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= V V
3
2
2 2
t
j
a c
e
= V V
120
o
120
o
120
o
V
a1
V
c1
V
b1
Figure 1 Positive sequence
components
1 1 1 c b a
V V V = =
3
2
1 1
t
j
a b
e
= V V
3
4
1 1
t
j
a c
e
= V V
Zero sequence
Three phasors of equal magnitude and phase.
For any unbalanced condition each phase voltage or current is the sum of its three
sequence components. We can then write:
2 1 0 a a a a
V V V V + + =
2 1 0 b b b b
V V V V + + =
2 1 0 c c c c
V V V V + + =
Using the standard notation
3
4
3
2 t t
j j
e e h
= = and noting that
3
2
3
4
2
t t
j j
e e h
= = and 1
3
6
3
= =
t
j
e h then for the phasor relationships for
each sequence component can be given in terms of the phase-a component such that
we get:
2 1 0 a a a a
V V V V + + =
2 1
2
0 a a a b
h h V V V V + + =
2
2
1 0 a a a c
h h V V V V + + =
Note we could also apply the same equations to the phase currents. For the sequence
components the subscript a is dropped and the transform equation can be expressed in
matrix form as
V
c0
Figure 3 Zero sequence
components
0 0 0 c b a
V V V = =
(
(
(
(
(
(
=
(
(
(
2
1
0
2
2
1
1
1 1 1
V
V
V
V
V
V
h h
h h
c
b
a
The transform matrix T is then
(
(
(
=
2
2
1
1
1 1 1
h h
h h T
and the inverse of the transform matrix is
1 2
2
1 1 1
1
1
3
1
T h h
h h
(
(
=
(
(
Hence we can also write
0
2
1
2
2
1 1 1
1
1
3
1
a
b
c
h h
h h
(
( (
(
( (
=
(
( (
(
( (
V V
V V
V V
(1)
No matter what value are used for the phase voltages equation (1) has a solution and
will provide the equivalent sequence components. The power system normal
operating condition then has only positive sequence components as
0
2 2
1
2
2
1 1 1
0
1
1
3
0
1
a
a a
a
h h h
h
h h
( (
( (
( (
( (
= =
( (
( (
( (
( (
V
V
V V V
V V