ANALYSIS OF RAIN WATER HARVESTING AND METHODS OF WATER SUPPLY IN SIVAKASI(VIRUDHUNAGAR DISTRICT) MINOR RESEARCH PROJECT REPORT on ENVIRONMENTAL

STUDIES (E2S01) Submitted to AYYA NADAR JANAKI AMMAL COLLEGE, SIVAKASI (Autonomous college with potential for Excellence by UGC)
Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai. Submitted by R.VETRI VEL Guided by Mrs. K.DHANALAKSHMI MBA., Assistant Professor in Business Administration (SF) 10ud24

DEPARTMENT OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (SF) AYYA NADAR JANAKI AMMAL COLLEGE, (Autonomous)SIVAKASI-626 124
Mrs. B. MAHESWARI MBA., M.Phil., PGDCA., (Ph.D) Head, Department Of Business Administration (SF), Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College (Autonomous), Sivakasi 626 124.

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that this minor research project report entitled, ANALYSIS OF RAIN WATER HARVESTINGAND METHODS OF SUPPLYING WATER IN SIVAKASI being

submitted by the following students of the Department of Business Administration (SF), Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College (Autonomous), Sivakasi, Affiliated to the Madurai Kamaraj University, is a bonafide work carried out by them under the guidance and supervision of Assistant professor of Mrs.K.Dhanalakshmi MBA. R.VETRI VEL 10UD24

Place: Sivakasi Date:

Signature of the Head

Mrs.K.DHANALAKSHMI MBA., Assistant professor in Business Administration(SF) Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College (Autonomous). Sivakasi-626 124.

CERTIFICATE This is to certify that this minor research project report entitled, ANALYSIS OF RAIN WATER HARVESTINGAND METHODS OF SUPPLYING WATER IN SIVAKASI

being submitted by the following students of the Department of Business Administration,(SF) Ayya Nadar Janaki Ammal College (Autonomous), Sivakasi, Affiliated to the Madurai Kamaraj University is a bonafide work carried out by them under my guidance and supervision.

R.VETRI VEL

10ud24

Place: Sivakasi Date:

Signature of the Guide

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTERS I II III IV INTRODUCTION

CONTENT

PAGE NO. 1-5 6-8 9 10-15

RAIN WATER STORING PLACES IN SIVAKASI BUILDING WHICH ADOPT RAIN WATER HARVESTING WATER SUPPLY AND IMPROVEMENT SCHEME

CONCLUSION

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LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES PARTICULARS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ROOF TOP CATCHMENT SYSTEM GROUND CATCHMENT SYSTEM A MODEL FOR RAIN WATER HARVESTING PERIYAKULAM CHINNAKULAM VEMBAKKOTTAI DAM VEMBAKKOTTAI DAM 6 7 8 8 PAGE NO 2 2 5

LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO 1 2 PARTICULARS MUNICIPAL BUILDING RAIN WATER HARVESTING STRUCTURE LOCAL WATER SUPPLY SOURCES WATER SUPPLY PAGE NO 9 9

3 4

12 12

5 6 7 8

FEEDER MAIN SERVICE RESERVOIER TYPES OF CARRIER HOUSE CONNECTION

13 14 14 15

CHAPTER-I

AIM: To analyse about rain water harvesting and methods of supplying water in sivakasi. INTRODUCTION

Rain Water Harvesting The process of augmenting the underground water table by artificial infiltration of rainwater and surface run off is known as Rain Water Harvesting Mechanism. Rainwater harvesting is a technology used for collecting and storing rainwater from rooftops, the land surface or rock catchments using simple techniques such as jars and pots as well as more complex techniques such as underground check dams. The techniques usually found in Asia and Africa arise from practices employed by ancient civilizations within these regions and still serve as a major source of drinking water supply in rural areas. Commonly used systems are constructed of three principal components; namely, the catchment area, the collection device, and the conveyance system. a) Catchment Areas i) Rooftop catchments: In the most basic form of this technology, rainwater is collected in simple vessels at the edge of the roof. As the rooftop is the main catchment area, the amount and quality of rainwater collected depends on the area and type of roofing material. Reasonably pure rainwater can be collected from roofs constructed with galvanized corrugated iron, aluminium or asbestos cement sheets, tiles and slates, although thatched roofs tied with bamboo gutters and laid in proper slopes can produce almost the same amount of runoff less expensively (Gould, 1992). However, the bamboo roofs are least suitable because of possible health hazards. Similarly, roofs with metallic paint or other coatings are not recommended as they may impart tastes or colour to the collected water. Roof catchments should also be cleaned regularly to remove dust, leaves and bird droppings so as to maintain the quality of the product water (see figure 1).

