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SIS H 101(J) (REV.

2)

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SEOUL INSPECTION & TESTING CO., LTD


NDE PROCEDURE
Document Number Title Issue Date Revision Number Revision date : : : : : SIS H 101(J)

Procedure of Radiographic Examination for Welded Joints in Steel 2005. 02. 2 2009. 07. 18 25

Prepared by Q.A Engineer / SITCO Reviewed by Q.A Manager / SITCO Approved by LEVEL / SITCO

Date

Jul. 18, 2009

Date

Jul. 18, 2009

Date

Jul. 18, 2009

We here certify that this procedure meets the requirement of JIS Z 3104 of Japanese Standards
Reviewed and Certified by QC Dept. Manager / Corp. Date

Demonstrated to the satisfaction Authorized Inspector Date

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COMPANY STANDARD
SEOUL INSPECTION & TESTING Co., Ltd

DOCUMENT No. ISSUED DATE REVISED DATE

SIS H 101(J) '05. 02. 25 '09. 07. 18

RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 SCOPE 2.0 REFERENCES 3.0 QUALIFICATION OF STATEMENTS 4.0 SAFETY FOR RADIOGRAPHY 5.0 RADIATION SOURCE 6.0 MATERIAL 7.0 DEFINATION

8.0 TECHNIQUE FOR MAKING RADIOGRAPH 9.0 REQUIREMENTS OF IMAGE QUALITY 10.0 CLASSIFICATION OF IMAGE OF FLAW 11.0 FILM PROCESSING (MANUAL) 12.0 RECORDS 13.0 ATTACHMENTS
Revision Table Rev. No. 0 1 2 Rev. Date 05.01.05 09.02.18 09.07.18 Application The First Edition SNT-TC-1A(2006Ed) Para 3.1 Report Revision Description Remarks

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1.0 1.1 SCOPE

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This procedures describes the methods of radiographic test and classification of radiographs by X-ray or -rays for welded joints in steel

2.0

REFERENCE The following Codes and Standards are referred to herein. (1) JIS Z 3104 (1995Ed) : Methods of radiographic examination for welded joints in steel (2) JIS Z 2306 (2000Ed) : Radiographic image quality indicators for non-destructive testing (3) JIS Z 3861 (1979Ed) : Standard qualification procedure for radiographic testing technique of welds (4) JIS Z 4615 (1993Ed) : Measurement of the effective focal spot size for industrial X-ray apparatus (5) ASNT SNT-TC-1A (2001Ed through 2006Ed).: Recommended Practice for Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualification and Certification

3.0 3.1

QUALIFICATION STATEMENTS Personnel Qualification All personnel performing radiographic examination shall be qualified in accordance with SITCO QAP NDE Personnel Qualification and Certification Procedure (SIS A 603), which meets the requirements of SNT-TC-1A. (2001Ed through 2006Ed

3.2

Responsibility

3.2.1 QA Manager shall be responsible for the implementation and control of this procedure. 3.2.2 NDT Level Examiner shall be responsible for administration of total NDT and qualification of NDT Examiner. 3.2.3 NDT Level Examiner shall be responsible for performing and interpretation of the test with respect to this procedure and preparing the test reports.

4.0

SAFETY FOR RADIOGRAPHY Safety for radiographic shall be controlled in accordance with Radiation Safety Control Procedure

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5.0 5.1

RADIATION SOURCE Selection of Energy of Radiation


192

5.1.1 X-ray equipment (max. voltage 300Kvp) or -ray (Ir and IQI image requirements of this procedure.

or Co ) shall be used for the radiation

60

source. The radiation energy employed for any radiographic technique shall achieve the density

5.1.2 Verification of source size shall be acceptable if the equipment Manufactures or Suppliers publications the actual and maximum source size or focal spot, such as technical manual, decay curves, or written standards. 5.1.3 If it is not available as mentioned in para 5.1.2 determination of source size shall be done based on JIS Z 4615. 5.1.3 Maximum source size to be used in radiographic examination by using X-ray equipment or ray will be as follows. X-ray focal spot size : max. 3.0mm Ir
192 60

source size source size

: max. 4.0mm x L 4.0mm : max. 3.81mm x L 6.20mm

Co

5.1.4 The thickness for which radioactive isotopes may be used are as follows ; Iridium 192 Material Steel Copper or High Nickel Aluminum Min. 0.75 0.65 2.5 Max. 2.5 2.0 4.0 Cobalt 60 Min. 1.5 1.3 Max. 5.0 4.0

6.0 6.1

MATERIAL Film Type Radiographs shall be made using industrial radiographic film. Normally, film will be used the following.

