Technical Overview of the LTE air interface for Next Generation Networks.

Jonathan Borrill Director of Marketing. Anritsu (EMEA) Ltd.

Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008

Mobile Communication Technology Evolution

MMS Packet MBMS QAM 5M BW CDMA IMS / All-IP MIMO Up to 20M BW OFDM Browsing Video Share IPTV

SMS

Voice

QPSK

200K BW

TDMA

2G

3G

3.5G
Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008

3.9G

Radio Access Technology Roadmap

2008 2009 2010 2011
LTE DL: 150 Mbps+ UL: 50 Mbps+

2006

2007

3GPP

Long Term Evolution

UMTS/HSPA Radio Access Network Evolution

HSDPA/HSUPA DL: 14 Mbps UL: 5.7 Mbps HSPA Evolution DL: 42 Mbps UL: 11 Mbps HSPA Evolution DL: 84 Mbps UL: 11 Mbps

HSDPA DL: 14 Mbps UL: 384 kbps

EDGE Radio Access Network Evolution

EDGE Evolved DL: 1.9 Mbps UL: 947 kbps

EDGE DL: 474 kbps UL: 474 kbps

3GPP2 CDMA2000/EV-DO Network Evolution

EV-DO Rev. A DL: 3.1 Mbps UL: 1.8 Mbps EV-DO Rev. B DL: 14.7 Mbps UL: 4.9 Mbps UMB 2x2 MIMO DL: 140 Mbps UL: 34 Mbps UMB 4x4 MIMO DL: 280 Mbps UL: 68 Mbps

EV-DO Rev. 0 DL: 2.4 Mbps UL: 153 kbps

IEEE Mobile WiMAX Network Evolution

Mobile WiMAX Wave1 DL: 23 Mbps UL: 4 Mbps Mobile WiMAX Wave2 DL: 46 Mbps UL: 4 Mbps IEEE 802.16m

Fixed WiMAX 802.16d

Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008

What is 3GPP LTE / SAE?

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is an umbrella expression describing the work of RAN WG, whose objective is to:

Create a new, evolved RAN (E-UTRAN)

Create a technology, which is intended to replace UTRAN and compete with other emerging broadband wireless solutions such as WiMAX

System Architecture Evolution (SAE) is a work item for SA2 WG (also impacting other WGs). Its objective is to:

Develop a framework for an evolution or migration of the 3GPP system to:

Higher-data-rate

Lower-latency

Packet-optimized system

Supports multiple RATs

The work focuses on creating an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) including interfaces to selected external network entities

Work on LTE/SAE started in 2004

Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008

LTE Requirements

Peak data rates: 150 Mbps DL and 50 Mbps UL in a 20 MHz spectrum allocation.

300 Mbps DL and 75 Mbps UL with 4x4 DL MIMO requirement for UE Class 5, not supported in Release 8

Control-plane latency: 100 ms from camped to active state User-plane latency: less than 5 ms

User throughput and spectrum efficiency: (bit/sec/Hz) 3-4 x HSDPA, 2-3 x HSUPA

Coverage: optimized for up to 5 km cells, support for cells up to 100 km

Spectrum flexibility: different allocations ranging from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz

Co-existence and Inter-working with other 3GPP Radio Access Technology (RAT) and selected non-3GPP RATs (e.g. IEEE 802.16, 802.11) Architecture and migration: single, simple E-UTRAN architecture, packet based, support for E2E QoS; minimal single points of failure. Radio Resource Management: enhanced E2E QoS, load sharing/balancing, inter-RAT policy management Complexity : minimum number of options, no redundant features
Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008

LTE Radio Access Network Logical Elements

MME/P-GW

Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

Mobility Management Entity (MME) Serving Gateway (S-GW) The Packet Data Network Gateway (P-GW)
MME/S-GW S2b S2b MME/S-GW MME/S-GW

MME/S-GW

S1 S1 S1 X2 eNB

S1

S1 S1 X2 eNB eNB S1

S1

eNB

E-UTRAN
X2 X2 X2 X2

eNodeB (eNB)

eNB

eNB

Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008

LTE Radio Access Network Physical Elements

E-UTRAN Architecture

Evolved NodeB (eNB) now has most of the Node B and RNC functionality in a single entity. MME & GateWay (xGW) has most of the SGSN and GGSN functionality.
eNB
Inter Cell RRM RB Control
Connection Mobility Cntrl.

