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com
1
SAT Math II Formula
Integers
Real Numbers
Natural Numbers
Whole Numbers
Rational Numbers
Irrational Numbers


Absolute Value n-th root (n even) n-th root (n odd)
0
0
a a
a
a a

'
_ 1
1
=
!
1
<
1+

0
0
n n
a a
a
a a

'
_ 1
1
=
!
1
<
1+

n n
a a =

Ex) 3 3 = ,

3 3 =
2
3 3 = ,

( )
2
3 3 =

3 3
3 3 = ,

( )
3
3
3 3 =


Invented Operations - Follow the directions and plug in.
If
2
4
3
y
x y x + = , then
2 6
3 6 4 3 12 4 16
3

+ = = = .

Percent change :
( ) 100 %
Amount Change
Original

Percent-increase / Percent Decrease
( )
number of change
Final Amount = Original 1 Rate + ; Rate + increase / decrease

The compound interest
1
nt
r
A P
n

= +



A: amount of principal and interest, P : principal, r : annual interest rate
t : # of years, n : # of compounding in a year( k=4 quarterly, k=12 monthly, etc. )
rt
A Pe =
Continuously compounding ( as k )

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2
SAT Math II Formula

Imaginary numbers : 1 i =
Ex)
2
1 i = ,
3
i i = ,
4
1 i = ,
5
i i = ,

Complex Numbers : a bi where a and b are real numbers.
Conjugate : a bi a bi =

Rationalization :
( ) ( )
2 2
ac bd ad bc i
c di c di a bi
a bi a bi a bi a b


= =


Reciprocal :
2 2
1 1 a bi a bi
a bi a bi a bi a b

= =


Complex Plane



Absolute value (or modulus) of complex number
2 2
z a bi a b = =

Vectors
A vector in a plane : , V a b ai b j = =


A vector in a space : , , V a b c ai b j ck = =


Magnitude (or Norm) of vector
, V a b =

,
2 2
V a b =

, , V a b c =

,
2 2 2
V a b c =

is unit vector, then 1 V =

.

Re
Im
O
z a bi = +
bi
a
z

x
y
O
, V a b ai b j = = +

1, 0 i =

1, 0 j =

2 2
V a b = +

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SAT Math II Formula
Resultant vector

, V a b =

, , U c d =

, kV ka kb =

, , , V U a b c d a c b d = =



, , , V U a b c d a c b d = =



Counting
Factorial : ( ) ( ) ! 1 2 3 2 1, 0! 1 n n n n = =
Permutation :
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
!
1 2 1 , !
!
n r n n
n
P n n n r n r P n
n r
= = =

Combination :
( )
!
,
! ! !
n r
n r n r n n r
n P n
C C C
r r n r r

1

= = = =

( )


Matrices
Adding, Subtracting, and scalar multiplication
a b e f a e b f
c d g h c g d h
1 1 1


=



( ) ( ) ( )
,
a b e f a e b f
c d g h c g d h
1 1 1


=



( ) ( ) ( )
,
a b ka kb
k
c d kc kd
1 1

=



( ) ( )

Matrix multiplication
p q
a b c ap br ct aq bs cu
r s
d e f dp er ft dq es fu
t u
1

1 1

=



( ) ( )


( )

( ) ( ) ( ) 2 3 3 2 2 2 =


Inverse matrix :
1 1
XX X X I

= = ,
1
1
a b d b
c d c a ad bc

1 1

=



( ) ( )

Determinant :
a b
ad bc
c d
= ,

a b c
d e f aei bfg cdh bdi afh ceg
g h i
=


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4
SAT Math II Formula

Arithmetic Sequences and Series
1
a
2
a
3
a
4
a
n
a
1
a
1
a d
1
2 a d
1
3 a d

( )
1
1 a n d

nth term : ( )
1
1
n
a a n d =
Sum of the first n terms :
( ) ( )
1 1
2 1
2 2
n
n
a n d n a a n
S
l

l
= =

Geometric Sequences and Series
1
a
2
a
3
a
4
a
n
a
1
a
1
a r
2
1
a r
3
1
a r

1
1
n
a r


nth term :
1
1
n
n
a a r

=
Sum of the first n terms :
( )
1
1
1
n
n
a r
S
r

( ) 1 n =
Sum of infinite geometric series :
1
1 1
1
a
S r
r
= < <

Direct and Indirect Variation
Direct variation
y kx =
Indirect variation
k
y
x
=
x varies directly as y
x and y change proportionally
x and y are in proportion
Quantity
x
y
will always have the same value
x varies indirectly as y
x and y are inversely proportional
x and y are in inverse proportion
Quantity xy will always have the same value