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Film Class

Speed

Contrast

Grain

Film Type Fugi #50, 80

Slow

Very High

Very Fine

Agfa D2, D4 Kodak R, M Dupont NDT 44, 55 Fugi #100


# #

Medium

High

Fine

Agfa D5, D7 Kodak AA, T, AX, MX Dupont NDT 65, 70, 75


# # #

* Other films equivalent to those specified above may be used. * Only ultra fine grain films of a quality equal or finer than film type shall be used for piping weld 6.2 Screen (Only lead screen shall be used) Lead intensifying screen may be used and shall be in direct contact with the film. The minimum thickness of the front and back screen shall be 0.005 in.(0.13mm) for Ir X-ray, and 0.010 in. (0.25mm) for Co 6.3 Contrast indicator
60 192

and over to 125Kvp

6.3.1 The type, structure and dimensions of the contrast indicator The contrast indicator shall be as shown in Fig. 1. The dimensional tolerances for the contrast indicator shall be 5% for thickness, and 0.5mm for side length.

Fig. 1 Type, structure and dimensions of contrast indicator

6.3.2 The material of the contrast indicator shall be steel specified GIS G 3101, SUS 304 specified in JIS G 4304, or SUS 304 specified in JIS G 4305. A 501-1

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6.3.3 Application of contrast indicator The contrast indicator shall be used in accordance with the classification of Table1. Table 1. Classification of application of contrast indicator

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Unit : mm Thickness of base metal 20.0 or Under Over 20.0, up to and incl. 40.0 Over 40.0, up to and incl. 50.0 Type of contrast indicator Type 15 Type 20 Type 25

6.4

Viewing illuminator The viewing illuminator shall be used according to the classification shown in Table 2 in the interpretation of the radiograph.

Table 2. Classification of application of viewing illuminator

Type of viewing illuminator Type D10 Type D20 Type D30 Type D35

Maximum density of radiograph 1.5 or under 2.5 or under 3.5 or under 4.0 or under

(1)

Note

(1)

Maximum value of the density shown in the test part on the individual radiographs.

6.5

Penetrameter The penetrameter shall be general type one of type F or type S penetrameter specified in JIS Z 2306 or equivalent thereto in performance.

6.5.1 An appellation number, wire diameter penetrameter shall be used according to the classification shown in Table 3

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Table 3. Appellation Number and Wire Diameter of General Type

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Unit : mm Appellation Number 02F or 02S 04F or 04S 08F or 08S 16F or 16S 32F or 32S 63F or 63S 6.6 Densitometer Densitometer shall be calibrated at least every 90 days during use as follows ; 6.6.1 A national standard step tablet or a step wedge calibration film, traceable to a nationa l standard step tablet and having at least 5 steps with neutral densities from at least 1.0 through 4.0 shall be used. The step wedge calibration film shall have been verified within the last year by comparison with a national standard step tablet. 6.6.2 The densitometer manufacturers step by step instructions for the operation of the densitometer shall be followed. The density steps closest to 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 on the national standard step wedge calibration film shall be read. The densitometer is acceptable if the density readings do not vary by more than 0.05 density units from the actual density started on the national standard step tablet or step wedge calibration film. 6.6.3 Step wedge comparision films shall be verified prior to first use, unless performed by the manufacturer, as follow ; The density of steps on a step wedge comparison film shall be verified by a calibrated densitometer. The step wedge comparision film is acceptable if the density readings do not vary by more than 0.1 density units from the density stated on the step wedge comparison film. Verification checks shall be performed annually per para and 6.7 Periodic Verification of Densitometer 0.05 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.80 1.6 Wire Diameter and Group of Wire Diameter (KS A 4054) 0.063 0.125 0.25 0.50 1.0 2.0 0.08 0.16 0.32 0.63 1.25 2.5 0.10 0.20 0.40 0.80 1.6 3.2 0.125 0.25 0.50 1.0 2.0 4.0 0.16 0.32 0.63 1.25 2.5 5.0 0.20 0.40 0.80 1.6 3.2 6.3

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6.7.1 Periodic calibration verification checks shall be performed as described in 6.6 at the beginning of each shift, after 8hr of continuous use, or after change of apertures, comes first. 6.7.2 The densitometer is acceptable if the density readings are within 0.05 of the calibration readings determined in6.6.2 . 6.7.3 Verification checks shall be performed annually per para 6.6.3.

7.0 7.1

DEFINATION Thickness of base metal The nominal thickness of steel being used. When the thickness of the base metal is different on both sides of the joint, as a rule, the smaller value of the thickness shall be taken.