ii) Land surface catchments: Rainwater harvesting using ground or land surface catchment areas is less complex way of collecting rainwater. It involves improving runoff capacity of the land surface through various techniques including collection of runoff with drain pipes and storage of collected water. Compared to rooftop catchment techniques, ground catchment techniques provide more opportunity for collecting water from a larger surface area. By retaining the flows (including flood flows) of small creeks and streams in small storage reservoirs (on surface or underground) created by low cost (e.g., earthen) dams, this technology can meet water demands during dry periods. There is a possibility of high rates of water loss due to infiltration into the ground, and, because of the often marginal quality of the water collected, this technique is mainly suitable for storing water for agricultural purposes. Various techniques available for increasing the runoff within ground catchment areas involve: i) clearing or altering vegetation cover, ii) increasing the land slope with artificial ground cover, and iii) reducing soil permeability by the soil compaction and application of chemicals (see figure 2).

Clearing or altering vegetation cover: Clearing vegetation from the ground can increase surface runoff but also can induce more soil erosion. Use of dense vegetation cover such as grass is usually suggested as it helps to both maintain an high rate of runoff and minimize soil erosion. iii) Increasing slope: Steeper slopes can allow rapid runoff of rainfall to the collector. However, the rate of runoff has to be controlled to minimise soil erosion from the catchment field. Use of plastic sheets, asphalt or tiles along with slope can further increase efficiency by reducing both evaporative losses and soil erosion. The use of flat sheets of galvanized iron with timber frames to prevent corrosion was recommended and constructed in the State of Victoria, Australia, about 65 years ago (Kenyon, 1929; cited in UNEP, 1982). iv) Soil compaction by physical means: This involves smoothing and compacting of soil surface using equipment such as graders and rollers. To increase the surface runoff and minimize soil erosion rates, conservation bench terraces are constructed along a slope perpendicular to runoff flow. The bench terraces are separated by the sloping collectors and provision is made for distributing the runoff evenly across the field strips as sheet flow. Excess flows are routed to a lower collector and stored (UNEP, 1982). V) Soil compaction by chemical treatments: In addition to clearing, shaping and compacting a catchment area, chemical applications with such soil treatments as sodium can significantly reduce the soil permeability. Use of aqueous solutions of a silicone-water repellent is another technique for enhancing soil compaction technologies. Though soil permeability can be reduced through chemical treatments, soil compaction can induce greater rates of soil erosion and may be expensive. Use of sodium-based chemicals may increase the salt content in the collected water, which may not be suitable both for drinking and irrigation purposes. b) Collection Devices i) Storage tanks: Storage tanks for collecting rainwater harvested using guttering may be either above or below the ground. Precautions required in the use of storage tanks include provision of an adequate enclosure to minimise contamination from human, animal or other environmental contaminants, and a tight cover to prevent algal growth and the breeding of mosquitos. Open

containers are not recommended for collecting water for drinking purposes. Various types of
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rainwater storage facilities can be found in practice. Among them are cylindrical ferrocement tanks and mortar jars. The ferrocement tank consists of a lightly reinforced concrete base on which is erected a circular vertical cylinder with a 10 mm steel base. This cylinder is further wrapped in two layers of light wire mesh to form the frame of the tank. Mortar jars are large jar shaped vessels constructed from wire reinforced mortar. The storage capacity needed should be calculated to take into consideration the length of any dry spells, the amount of rainfall, and the per capita water consumption rate. In most of the Asian countries, the winter months are dry, sometimes for weeks on end, and the annual average rainfall can occur within just a few days. In such circumstances, the storage capacity should be large enough to cover the demands of two to three weeks. For example, a three person household should have a minimum capacity of 3 (Persons) x 90 (l) x 20 (days) = 5 400l ii) Rainfall water containers: As an alternative to storage tanks, battery tanks (i.e., interconnected tanks) made of pottery, ferrocement, or polyethylene may be suitable. The polyethylene tanks are compact but have a large storage capacity (ca. 1 000 to 2 000 l), are easy to clean and have many openings which can be fitted with fittings for connecting pipes. In Asia, jars made of earthen materials or ferrocement tanks are commonly used. During the 1980s, the use of rainwater catchment technologies, especially roof catchment systems, expanded rapidly in a number of regions, including Thailand where more than ten million 2 m3 ferrocement rainwater jars were built and many tens of thousands of larger ferrocement tanks were constructed between 1991 and 1993. Early problems with the jar design were quickly addressed by including a metal cover using readily available, standard brass fixtures. The immense success of the jar programme springs from the fact that the technology met a real need, was affordable, and invited community participation. The programme also captured the imagination and support of not only the citizens, but also of government at both local and national levels as well as community based organizations, small-scale enterprises and donor agencies. The introduction and rapid promotion of Bamboo reinforced tanks, however, was less successful because the bamboo was attacked by termites, bacteria and fungus. More than 50 000 tanks were built between 1986 and 1993 (mainly in Thailand and Indonesia) before a number started to fail, and, by the late 1980s, the bamboo reinforced tank design, which had promised to provide an excellent low-cost alternative to ferrocement tanks, had to be abandoned.