Travel, Work, and Average
Distance
speed time

Work
rate
time
of work

Total
average
# of
things


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5
SAT Math II Formula
Basic Exponential Properties
a b a b
x x x
+
=
a
a b
b
x
x
x

=
0
1 x =
1
a
a
x
x

=

( )
b
a ab
x x =
( )
a
a a
x y xy =
1
2
x x =
a
b a
b
x x =


Basic Logarithmic Properties
( ) log log log
a a a
p q p q = + log log log
a a a
p
p q
q

=



log 1 0
a
= , log 1
a
a =
log log
y
a
x
a
x
p p
y
=
log
log
log
b
a
b
p
p
a
=
log
a
p
a p =

Factoring
( )
2
2 2
2 x xy y x y = ( )
2
2 2
2 x xy y x y = ( )( )
2 2
x y x y x y =

Quadratic Formula
For
2
0 ax bx c = ( )
2
4
0
2
b b ac
x a
a

= =
b
a
+ = ,
c
a
= where and are zeros
Discriminant :
2
4 0 b ac two real, unequal roots

2
4 0 b ac = one real root (a double root)

2
4 0 b ac < no real roots (two complex, unequal roots a bi )

Binomial Theorem
( )
0
n
n
n k k
n n k
k
x y C x y

=
=
_

0 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 0
0 1 2 2 1 0
=
n n n n n n n
n n n n n n n
C x y C x y C x y C x y C x y C x y

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6
SAT Math II Formula

Odd and Even Functions
Odd function : ( ) ( ) f x f x = , symmetric with respect to the origin
Even function : ( ) ( ) f x f x = , symmetry with respect to the y -axis

Compound Functions
( )( ) ( ) ( ) f g x f x g x + = +

( )( ) ( ) ( ) f g x f x g x =

( )( ) ( ) ( ) f g x f x g x =

( )
( )
( )
f x
f
x
g g x

=


( ) ( )
0 g x

( )( ) ( ) ( )
f g x f g x =

Inverse Functions
1
f

has property that
( )( ) ( )( )
1 1
f f x f f x x

= =
Horizontal line test : the inverse of the one-to-one function is also a function.
Graph of f and
1
f

are reflections of each other with respect to the line y x = .
( )
1
f x y

= ( ) x f y =

Graphs of Basic Functions
O x
y

y x =
O
x
y

2
y x =
O x
y

3
y x =
O x
y
1

( ) 1
x
y a a = >
Domain ( ) ,
Range ( ) ,
Domain ( ) ,
Range [ ) 0,
Domain ( ) ,
Range ( ) ,
Domain ( ) ,
Range ( ) 0,



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SAT Math II Formula
Graphs of Basic Functions - continued
O x
y

1
1
y x
x

= =
O x
y

1
2
y x x = =
O x
y

1
3
3
y x x = =
O x
y
1

( ) log 1
a
y x a = >
Domain
( ) ( ) , 0 0,
Range ( ) ( ) , 0 0,
Domain [ ) 0,
Range [ ) 0,
Domain ( ) ,
Range ( ) ,
Domain ( ) 0,
Range ( ) ,
O x
y

0 y =
O x
y
c

y c =
O x
y

y x =
O
x
y

[ ] y x =
greatest integer function
Domain ( ) ,
Range { } 0
Domain ( ) ,
Range { } a
Domain ( ) ,
Range [ ) 0,
Domain ( ) ,
Range n ( n is a integer)

Linear Functions (Lines)
Slope-intercept form : ( ) f x mx b = + ,
2 1
2 1
changes in
=
changes in
y y rise y
slope m
run x x x

= = =

A horizontal line : slope of 0

A vertical lines : undefined slope
Parallel lines :
1 2
m m =

Perpendicular lines :
1 2
1 m m =


tan
rise
m
run
= =

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SAT Math II Formula

Quadratic Functions
Standard form : ( )
2
y a x h k = +

vertex ( ) , h k , axis of symmetry x h = , minimum(or maximum) k
General form :
2
y ax bx c = + + where 0 a , b and c are constant

2
2
2
4
2 4
b b ac
y ax bx c a x
a a

= + + = +




Higher-Degree Polynomial Functions
A polynomial function of x with degree n is given by
( )
1 2 1
1 2 1 0
n n
n n
P x a x a x a x a x a

= + + + +




n odd, 0
n
a > n odd, 0
n
a < n even, 0
n
a > n even, 0
n
a <

Remainder theorem : ( ) P x is divided by ( ) x r , then the remainder, ( ) R P r =
Factor theorem : ( ) 0 P k =

( ) P x has a factor of ( ) x k
Rational root theorem : all possible rational roots are derived using
p
x
q
=
p ; factor of the constant term
0
a , q ; factor of the leading coefficient
n
a
Complex zeros occurs in conjugate pairs : a bi + ( 0 b ) is a zero a bi is a zero.