7.2

Test part The part including the weld metal and the heat affected zone under examination.

8.0 8.1

TECHNIQUE FOR MAKING RADIOGRAPH Butt-welded joint in steel plate

8.1.1 Radiographiing arrangement The relative position of the radiation source the penetrameter, the contrast indicator and the film shall be, as a rule, the arrangement as shown in Fig.1. (1) The distance (L1+L2) between the radiation source and the film shall be at least m times the distance L2 between the surface on the radiation source side of the test part and the film. The value m shall be determined in accordance with Table 4 according to the kind of the image quality. (2) The distance L1 between the radiation source and the source the surface on the radiation source and the surface on the radiation source side or the test part shall be at least n times the effective length L3 of the test part. The value n shall be determined in accordance with Table 5 according to the kind of the image quality. (3) The film mark indicating the effective length L3 of the test part shall be placed on the radiation source side.

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Fig.1 Radiographing arrangement

Table 4. Value of coefficient m Kind of image quality Class A Class B


1 2

Coefficient m ( )( ) 2f/d or 6, whichever is the greater (2f/d 6 ) 3f/d or 7, whichever is the greater (3f/7 6 )

Note ( ) f : dimension of radiation source ( ) d : minimum perceptible wire diameter of penetrameter specified in Table 9 (mm)

Table 5. Value of coefficient n Kind of image quality Class A Class B Coefficient n 2 3

8.1.2 Application of penetrameter Each one penetrameter including the minimum perceptible wire diameter shall be placed across the welded joint on the surface on the radiation source of the test part as shown in Fig. 1 so that the thinnest wire of the penetrameter may be located in the vicinity of each end of the effective length L3 of the test part. With this respect the thinnest wire shall be placed outside. The penetrameter may be placed on the film side if the distance between the penetrameter and the film is apart by at least 10 times the minimum perceptible wire diameter. In this case, the symbol F is placed on each part of the penetrameter so as to identify on the radiograph that the penetrameter is placed on the film side. A 501-1

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If the effective length of the part is 3 times the width of the penetrameter or less, one penetrameter may be located in the middle. 8.2 Internal source technique in steel pipes

8.2.1 Radiographing arrangement (1) The distance (L1+L2) between the radiation source and the film shall be at least m times the distance L2 between the surface on the radiation source side of the test part and the film as shown Fig. 2 and Fig.3.

m is the value given by f/d. Where, f is the dimension(mm) of radiation source, and d is the
minimum perceptible wire diameter(mm) of the penetrameter specified in Table 9. However, in the case of the simultaneous radiography of the full circumference specified in Fig. 3, the aforementioned matters are not applied if the values on the minimum perceptible wire diameter of the penetrameter specified in Table 10 according to the kind of image quality of the radiograph to be applied are fulfilled. (2) As to the irradiating direction of the radiation, the center line of radiation flux shall be, as a rule, directed to the middle of the test part, and normal to the film surface. (3) When the strip-shaped penetrameter of type F or type S is used, each one penetrameter of the minimum perceptible wire diameter (see Table 10) shall be placed at the positions including both ends of the effective length L3 of the test part across the welded joint on the surface on the radiation source side of the test part. In this case, care should be taken not to overlap two strip-shaped penetrameters each other or the strip-shaped penetrameter with the contrast indicator. However, one strip-shaped penetrameter may be acceptable when the effective length L3 of the part can be sufficiently covered with one strip-shaped penetrameter. (4) When the general type penetrameter of type F or type S is used, two penetrameters with the minimum perceptible wire diameter (see Table 10) shall be placed on the surface on the radiation source side of the test part across the welded joint as shown in Fig.2. In this case, the penetrameter shall be placed so that the wire diameter to be perceived of each penetrameter is on or outside the boundary line of the respective effective length L3 and also the thin line is outside thereof. One strip-shaped penetrameter shall be used when it is infeasible to place two penetrameters within the range of the effective length L3 of the test part. (5) The penetrameter may be placed on the film side if the distance between the penetrameter and the film is not less than 10 times the minimum perceptible wire diameter (see Table 10). In this case, the symbol F shall be placed on each part of the penetrameter so as to identify that the A 501-1

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penetrameter is placed on the film side.