User Plane Protocol

Control Plane Protocol

MME
NAS Security

Air Interface

Radio Admission Cntrl.

eNB Measurement Config. and Provision Dynamic Resource Allocation (Scheduler)

UE

Idle State Mobility Handling EPS Bearer Control

NAS RRC PDCP RLC MAC

RRC

PDCP

S-GW
Mobility Anchoring S1 PHY

P-GW
UE IP address allocation Packet Filtering

RLC

MAC

PHY

E-UTRAN

Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008

LTE basic technologies

MIMO OFDMA, SC-FDMA Fourier Transform, DTF, FFT, IFFT

Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008

MIMO Concept

MIMO offers a higher transmission rate for the same bandwidth using spatial multiplexing with parallel data streams. Transmitter sends data streams in parallel on same frequency from multiple antennas. Receiver detects signals to separate spatial streams.

Example: 2 spatial streams R bps

Data

Serial to Parallel

R bps

Parallel to Serial

R bps

Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008

Key Terminology
Multi-Element Receiver
h11 h12 h21

Multi-Element Transmitter

IFFT FFT
h22

MIMO Encoder

MIMO Sub-ch Mapping

Y = Hs + n

Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008

MIMO Decoder

IFFT

Spatial Multiplexing

Enables transmission of independent sub-channels through space. The data stream to be transmitted is converted into two (or more, depending on the number of Tx antennas) parallel streams. Predistortion may be applied. The predistortion circuit inversely models the output amplifier's gain and phase characteristics and, when combined with the amplifier, produces an overall system that is more linear and reduces the amplifier's distortion. Equalisation is an inverse process to predistortion and restores signal characteristics. Data throughput can be increased almost linearly with min(number Tx, number Rx).
Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008

Precoding

Precoding is used in both spatial multiplexing and transmit diversity modes Precoding is applied in the downlink only. The signal is pre-coded at Node B side before transmission to achieve best reception at the UE. Optimum precoding matrix is selected from predefined codebook known at Node B and UE side The UE estimates the channel, selects the best precoding matrix at a given moment and sends back its index in the codebook

Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008

MU-MIMO and SU-MIMO

S2 Sn

SU (Single User)-MIMO

To increase user data rate, simultaneous transmission of different data streams to 1 user Efficient when the user experiences good channel conditions
S1

MU (Multiple User)-MIMO

UE2 UE1 UEn

To increase sector capacity Select users experiencing good channel conditions Efficient when a large number of users have an active data transmission simultaneously

Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008

LTE Basic Technologies

- OFDM and OFDMA -

Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008

LTE Fundamentals - OFDMA

Single Carrier Transmission
(e.g., GSM, WCDMA, cdma2000)
power
tim e

In the downlink, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex Access (OFDMA) is selected as the air-interface for LTE.

OFDM communication systems do not rely on increased symbol rates in order to achieve higher data rates.

frequency Typical Bandwidth = 200kHz (GSM), 5 MHz (WCDMA)

Multi-Carrier Transmission
(e.g., LTE, WiMAX, Wi-Fi)
power
tim e

Transmission by means of OFDM is a particular form of multi-carrier modulation (MCM) i.e. a parallel transmission method which divides an RF channel into several narrower bandwidth subcarriers.

...
frequency Typical Bandwidth = 10.74 (WiMAX), 15 kHz (LTE)

Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008

LTE Fundamentals OFDMA

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
Multi-Carrier Modulation

Saved Bandwidth

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

OFDM

Remove the Guard Band to save spectrum. Make each subcarrier orthogonal to the others by using the exact same modulation rate for all carriers and ensuring that the frequency separation is exactly the inverse of the modulation rate. OFDM makes more efficient use of available spectrum.

Sub-carrier spectrum overlaps and orthogonality means that all sub-carriers (except the wanted one) are zero at the decision point. Spectrum has been saved with no loss in performance... Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008

LTE Fundamentals Cyclic Prefix

Yoda la ee la ee e ee Yo eeeee eee

e eee e e dala eeee e Yo ala e od laeee Y a Yod

First rule of yodeling

Dont start second yodel until echoes of first yodel have finished.