Vertical asymptotes
( )
( )
f x
y
g x
=
After simplify
( )
( )
f x
g x
, vertical asymptote occurs at x a = that satisfy ( ) 0 g a =


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9
SAT Math II Formula
Horizontal asymptotes
( )
( )
f x
y
g x
=
Degree of ( ) f x > degree of ( ) g x : no horizontal asymptotes
Degree of ( ) = f x degree of ( ) g x : y = the ratio of leading coefficients
Degree of ( ) < f x degree of ( ) g x : 0 y =

Triangle inequality theorem

~ b c a b c < < +

~ a c b a c < < +

~ a b c a b < < +

Three Special Triangle Types


a b =
A B =
Isosceles triangle Equilateral triangle Right triangle
The area of triangle
1
( ) ( )
2
base height

or
1
sin
2
ab
Special Right Triangles
5
3
4

3 4 5 Triangle
13
5
12

5 12 13 Triangle
3
30
60
1
2

30 60 90

Triangle
1
1
2
45
45

45 45 90 Triangle


a b
c
a b
c
A
C
60
60 60
s
B A
C
Hypotenuse
Adjacent (leg)
Opposite
(leg)

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SAT Math II Formula

Special Quadrilaterals
Trapezoids
1 2
2
b b
Area h

=
h
2
b
1
b

h
2
b
1
b

h
2
b
1
b
y
x x
y

Parallelogram
sin sin
Area b h
ab x ab y
=
= =

h
b
y
x
x
y
a

Rectangle
Area b h =
b
h

Rhombus
2 2
sin sin
Area b h
s x s y
=
= =

y
x
y
x

Square
2 2
1
2
Area s d = =
s
d


Circles and Sector
r
d

A
B
O
x
(rad) =
x
(rad) =
l
r r
l

2 Circumference r d = =

2
360
x
AB l r r

= = =

2 2
1 1
360 2 2
x
Area r rl r

= = =

2
Area r =


2 (rad) 360 =
1 (rad)
180

=
180
1(rad)

=

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11
SAT Math II Formula
Solids
Rectangular prism
2 2 2 S lw lh hw =

V lwh =

2 2 2
d l w h = l
w
h

l
w
h
2 2
l w +
d

Cube
2
6 S s =

3
V s =

3 d s =
s
s
s

f
d

Cylinder
2
2 2 S r rh =

2
V Bh r h = =

( )
2
2
2 d r h =
h
r
h
2 r
r
r
h
d

Pyramids
1
3
V Bh =

Cones
2 2
1
2
S cl r rl r = =

2
1 1
3 3
V Bh r h = =

2
( )
c r
rad
l l

= =
h
c
r
r
l
l

Spheres
2
4 S r =

3
4
3
V r =
r

(0, 0, 0) , r
2 2 2 2
x y z r + + =
( )
1 1 1
, , P x y z ,
( )
2 2 2
, , Q x y z ,
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 1 2 1 2 1
PQ x x y y z z = + +

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12
SAT Math II Formula

Inscribed Solids
s

a b
c


3 2 d s R = =

2 2 2
2 d a b c R = =
( R ; radius of a sphere)
h
r

( )
2
2
2 2 d r h R = =

( R ; radius of a sphere)

r
s

2 s r =

( r ; radius of a sphere)

H
R
r

R r = , 2 H r =

( R , H ; radius and height of
cylinder, r ; radius of a sphere,)

Changing Dimensions

Ratio of sides : m n

Ratio of area
2 2
: m n .
Ratio of volumes
3 3
: m n

Coordinates in Three Dimensions
x
y
z
d
( ) 3, 5, 4

The distance between origin and ( )
1 1 1
, , x y z
2 2 2
1 1 1
d x y z =


( )
1 1 1
, , x y z
( )
2 2 2
, , x y z
2 1
x x
2 1
y y
2 1
z z


The distance between ( )
1 1 1
, , x y z and ( )
2 2 2
, , x y z
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 1 2 1 2 1
d x x y y z z =