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(6) The contrast indicator shall be used according to the classification of Table 10 when the kind of the image quality is class A or class B for the circumferential welded joint 100mm or over is outside diameter. In this case, the contrast indicator shall be placed on the film side of the base metal part not so far from the middle of the test part. However, the contrast indicator may be placed on the radiation source side when the value of the contrast indicator is not less than the value as shown in Table 14. (7) In the simultaneous radiography of the full circumference, four penetrameters and four contrast indicators shall, as a rule, be placed at the symmetrical positions to divide the full circumference to approximately equal four parts as shown in Fig.3. (8) The symbol indicating the effective length L3 of the test part shall be placed, as a rule, inside the pipe when the distance between the radiation source and the film is smaller than the radius of the pipe, while outside the pipe when the said distance is larger than the radius of the pipe. However, even through in the case where the distance between the radiation source and the film is smaller than the radius of the pipe, the symbol may be placed outside the pipe if the relative position is clarified previously where the symbol is placed inside and outside the pipe according to the geometric relationship of the radiographing arrangement.

Fig. 2 Internal source technique (divided radiography) A 501-1

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Fig. 3 Internal source technique (simultaneous radiography of the full circumference) 8.2.2 Effective length of test part The effective length L3 of the test part in one radiographing shall be in the range to meet the requirements of the minimum perceptible wire diameter of the penetrameter, the density range of the radiograph, and the value of the contrast indicator. When the detection of the transverse cracks in the test part is especially required, the effective length shall meet the requirements of the minimum perceptible wire diameter of the penetrameter, the density range of the radiograph and the value of the contrast indicator, and also shall be in the limit specified in Table 6.

Table 6 Effective length L3 of test part Radiographing method Internal source technique (divided radiography) Internal film technique Double wall single image technique Effective length of test part 1/2 or less of the distance L1 between the radiation source and the surface on the radiation source side of test part 1/12 or less of the full circumference of pipe 1/6 or less of the full circumference of pipe

8.3

Internal film technique in steel pipes

8.3.1 Radiographing arrangement

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(1) The distance (L1+L2) between the radiation source and the film shall be at least m times the distance L2 between the surface on the radiation source side of the test part and the film as shown Fig. 4 m shall be determined in accordance with 8.2.1 (1).

Fig. 4 Internal source technique (2) The irradiating direction of the radiation shall be in accordance with 8.2.1 (2). (3) The method for application of the strip-shaped penetrameter shall be in accordance with 8.2.1 (3). (4) The method for application of the general type penetrameter shall be in accordance with 8.2.1 (4). (5) The penetrameter shall be placed on the film side in accordance with 8.2.1 (5). (6) The contrast indicator shall be used when the kind of the image quality is class A or class B for the circumferential welded joints 100mm or over in outside diameter. In this case, the contrast indicator shall be used in accordance with 8.2.1 (6). (7) The symbol indicating the effective length L3 of the test part shall be placed outside the pipe. 8.4 Double wall single image technique in steel pipes

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8.4.1 Radiographing arrangement (1) The distance (L1+L2) between the radiation source and the film shall be at least m times the distance L2 between the surface on the radiation source side of the test part and the film as shown Fig. 5 m shall be determined in accordance with 8.2.1 (1). (2) The radiation shall be irradiated from the direction shown in Fig.5. The distance S between the planes including the radiation source and the welded joint shall be 1/4 of L1 or less. (3) The method for application of the strip-shaped penetrameter shall be in accordance with 8.2.1 (3). (4) The method for application of the general type penetrameter shall be in accordance with 8.2.1 (4) However, the radiographing method shall be in accordance with Fig.5. (5) The penetrameter shall be placed on the film side in accordance with 8.2.1 (5). (6) The contrast indicator shall be used when the kind of the image quality is class A or class B for the circumferential welded joints 100mm or over in outside diameter. In this case, the contrast indicator shall be used in accordance with 8.2.1 (6). (7) The symbol indicating the effective length L3 of the test part shall be placed outside the pipe.

Fig.5 Double wall single image technique A 501-1

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8.5 Double wall double image technique in steel pipes

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8.5.1 Radiographing arrangement (1) The distance (L1+L2) between the radiation source and the film shall be at least m times the distance L2 between the surface on the radiation source side of the test part and the film as shown Fig. 6 m shall be determined in accordance with 8.2.1 (1). However, this dose not apply if the penetrameter specified in Table 10 is identificable. (2) The irradiating direction of the radiation shall be oblique to the plane including the welded joint as shown in Fig. 6.

