CHEMICAL ENGINEERING PRACTICES

TITLE : LAB REPORT OF MARCET BOILER

STUDENT NAME: SUKESH A/L SOUNDARA PANDIAN STUDENT ID NO: SCM-003516 DATE OF SUBMISSION: 10 FEBRUARY 2010 LECTURER NAME: Mr. Jason Cheng

Abstract
A Marcet boiler is a device developed to investigate the relationship between pressure and temperature of saturated steam in equilibrium with water at all pressures between atmospheric and 10 bar. Hence in this experiment is conducted to determine this relationship and also to investigate the vapour pressure curve.

Introduction
Thermodynamics is a branch of physics, which deals with the energy, and work of a system. Thermodynamics deals only with the large-scale response of a system that we can observe and measure in experiments. Small-scale gas interactions are described by the kinetic theory of gasses, which is a compliment to thermodynamics. The main objective of this experiment is to determine the relation between vapour and pressure of saturated steam and also the vapour pressure curve.

Experimental methods and materials

Before starting the experiment the boiler is first filled with enough water before closing its valves. The temperature is the set to 185.0 C which is slightly more than the boiling point of
water at 10 bar (abs). The valve at the feed port is opened and the heater is turned on. The temperature of steam is recorded every time the absolute pressure increases by 0.5 bar. The gauge pressure is also recorded with the time to reach an increase of 0.5 absolute pressure. The steps are repeated until the absolute pressure reaches 10 bar. The gauge temperature and time taken is constantly recorded at an interval of 0.5 absolute pressure. The final reading is recorded when the gauge pressure reaches 10 bar. During this time the absolute pressure, temperature and time taken is recorded all this data are then recorded into a table

The apparatus used in this experiment is known as a marcet boiler. The unit consists of a stainless steel pressure vessel fitted with high pressure immersion electrical heater. The unit also comes together with a safety relief valve, temperature and pressure measuring devices. Water feed port is installed to allow water charging. The unit comes with comes with temperature and pressure transducers so that students will be able to read the respective values on the digital indicators easily. The water heater is protected from burnout by setting the maximum operating temperature with a temperature controller.

6 1 2 8 9 7

10 5

Figure 1: Unit Construction for Marcet Boiler (Model: HE169) 1. Pressure Transducer 2. Temperature Controller/Indicator 3. Pressure Indicator 4. Control Panel 5. Bench 6. Bourdon Tube Pressure Gauge 7. 8. 9. Temperature Sensor Pressure Relief Valve Water Inlet Port & Valve

10. Heater

Data and Analysis

From the experiment we are able to record the absolute pressure, gauge pressure temperature and also time taken. Using this information we would be able to find the slope of dT/dP. dT: difference of temperature at successive pressure difference dP: difference in gauge pressure dT Next a vs dPSAT
P and

Tvfg hfg

vs P is plotted on the same graph and

Temperature (kelvin) vs pressure (gauge + atmospheric)

Experimental results
Pressure, P (bar) Gauge Pressure, P Temperatue (psi) (C) Gauge + atmospheric Temperature (K) Time taken Minutes, min Seconds, s 0.00 0.50 1.10 1.51 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 0.000 21.948 30.650 36.597 43.703 50.955 58.207 65.459 72.711 79.963 87.215 94.467 99.9 111.3 120.3 127.5 133.7 139.0 143.8 148.2 152.2 155.9 159.2 162.3 373.05 384.45 393.45 400.65 406.85 412.15 416.95 421.35 425.35 429.05 432.35 435.45 0s 6min 15s 0.00 0.519 0.000 0.173 0.179 0.184 0.188 0.192 0.196 0.199 0.202 0.205 0.207 0.210 Measured Slope dT/dP Calculated slope Tvg/hfg

11min 37s 1.034 16min 19s 1.211 20min 28s 0.873 24min 7s 0.731

27min 25s 0.662 30min 3s 33mi 35s 0.607 0.552

36min 23s 0.510 38min 57s 0.455 41min 21s 0.427

6.00 6.90 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.00

101.719 114.772 123.474 130.726 137.978 145.230 152.482 159.734

165.3 168.0 170.6 173.1 175.5 177.8 179.9 181.9

438.45 441.15 443.75 446.25 448.65 450.95 453.05 455.05

43min 40s 0.414 45min 7s 0.207

0.212 0.215 0.218 0.220 0.222 0.224 0.226 0.228

47min 51s 0.300 49min 57s 0.345 51min 53s 0.331 53min 49s 0.317 55min 38s 0.290 57min 14s 0.276

Graphs
Temperature Vs Pressure
500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0
43 .7 03 72 .7 11 87 .2 15 10 1. 71 9 12 3. 47 4 13 7. 97 8 15 2. 48 2 58 .2 07 0 30 .6 5

Temperature (k)

Series1

Pressure (psi)

Measured and Calculated slope Vs Pressure

1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0
0 30 .6 5 43 .7 03 58 .2 07 72 .7 11 87 .2 15 10 1. 71 12 9 3. 47 4 13 7. 97 15 8 2. 48 2

Slope

Measured slope (dT/dP) Calculated slope (Tvg/hfg)

Pressure (psi)

Discussion
Pressure and temperature are the two fundamental quantities of any material. As for the pressure and temperature of steam, both quantities are also proportional to each other which are proved by the calculations and the graph trends. The graph shows that as the temperature increases the pressure also increases. It is used in steam plant industry Hence the gradient of the slope is positive which shows that this is a positive slope. It is necessary to remove the air from the boiler at the beginning of the experiment because it will affect the readings as there will be a pressure difference. The error percentage could be around 10-20% because theres a small difference between the actual and ideal values calculated. Sources of experimental error are measurement or reading accuracy, room temperature and pressure, the stability of the materials and the calculations error

Conclusion
In this experiment, the relationship between temperature and pressure for saturated steam in equilibrium with water and increases gradually. The pressure and temperature are measured using the pressure gauge and thermometer of the Marcet Boiler. The Thermodynamics theory and Ideal Gas Equations were used to calculate and compare the experimental readings to make the test as efficient as possible. The experiment is successful though there are small possible errors in the experiment. To improve the accuracy of the result the experiment should be performed carefully and also set a room temperature.