Wait time = Guard Interval In an OFDM symbol the Cyclic Prefix is a repeat of the end of the symbol at the beginning. The purpose is to allow multi-path to settle before the main data arrives at the receiver. The receiver is normally arranged to decode the signal after it has settled because this is when the frequencies become orthogonal to one another. The length of the cyclic prefix is often equal to the guard interval.
Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008

LTE Fundamentals Multipath

Due to multipath effects (reflections etc), multiple images of the transmitted signal can be received at the User Equipment (UE). If the spread in delay of the received signals is greater than the duration of the guard time, then bit errors will result. A Cyclic Prefix in LTE is used to provide an adequate guard time.
time

Transmit Received Signals

Delay Spread

Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008

OFDM Intersymbol interference

ISI

Transmitted signal

Received time-shifted copies of the same signal (as a result of multipath)

Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008

Cyclic prefix

In an OFDM symbol the Cyclic Prefix is a repeat of the end of the symbol at the beginning. The length of the cyclic prefix is equal to the guard interval. The purpose is to allow multi-path to settle before the main data arrives at the receiver. The receiver is normally arranged to decode the signal after it has settled because this is when the frequencies become orthogonal to one another.
copy of last part of the symbol

Prefix

Symbol

Guard interval

Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008

Cyclic Delay Diversity

i, i

FFT-Output:
time

Cyclic Delay:

Guard Interval:

Cyclic Delay Diversity (CCD) is achieved by applying a cyclic delay to the effective part of an OFDM symbol. For example, for 2 antenna ports the CCD matrix is:

with

depending on amount of delay and configuration.

Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008

Fourier Transform

The continuous Fourier transform is one of the specific forms of Fourier analysis in mathematics. It transforms one function into another, which is called the frequency domain representation of the original function (where the original function is most often a function in the time-domain). The common representation is (the independent variable t represents time [s], the transform variable represents ordinary frequency [Hz]):

If f is continuous, then it can be reconstructed from F by the inverse Fourier transform:

Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008

FFT/DFT in OFDM/OFDMA

Cyclic prefix OFDM Symbol

FFT suits well to time discrete (sampled) OFDM signal, transmitted on different subcarriers Computationally efficient FFT allows low complexity implementation of OFDM modulator/demodulator structures. Frequency-Time Representation of an OFDM Signal

Power

h dt wi nd ba 15 kHz

subcarrier spacing

Time

FFT/IFFT

Frequency

Signal on each frequency is modulated, i.e. has a given amplitude and phase shift

Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008

LTE Basic Technologies - SC-FDMA -

Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008

SC-FDMA

SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Duplex Multiple Access) is the uplink multiple access scheme for Evolved UTRA. SC-FDMA can be seen as precoded OFDMA (DFT-S-OFDM, Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM) SC-FDMA signal has lower peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) than OFDM so is better suited for generation in UEs (simpler amplifier design, weaker requirements on linear and dynamic characteristics)

OFDM

SC-FDMA

Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008

LTE Fundamentals - SC-FDMA

power
tim e

SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) is the uplink multiple access scheme for Evolved UTRA. SC-FDMA can be seen as precoded OFDMA (DFT-S-OFDM, Discrete Fourier Transform Spread OFDM).

subcarrier subcarrier

frequency
single carrier

Incoming Bit Stream M-point IDFT Parallel to Serial Converter

Serial to Parallel Converter

OFDM
power
subcarrier

Bit to Constellation Mapping

Add Cyclic Prefix

subcarrier

N<M

tim e

SC-FDMA Processes added to OFDM Transmitter Structure

SC-FDMA

frequency

Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008

LTE Fundamentals: SC-FDMA

SC-FDMA signal has lower Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) than OFDM.

Reduced UE power consumption Simpler amplifier design

Transmission parameters (cyclic prefix, frame length, subcarrier spacing, ), coding and modulation for SC-FDMA are similar to the downlink OFDM transmission. Flexible bandwidth (like in OFDM) Easy use of MIMO (like in OFDM; however, UEs transmit in UL using only a single antenna)
Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008

LTE Physical Layer Overview

Physical layer resource blocks Framing and resource grids Antenna ports and transmission layers

Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008

One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms One slot, Tslot = 15360Ts = 0.5 ms

LTE Fundamentals Resource Block

One subframe One slot

NDLBW sub-carriers NRBBW sub-carriers

Resource Block NDLSYMB x NRBBW Resource Elements

Resource Element

The smallest time-frequency unit for downlink transmission is called a resource element. A group of contiguous subcarriers and symbols form a resource block (RB). Data is allocated to each user equipment (UE) in terms of RB. For a frame structure type 1 using normal cyclic prefix (CP), a RB spans 12 consecutive sub-carriers at a sub-carrier spacing of 15 kHz, and 7 consecutive symbols over a slot duration of 0.5 ms.
NDLSYMB OFDM Symbols

Downlink resource grid (Ref 3GPP TS 36.211 V1.1.0)

Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008

Concept of Resource Blocks

In LTE the radio bearer concept is replaced by Resource Block (RB) set concept

A set of RBs is a logical concept of a bearer over the radio interface. At a higher (NAS) level, the concept of an EPS bearer is used. The EPS bearer has been defined to be an aggregate of one or more IP flows related to one or more services. EPS bearers are dynamically mapped to sets of Resource Blocks.