Fig. 6 Double wall double image technique (3) As to the penetrameter, as a rule, the strip-shaped penetrameter with the minimum perceptible wire diameter (see table 10) shall be used. The strip-shaped penetrameter shall be placed on the surface on the radiation source side of the welded joint across the welded A 501-1

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joint. One strip-shaped penetrameter may be acceptable when the effective length L3 can be sufficiently covered with one strip-shaped penetrameter. If the effective length L3 can not be sufficiently covered with one strip-shaped penetrameter, however, each one strip-shaped penetrameter shall be placed on the positions including both ends of the effective length L3 of the test part. In this case, two strip-shaped penetrameters shall be placed so as to avoid overlapping. (4) The symbols indicating the effective length L3 and L3 of the test part shall be placed outside the pipe. 8.6 T-welded joint in steel plates

8.6.1 Irradiating direction of radiation As a rule, the radiograph shall be taken by irradiating the radiation from the direction shown in Fig. 7 or Fig. 8.

Fig. 7 Radiographing from one direction Fig. 8 Radiographing from two direction 8.6.2 Application of penetrameter Each one penetrameter including the minimum perceptible wire diameter (see Table 11) shall be placed so that the thinnest wire of the penetrameter may be located in the vicinity of each end of the effective length L3 of the test part. In this case, the thinnest wire shall be placed outside, and the penetrameter shall be placed on the surface on the radiation source side of T2 member or on the film side. When the penetrameter is placed on the film side, the distance between penetrameter and the film shall be at least 10 times the minimum perceptible wire diameter. In A 501-1

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this case, the symbol F is placed on each part of the penetrameter so as to identify on the radiograph that the penetrameter is placed on the film side. 8.6.3 Compensating wedge

Fig. 9 Radiographing arrangement The compensating wedge as shown in Fig. 9 shall be used in marking radiograph. However, in the case of Fig. 7, the compensating wedge may be omitted if the thickness of the T1 member dose not exceed 1/4 of the thickness of the T2 member or 5mm, whichever is the smaller. A 501-1

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Further, in the case of Fig. 8, the compensating wedge need not be used if the thickness of the T1 member dose not exceed 1/3 of the thickness of the T2 member or 8mm, whichever is the smaller. 8.6.4 Radiographing arrangement (1) The distance (L1+L2) shown in Fig. 9 shall be at least m times the distance L2 between the surface on the radiation source side of the test part and the film. The value m shall be 6 or 2f/d, whichever is the greater. Where, f is the dimension (mm) of the radiation source, and d is the value of the minimum perceptible wire diameter (mm) specified in Table 11. (2) The distance L1 between the radiation source and the surface on the radiation source side of the test part at least 2 times the effective length L3 of the test part. (3) The symbol indicating the effective length L3 of the test part shall be placed on the radiation source side.

9.0 9.1

REQUIREMENTS OF IMAGE QUALITY Kind of image quality

9.1.1 Classification of accordance with the type of welded joint The image quality of the radiograph shall be classified into 5 kinds of class A, class B, class P1, class P2 and class F. Those image qualities shall be applied as shown in Table 7 according to the type of welded joint. Table 7. Classification of application of image quality of radiograph

Type of welded joint Butt welded joint in steel plates and other welded joints deemed as equivalent thereto in geometric conditions in the radiographic examination. Circumferential welded joint in steel pipes T-welded joint in steel plates

Kind of image quality Class A, Class B

Class A, Class B, Class P1, Class P2 Class F

* Class A can be obtained in the regular radiographic technique. * Class B can be obtained by radiographic technique with greater sensitivity in the detection of flaw.

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* Class P1 is the regular image quality obtained when one side of the circumferential welded joint in the steel pipe is radiographically examined and class P2 is the regular image quality when both sides of the circumferential welded joint in the steel pipe is radiographically examined, respectively, with respect to the radiographing method where the radiation penetrantes double walls of the pipe of the circumferential welded joint in the steel pipe. * Class F is the regular image quality obtained by the radiographic examination of T welded joint. 9.1.2 Classification of accordance with radiographic methods The kind of the image quality of the radiograph applicable for respective radiographing methods shall be in accordance with Table 8. 9.2 Minimum perceptible wire diameter of penetrameter The minimum perceptible wire diameter of the penetrameter shall not exceed the value given in Table 9, 10 and Table 11 in the part of the radiograph. Table 8. Classification of application of image quality of radiograph

Radiographing method Internal source technique Internal film technique Double wall single image technique Double wall double image technique Note
* **

Kind of image quality Class A Class B , Class P1


* * **

Class A Class B , Class P1 Class A


*

** **

Class P1 Class P1
*

Class P2

Class P2

To be applied when greater sensitivity in the detection of flaws is required. To be applied when it is difficult to apply the regular radiographing technique.