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13
SAT Math II Formula

A Plane Rectangular Coordinate System (or Cartesian Plane)



Distance
The distance between any two points ( )
1 1
, x y and ( )
2 2
, x y is ( ) ( )
2 2
2 1 2 1
d x x y y =

Midpoint
The midpoint of a line segment with endpoints ( )
1 1
, x y and ( )
2 2
, x y is
1 2 1 2
,
2 2
x x y y
M
1

( )


Distance between a Point and a Line
x
y
0 Ax By C + + =
O
d
( )
1 1
, x y
d
0 Ax By C + + =

2 2
C
d
A B
=

1 1
2 2
Ax By C
d
A B

=

Transformation
Reflection x -axis y -axis origin y x =
Points & graph y y
x x
x x , y y x y , y x

Translation h unit y unit h unit, y unit
Points ( ) , x y
x x h +
y y k + x x h + y y k +
Graph ( ) y f x =
x x h
y y k x x h y y k

Stretch / Shrink horizontally a vertically b horizontally a , vertically b
Points ( ) , x y
x ax
y by x ax y by
Graph ( ) y f x =
x
x
a

y
y
b

x
x
a

y
y
b

x
y
I
( ) , + +
II
( ) , +
IV
( ) , +
III
( ) ,
O

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14
SAT Math II Formula

Conics Sections
Parabola
2
4 x py = ( ) 0 p
x
y
O
y p =
( ) 0, 0 V
( ) 0, F p
( ) , P x y
Equal
Distances

Vertex ( ) 0, 0

Directrix y p =

Focus ( ) 0, p

Axis of symmetry 0 x =
Circle
2 2 2
x y r =
x
y
O
( ) 0, 0 C
( ) , P x y
r

Center ( ) 0, 0 Radius r


Ellipse
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
= ( ) 0 a b
x
y
O ( ) , 0 c
( ) , P x y
( ) , 0 c
( ) , 0 a ( ) , 0 a
( ) 0, b
( ) 0, b

Center ( ) 0, 0 ,

Vertex ( ) , 0 a , ( ) , 0 a
Foci ( ) , 0 c , ( ) , 0 c where
2 2 2
c a b =
Major axis 2a , Minor axis 2b
y intercepts ( ) 0, b , ( ) 0, b
Hyperbola
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
= ( ) 0, 0 a b
x
y
O
( ) 0, b
( ) , 0 c
( ) , 0 c
( ) 0, b
( ) , 0 a ( ) , 0 a

Center ( ) 0, 0 , Vertex ( ) , 0 a , ( ) , 0 a
Foci ( ) , 0 c , ( ) , 0 c where
2 2 2
c a b =
Asymptotes
b
y x
a
=



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15
SAT Math II Formula
Polar Coordinates
Relationship between rectangular and polar coordinates:

x
y
O

( ) , x y

x
y
O
( ) , r

r

( ) ( ) , , x y r ( ) ( ) , , r x y

2 2
1
tan Verify the quadrant
r x y
y
x

'
1
=
1
1
1
! 1
1
= 1
1
( )
1+

cos
sin
x r
y r

'
= 1
1
!
1
=
1+


Six Trigonometric Functions
sin
O
H
= cos
A
H
= tan
O
A
=
1
csc
sin
H
O

= =
1
sec
cos
H
A

= =
1
cot
tan
A
O

= =

Trigonometric Identities
sin
tan
cos

=
cos
cot
sin

=
2 2
cos sin 1 =

2 2
1 tan sec =

2 2
cot 1 csc =


Cofunction Identities
90 A B . . =

(complementary angle) sin cos A B = , cos sin A B = ,
1
tan cot
tan
A B
B
= =


Adjacent

Opposite
Hypotenuse
A C
B

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SAT Math II Formula

Special Right Triangles
2
1
30
6

=
3
2
1
60
3

=
3
1
1
45
4

=
2



. . Trig ft
( ) 0 0 = ( ) 30
6

= ( ) 45
4

= ( ) 60
3

= ( ) 90
2

=
sin 0
1
2

1
2

3
2

1
cos
1
3
2

1
2

1
2

0
tan 0
1
3

1
3
Undefined

Unit Circle Approach
Quadrant I II III IV
sin
sin
cos
sin
cos
sin
cos
sin
cos
cos
cos
sin
cos
sin
cos
sin
cos
sin
tan
tan
cot
tan
cot
tan
cot
tan
cot

Reference angle .

