you are getting cooperation Sl. No. Activities From husband From family members
A STUDY ON DECISION MAKING PATTERN OF URBAN WORKING AND NON-WORKING WOMEN IN HOME ACTIVITIES IN DHARWAD DISTRICT OF KARNATAKA STATE
RANGALATA KHANDAI
2006
Mrs. UMA S. HIREMATH MAJOR ADVISOR
ABSTRACT
The present study on decision making pattern of urban working and non-working women in home activities in Dharwad district of Karnataka State was undertaken in the year 2005-06 with a sample size of 140 including 70 women working in different government and non-government organizations and remaining 70 non-working women. The data was collected on employment details of working women, socio-personal characteristics, decision making pattern, constraints faced and stress management techniques adopted by the respondents with the help of pre-tested structured interview schedule. Majority of the working women belonged to government organizations and supporting staff category. A large percentage of the working and non-working women were taking joint decisions in childrens affairs, personal affairs and household affairs but in aspects like religious practices, expenditure aspect, purchasing of items and hygiene practices they were taking independent decisions. Major constraints faced by the working women were feeling tired due to long hours of work, neglecting of duties of children, non-cooperation from family members, no social visits and insufficient time for leisure and sleep, personal care and entertainment, traveling problem, while lack of time for attending social gatherings, marriage ceremonies, birthday parties, communication facilities, over burden of work, no link with the people, feeling fatigued after work and insecurity were the constraints faced by the non-working women. Regarding stress management techniques, both working and non-working women were adopting the techniques like relaxation, correct pasture, balanced diet, body therapy, meditation, psychotherapy, working in groups, altering situation, planning, reducing responsibilities to manage their physical and mental stress.

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A STUDY ON DECISION MAKING PATTERN OF URBAN WORKING AND NON-WORKING WOMEN IN HOME ACTIVITIES IN DHARWAD DISTRICT OF KARNATAKA STATE

Master of Home Science In EXTENSION AND COMMUNICATION MANAGEMENT

DHARWAD JULY, 2006 Approved by : Chairman :

(UMA S. HIREMATH) MAJOR ADVISOR

____________________________ (UMA S. HIREMATH)

1. _____________________________ (CHHAYA BADIGER)

2. _____________________________ (GANGA YENAGI)

3. _____________________________ (ASHALATHA K. V.)

4. _____________________________ (D. A. NITHYASHREE)

Table No. 1 1.1 2

3 3.1 3.2 4 4.1

5 5.1 5.2 6 6.1

Constraints faced by the working and non-working women

Occupational constraints faced by the working women

Limitations of the study

Presentation of the study

II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Concept of Decision Making Process

Importance of Decision Making Process

Decision Making Pattern of Women

Socio-Personal Characteristics of Women

Variable/ author(s)/ year Age Chaudhari et al. (1998)

Patki and Nikhade (1999)

Akola, Maharashtra 200

Variable/ author(s)/ year Nirban (2001)

Usha et al. (2001)

Cherian and Vats (2001)

Rural farm women

Devi and Rayalu (2003)

Urban working and non-working women

Education Chaudhari et al. (1998) Suradkar and Nirban (2001)

Usha et al. (2001)

Devi and Rayalu (2003)

Urban working and non-working women

Marital status Suradkar and Nirban (2001)

Cherian and Vats (2001)

Saharanpur, Udhampur nagar, Nainital and tehri Garwal, Uttar Pradesh

Rural farm women

Variable/ author(s)/ year Devi and Rayalu (2003)

Respondents belonging Urban working and non-working women

Majority of the working and non-working women were married

Family size Suradkar and Nirban (2001)

Devi and Rayalu (2003)

Urban working and non-working women

Family type Susheela et al. (1990)

Suradkar and Nirban (2001)

Ratnagiri, Maharashtra 200

Annual family income Chaudhari et al. Nagpur, (1998) Maharashtra 125

Suradkar and Nirban (2001)

Ratnagiri, Maharashtra 200

Devi and Rayalu (2003)

Urban working and non-working women

Variable/ author(s)/ year Nirban (2001)

Place of study and sample size Maharashtra 200

Cosmopoliteness Chaudhari et al. (1998)

Nagpur, Maharashtra 125

Socio-economic status Chaudhari et al. Nagpur, (1998) Maharashtra 125

Cherian and Vats (2001)

Rural farm women

LOCALE OF THE STUDY

3.3.1 Selection of the population

3.3.2 Selection of respondents