Table 9. Minimum perceptible wire diameter of penetrameter for butt welded joint in steel plates Unit : mm Thickness of base metal 40. or under Over 4.0, up to and incl. 5.0 Over 5.0, up to and incl. 6.3 Over 6.3, up to and incl. 8.0 Over 8.0, up to and incl. 10.0 Over 10.0, up to and incl. 12.5 Over 12.5, up to and incl. 16.0 A 501-1 0.25 0.32 0.20 0.20 Kind of image quality Class A 0.125 0.16 0.125 0.16 Class B 0.10

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Over 16.0, up to and incl. 20.0 Over 20.0, up to and incl. 25.0 Over 25.0, up to and incl. 32.0 Over 32.0, up to and incl. 40.0 Over 40.0, up to and incl. 50.0 Over 50.0, up to and incl. 63.0 Over 63.0, up to and incl. 80.0 Over 80.0, up to and incl. 100 Over 100, up to and incl. 125 Over 125, up to and incl. 160 Over 160, up to and incl. 200 Over 200, up to and incl. 250 Over 250, up to and incl. 320 Over 320 steel pipes 2.5 2.0 1.6 1.0 1.25 0.63 0.80 0.40 0.50

20 30

0.25 0.32 0.40 0.50 0.63 0.80

1.0

1.25

1.6 2.0

Table 10. Minimum perceptible wire diameter of penetrameter circumferential welded joint in

Unit : mm Kind of image quality Thickness of base metal Class A 4.0 or under Over 4.0, up to and incl. 5.0 Over 5.0, up to and incl. 6.3 Over 6.3, up to and incl. 8.0 Over 8.0, up to and incl. 10.0 Over 10.0, up to and incl. 12.5 Over 12.5, up to and incl. 16.0 Over 16.0, up to and incl. 20.0 Over 20.0, up to and incl. 25.0 Over 25.0, up to and incl. 32.0 Over 32.0, up to and incl. 40.0 Over 40.0, up to and incl. 50.0 0.63 0.80 0.25 0.32 0.40 0.50 0.25 0.32 0.40 0.50 0.63 0.20 0.40 0.50 0.63 0.80 1.0 1.25 1.6 0.63 0.80 0.50 0.20 0.125 0.16 0.125 0.16 0.25 0.32 0.32 0.40 Class B 0.10 Class P1 0.20 Class P2 0.25

Table 11. Minimum perceptible wire diameter of penetrameter for T- welded joint in steel plates

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Unit : mm Kind of image quality Total thickness of T1 and T2 members Class F 8.0 or under Over 8.0, up to and incl. 10.0 Over 10.0, up to and incl. 12.5 Over 12.5, up to and incl. 16.0 Over 16.0, up to and incl. 20.0 Over 20.0, up to and incl. 25.0 Over 25.0, up to and incl. 32.0 Over 32.0, up to and incl. 40.0 Over 40.0, up to and incl. 50.0 Over 50.0, up to and incl. 63.0 Over 63.0, up to and incl. 80.0 Over 80.0, up to and incl. 100 9.3 Density range of radiograph 1.0 1.25 0.63 0.80 0.25 0.32 0.40 0.50 0.20

9.3.1 The radiographic density of the part except the image of flaws of the test part shall be in the range as shown in Table 12 and 13. Table 12. Density range of radiograph for butt welded joint in steel plates

Kind of image quality Class A Class B

Density range 1.3 or over, up to and incl. 4.0 1.8 or over, up to and incl. 4.0

Table 13. Density range of radiograph for circumferential welded joint in steel pipes Kind of image quality Class A Class B Class P1 Class P2 Density range 1.3 or over, up to and incl. 4.0 1.8 or over, up to and incl. 4.0 1.0 or over, up to and incl. 4.0

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9.3.2 For T- welded joint in steel plates, radiographic density of the part except the image of flaws of the test part shall be 1.0 or over and up to and including 4.0. 9.4 Value of contrast indicator On the radiograph where the contrast indicator is used, the density of the part of the base metal close to the contrast indicator and the density of the mid-portion of the contrast indicator shall be measured with the densitometer. The value of the difference in density divided by density of the part of the base metal shall be not less than the value as shown in Table 14. Table 14. Value of contrast indicator Unit : mm Thickness of base metal Value of Contrast indicator
Difference in density density

Type of Contrast Indicator

Kind of image quality Class A


4.0 or under Over 4.0, up to and incl. 5.0 Over 5.0, up to and incl. 6.3 Over 6.0, up to and incl. 8.0 Over 8.0, up to and incl. 10.0 Over 10.0, up to and incl. 12.5 Over 12.5, up to and incl. 16.0 Over 16.0, up to and incl. 20.0 Over 20.0, up to and incl. 25.0 Over 25.0, up to and incl. 32.0 Over 32.0, up to and incl. 40.0 Over 40.0, up to and incl. 50.0