(formed by the x axis and the terminal side )
sin sin = , cos cos = , tan tan = (sign is determined by terminal side, ASTC)
Reference angle .

(formed by the y axis and the terminal side )
sin cos = , cos sin = , tan cot = (sign is determined by terminal side, ASTC)
0
2

3
2

x
y
( ) , P x y
1

All Students Take Calculus.

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17
SAT Math II Formula
Graphs of Six Trigonometric Functions
O x
y
1
1
2
A
T
2

sin y x = (Odd function)
Domain ( ) , , Range [ [ 1,1
Period 2 , Amplitude 1
x O
1
1
2
A
y
2
T

cos y x = (Even function)
Domain ( ) , , Range [ [ 1,1
Period 2 , Amplitude 1
1
1
2
x
y
3
2

3
2

T

tan y x = (Odd function)
Domain ( ) , except ( ) 2 1
2
n

,
Range ( ) ,
Period

Vertical asymptotes at ( ) 2 1
2
x n

=


Sinusoidal Graphs
( ) sin sin y A x B A x B

l 1

l
= =

l
( )
l

Period
2

= , Amplitude A = , Phase shift

=
( ) tan tan y A x B A x B

l 1

l
= =

l
( )
l

Period

= , Amplitude A = , Phase shift

=



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18
SAT Math II Formula


Addition and Subtraction Formula
sin( ) sin cos cos sin A B A B A B =

cos( ) cos cos sin sin A B A B A B =

tan tan
tan( )
1 tan tan
A B
A B
A B

Double-Angle Formula

sin 2 2sin cos A A A =

2 2 2 2
cos 2 cos sin 2cos 1 1 2sin A A A A A = = =

2
2tan
tan 2
1 tan
A
A
A
=

The Law of Sines

sin sin sin 1
2
A B C
a b c R
= = =
( R ; the radius of the circumscribed circle)



The Law of Cosines

2 2 2
2 cos a b c bc A = +

2 2 2
2 cos b c a ca B = +
2 2 2
2 cos c a b ab A = +


C
B
A
c
a
b
C
B
A
c
a
b

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19
SAT Math II Formula
Probability
Definition: ( )
# of possible outcomes of
total # of possible outcomes
A
P A =
Properties of probability
- ( ) 0 1 P A _ _


- ( ) ( )
1
c
P A P A =


- ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) P A B P A P B P A B ' =
Probability of independent events
- ( ) ( ) ( ) P A B P A P B = = Event A and B are independent
Mutually exclusive events
- ( ) 0 P A B = = Event A and B are mutually exclusive
Binomial trial
( ) ( ) 1
n x
x
n x
P x C p p

=
where n; total # of trials, x ; # of successes, p ; probability of success

Statistics
Mean :
1
N
i
i
X
N

=
=
_

where
i
X ; data values, N ; total # of data
Median : the middle value when the values are ordered from smallest to largest
Mode : the value that occurs most often.
Standard deviation (SD):
( )
2
1
N
i
i
X
N

=
_

Range : The difference between the maximum and the minimum
Interquartile range (IQR) :
3 1
IQR Q Q =
Quartile - Three values which divide the sorted data set into four equal parts.

( )
!
! ! !
n x
n x
P n
C
x n x x
= =

2
median Q =
X
; mean of X
X
; SD of X
If Y aX b = , then

Y X
a b = ,
Y X
a =

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20
SAT Math II Formula

Regression
1) Linear regression
y ax b =
2) Quadratic regression

2
y ax bx c =
3) Exponential regression

x
y a b =

Limit
2
2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2 2 3 2 3
2
2 2 3 2 0 0
lim lim lim 1
1
2 1 2 1 2 0
2
x x x
x x
x x
x x x x x
x x
x
x x

+ +
+ +
= = = =

TI-89 :
2
2
2 2 3
limit , , 1
2 1
x x
x
x
+
=

( )
2
2
1 1
1
2 3
lim lim
1
x x
x
x x
x

+
=

( )
( ) ( )
3
1 1
x
x x
+
+
4
2
2
= =
TI-89 :
2
2
2 3
limit , , 1 2
1
x x
x
x
+
=

1
lim 1
x
x
e
x

+ =


; natural constant e
TI-89 :
1
limit 1 , ,
x
x e
x


+ =





0
lim
x
x
x
+

= ?????
TI-89 :
( )
limit , , 0, 1 1
x
x x =
Speed
(Km/h)
Fuel used
(liters/100km)
60 5.90
70 6.30
80 6.95
90 7.57
100 8.27
110 9.03