UE performs the binding of the uplink IP flows to the EPS bearer while the PDN Gateway performs this function for the downlink packets. Each resource block consists of consecutive subcarriers.

Resource blocks are two dimensional (time-frequency) units with a set of sub-carriers and time slots.

Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008

LTE Physical Layer Framing Example

Control and data channels

Example only, does not show real allocations!

Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008

Antenna ports

From the specifiaction point of view 1, 2 or 4 physical antennas used to simultaneously transmit the Downlink (DL) signal.

From the implementation point of view there may be more antennas used for beamforming (4, 8 or possibly more)

Antenna ports are logical entities. They do not 1:1 map to physical antennas. They are divided into 3 groups:

Ports 0-3 are cell-specific (used for DL MIMO)

Port 4 is MBSFN specific (used for MBSFN transmission)

Port 5 is UE specific (used for beamforming to a single UE using all antennas)

The 4 physical antennas are dynamically assigned to ports in the time domain, per slot.

Cell specific ports and the UE specific port cannot be simultaneously used (usage has to be time-multiplexed).

Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008

Reference signals

Types of downlink reference signals:

Cell-specific reference signals

Cell-specific reference signals are transmitted in all downlink subframes in a cell supporting non-MBSFN transmission.

MBSFN reference signals

MBSFN reference signals are only transmitted in subframes allocated for MBSFN transmissions. MBSFN reference signals are transmitted on antenna port 4.

UE-specific reference signals

UE-specific reference signals are supported for single-antenna-port transmission of PDSCH and are transmitted on antenna port 5. The UE is informed by higher layers whether the UE-specific reference signal is present and is a valid phase reference for PDSCH demodulation or not. If higher layer signalling informs the UE that the UE-specific reference signals are present and is a valid phase reference for PDSCH demodulation, the UE may ignore any transmission on antenna port 2 and 3.

Frequency hopping can be applied to the downlink reference signals. The frequency hopping pattern has a period of one frame (10 ms).

Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008

DL reference signal mappings

Cell-specific reference signal (normal CP)

R0

R0

One antenna port

R0

R0

R0

R0

R0

R0

6 l

Resource element (k,l)

R0

R0

R1
R1

Two antenna ports

R0

R0

R1

R1

Not used for transmission on this antenna port

R0

R0

R1

R1

Reference symbols on this antenna port

R0

R0

R1

R1

6 l

6 l

Transmitted in all downlink subframes in a cell supporting non-MBSFN transmission. In case the subframe is used for transmission with MBSFN, only the first two OFDM symbols in a subframe can be used for transmission of cellspecific reference symbols Transmitted on one or several of antenna ports 0 to 3.
R3

R0

R0

R1

R1

R2

Four antenna ports

R0

R0

R1

R1

R2

R3

R0

R0

R1

R1

R2

R3

R0 l
0 6 6 l

R0 l l

R1

R1
0

R2 l
6 l 0

R3 l
6

6 l

6 l

even-numbered slots Antenna port 1

odd-numbered slots

even-numbered slots

odd-numbered slots

even-numbered slots

odd-numbered slots Antenna port 2

even-numbered slots

odd-numbered slots Antenna port 3

Antenna port 0

Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008

Downlink MIMO

Multi-antenna transmission with 2 and 4 transmit antennas is supported.

The maximum number of codeword is two, irrespective to the number of antennas, with fixed mapping between code words to layers.

Description

Both spatial division multiplexing (SDM) and transmit diversity are supported. Both MU-MIMO and SU-MIMO are supported.
Valid Antenna Configurations 1 2,4 2,4 2,4 2,4 2,4 1,2,4

Transmission Mode 1 Single-antenna port; port 0 Transmit diversity Open-loop spatial multiplexing Closed-loop spatial multiplexing Multi-user MIMO Closed-loop Rank=1 precoding Single-antenna port; port 5 (beamforming)

2 3 4 5 6 7

Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008

Summary

LTE is a new technology for an air interface to support future mobile broadband requirements.

High data rates, high spectral efficiency.

Key technologies such as MIMO and OFDM will be deployed to give highest performance.

These are necessary to meet the requirements.

Standards, specifications, and R&D are underway now to implement LTE.

First commercial network deployments expected in 2010.

Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008

s it r n .a u .e w w w
Presented at RF Technology day, 26 November 2008

. u

m o c

E T \L