Class B 0.23 0.16 Type 15

0.15 0.10

0.081 0.062 0.046 0.035 0.049 0.032 0.060

0.12

0.096

0.077 0.11 0.092 0.077 0.12 Type 25 Type 20

10.0

CLASSIFICATION OF IMAGE OF FLAW

10.1 Type of flaw The flaws shall be classified into 4 types in accordance with Table 15. Where it is difficult to classify the flaws into type 1 or type 2, classify respective flaw into type 1 or type 2, and then the larger and class number shall be adopted.

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Table 15.Type of flaw

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Type of flaw Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4

Kind of flaw Round blow hole and similar flaw Elongated slag inclusion, pipe, incomplete penetration, incomplete fusion, and similar flaw Clack and similar flaw Tungsten inclusion

10.2 Score of flaw The score of flaw of type 1 and type 4 shall be obtained as follows: (1) The score of flaw shall be measured by setting the test field of vision as given in Table 16. Where the flaw falls on the boundary of the test field of vision, the part outside the test field of vision shall be included for measurement. (2) The test field of vision shall be applied to the region where the score of flaw becomes maximum in the effective length of test part. (3) The score of flaw in the case of single flaw of type 1 shall be determined by using the value in Table 17 according to the dimension of the major diameter of the flaw. Where the major diameter of the flaw dose not exceed the value in Table 18, the flaw shall not be regarded in calculating the score of flaw. (4) As to the flaw of type 4, the score of flaw shall be obtained according to the procedure (1), (2) and (3) similar that of type 1. However, the score of flaw shall be 1/2 of the value in Table 17 according to the dimension of the major diameter of the flaw. (5) The score of flaw for two or more flaw shall be the grand total of the score for each flaw in the test field of vision. (6) Where the flaw of type 1 is coexistent with the flaw of type 4 in one test field of vision, the grand total of both scores shall be the score of flaw. Table 16. Extent of test field of vision Unit : mm Thickness of base metal Up to and incl. 25 Up to 25, up to and incl. 100 Over 100

Extend of test field of vision

1010

1020

1030

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Table 17. Score of flaw

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Unit : mm Major diameter of flaw Up to and Incl. 1.0 Over 1.0 Up to and Incl. 2.0 Over 2.0 Up to and Incl. 3.0 Over 3.0 Up to and Incl. 4.0 Over 4.0 Up to and Incl. 6.0 Over 6.0 Up to and Incl. 8.0 Over 8.0

Score

10

15

25

Table 18. Size of flaw not to be counted Unit : mm Thickness of base metal Up to and incl. 20 Over 20, up to and incl. 50 Over 50 Size of flaw 0.5 0.7 1.4% of thickness of base metal

10.3 Length of flaw The length of flaw shall be determined by measuring the length of flaw of type 2. However, where the flaws are present in a row, and the distance between mutual flaws dose not exceed the length of the larger flaw, the dimension being measured including the space between flaws shall be defined as the length of flaw of the relevant flaw batch. 10.4 Subclassification of flaw 10.4.1 Subclasssification of flaw of type 1 and type 4 The flaws where the flaws detected by the radiograph are flaws of type 1 and type 4, shall be subclassified in according with the standard of table 19. The figures in the table show the allowable limit of the score of flaw. Where the major diameter of the flaw exceeds 1/2 of the thickness of the base metal, the flaw shall be categorized as class 4. Even when the major diameter of the flaw dose not exceed the value in Table 18, there shall not be 10 or more flaws within the test field of vision for class 1.

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Table 19. Subclassification of flaws of type 1 and type 4

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Unit : mm Subclassification 1010 Test field of vision 1020 Thickness of base metal 10 or under Over 10, up to and incl. 25 2 6 12 Over 25, up to and incl. 50 4 12 24 Over 50, up to and incl. 100 5 15 30 Over 100 1030

Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4

1 3 6

6 18 36

Where the score of the flaw is larger than that of class 3

10.4.2 Subclasssification of flaw of type 2 The flaws where the flaws detected by the radiograph are flaws of type 2, shall be subclassified in according with the standard of table 20. The figures in the table show the allowable limit of the score of flaw. Even when the flaw is subclassified as class 1, it shall be categorizes as class 2 where the incomplete penetration or the incomplete fusion is found. Table 20. Subclassification of flaws of type 2 Unit : mm Subclassification 12 or under Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 3 or under 4 or under 6 or under Thickness of base metal Over 12 and under 48 1/4 or less of the thickness of the base metal 1/3 or less of the thickness of the base metal 1/2 or less of the thickness of the base metal 48 or over 12 or under 16 or under 24 or under

Where the score of the flaw is larger than that of class 3

10.4.3 Subclasssification of flaw of type 3 The flaws where the flaws detected by the radiograph are flaws of type 3, shall be categorized as class 4 10.4.3 Comprehensive classification The comprehensive classification to be determined based on the results of subclassification of eash type of flaws in terms of the effective length of the test part shall be as follows:

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(1) Where the flaws are of only one type, this type shall be the comprehensive classification as they are. (2) Where the flaws are of two or more types, the larger type and class number shall be the comprehensive classification. However, in the case where the flaws of type 2 under the subject of classification coexist in the test field of vision of the flaws of type 1 and type 4, and both the classification by the score of flaw and the classification by the length of flaw are the same, the classification of the coexistent part shall be increased by the one in terms of the class number. In this respect, as to the flaw of class 1, it shall be categorized as class 2 where the flaws of type 1 and type 4 are independently existent or where 1/2 of the allowable score of flaw in the coexistent case and 1/2 of the allowable length of flaw of class 2 are exceeded respectively.

11.0 FILM PROCESSING (MANUAL) 11.1 Preparation No more film should be processed than can be accommodated with a minimum separation of 12.7mm. Hanger are loaded and solution stirred before starting development. 11.2 Start of Development Start the timer and place the film into developer tank. Separate to minimum distance of 12.7mm and agitate in two directions for about 15 seconds. 11.3 Development Normal development is 5 to 8 minutes at 20. Longer development time generally yields faster film speed and slightly more contrast. 11.4 Agitation Shake the film horizontally and vertically, ideally for a few seconds each minute during development. This will help film develop evenly. 11.5 Stop Bath or Rinse After development is complete, the activity of developer remaining in the emulsion should be neutralized by an acid stop bath or, if this is not possible, by rinsing with vigorous agitation in clear water. 11.6 Fixing The films must not touch one another in the fixer. Agitate the hangers vertically for about 10 seconds and again at the 1 minute, to ensure uniform and rapid fixation. Keep them in the fixer until fixation is complete (that is, at least twice the clearing time). But not more than 15 minutes in relatively fresh fixer. Frequent agitation will shorten the time of fixation.

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11.7 Washing

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The washing efficiency is a function of wash water, its temperature, and flow, and the film being washed. Generally, washing is 30 minutes to 1hr at temperature range from 16 to 30 in the running water. 11.8 Wetting Agent Dip the film for approximately 30 seconds in a wetting agent. This makes water drain evenly off film, which facilitates quick, even drying. 11.9 Drying Manual drying can vary from still air drying at ambient temperature to as height as 60 with air circulated by a fan. Drying conditions should be verified the operation manual of film manufacturers. Take precaution to tighten film on hangers, so that it cannot touch in the dryer. Too hot a drying temperature at low humidity can result in uneven drying and should be avoided.

12.0

RECORDS As a minimum the information shall include the following ;

12.1 Items related to test part Manufacture or Name of work Symbol or number of location test part Material Thickness of base metal (wall thickness and outside diameter of pipe) Type of welded joint (with/without weld reinforcement) 12.2 Date of making radiograph 12.3 Affiliation and name of examination engineer 12.4 Test condition 12.4.1 Apparatus and material being used Name of radiograph test equipment and its effective focal spot Type of film and intensifying screen Type of penetrameter Type of contrast indicator 12.4.2 Conditions of radiography Voltage of tube being used or kind of radio-isotope A 501-1

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Current of tube being used or intensity of radioactivity Time of exposure 12.4.3 Radiographing arrangement Distance between the radiation source and the film, (L1+L2)

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Distance between the surface on the radiation source side of the test part and the film, ( L2) Effective length L3 of the test part (both sides of double walls : L3 = +L3 + +L3) 12.4.4 Condition of development Developer, temperature of development and time of development (Manual development) Name of automatic developing machine and developer (Automatic development) 12.5 Confirmation of necessary condition of radiograph Kind of image quality Minimum perceptible wire diameter of penetrameter Density of test part Value of contrast indicator (difference in density / density) 12.6 Results of classification of image of flaws

13.0

ATTACHMENTS

13.1 Radiographic Examination Report Forms

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13.1 Radiographic Examination Report Forms

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H 101-1

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H 101-2

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