PURPOSE River water; water in lakes, ponds and wells; water that seeps into the ground, collecting in the belly of the earth; tapwater; even bottled water! The source of all water is rain. i) In areas where there is inadequate groundwater supply or surface resources are either lacking or insufficient, rainwater harvesting offers an ideal solution.

ii) Helps in utilizing the primary source of water and prevent the runoff sewer or storm drains, thereby reducing the load on treatment plants.

from going into

iii) Reduces urban flooding. iv) Recharging water into the aquifers help in improving the quality of through dilution. existing groundwater

Figure:3 A model for rain water harvesting

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CHAPTER-II RAIN WATER STORING PLACES IN SIVAKASI Based on sivakasi rain water or mainly stored in periyakulam in sivakasi an chinnakulam sivakasi and vempakkottai dam

Figure:4 Periyakulam

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Figure:5 chinnakulam And there are 28 canals, 4756 tanks, 7797 tube bore wells, 721 ordinary wells and 358 other sources in sivakasi from this sources about 13660 hectare of lands get irrigated

CLIMATE WHICH BRINGS RAINFALL IN SIVAKASI The weather in this region is primarily semi-arid tropical monsoon type with high mean temperatures and a low humidity. Temperature ranges from 20.c to 37.c. The month of April to June is the hottest period of the year. Sivakasi receives scanty rainfall with an annual average of 812 m.m. The South west monsoon with an onest in June and lasting until August brings scanty rain . Bulk of the rainfall is received during the North East monsoon in the months of October, November and December

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Figure:6 Vembakkottai dam

Figure:7 Vembakkottai dam

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CHAPTERIII

THE BUILDINGS WHICH ADAPOT RAIN WATER HARVESTING. TABLE:1-Municipal Building

Sl.No.

Name of the Department

Total No. of Buildings

No. of buildings covered with RWH structures 44

Sivakasi Municipality

44

TABLE:2-Rain Water Harvesting Structures Created In Non Government Buildings (Urban) No. of buildings covered with RWH structures 23266 677 41 23984

Sl.No. 1 2 3

Category Private Houses Commercial Buildings Private Institutions Total

Total No. of Buildings 23456 677 41 24174

Consider a building with a flat terrace area of 100 sq.m. The average annual rainfall in sivakasi is approximately 1100 mm (44 inches). In simple terms, this means that if the terrace floor is assumed to be impermeable, and all the rain that falls on it is retained without evaporation, then, in one year, there will be rainwater on the terrace floor to a height of 1100mm. Area of plot = 100sq.m. Height of rainfall= 1.1. (1100 mm or 44 inches) Volume of rainfall over the plot= Area of plot x Height of rainfall = 100 sq.m. 1.1cu.m.110cu.m.(1.10.000 liters) Assuming that only 60% of that total rainfall is effectively harvested. Volume of water harvested= 66,000 liters This volume is about four times the annual drinks water requirement of a five member family. The average dally water requirement per person is 10 liters according to IS172: Indian standard code of Basic Requirement for Water Supply, Drainage and Sanitation.

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CHAPTER-IV

WATER SUPPLY AND IMPROVEMENT SCHEME The source of water supply to Sivakasi Municipality is the Vaipar River developed in 1960s which is the subsurface source in the form of infiltration gallery and wells at Vembakottai about 14 KM from Sivakasi town . The water supply headworks of this scheme I was constructed to tap 3.10 MLD of water to supply to a population of 50,000 expected in 1991 at Lpcd . This water is collected in a collection cum suction well of 3.6 m in diameter situated on the bank of river and pumped to the town through 300 mm dia C.I main with centrifugal pumps of duly 2160 Lpm against 60m head . At Sivakasi town this quantity of water is received in an overhead tank of 9 lakhs liters capacity and distributed through a water distribution network of about 30 Km length with CI pipes of sizes ranging from 300mm to 8 mm. In 1990 the water supply improvement scheme to Sivakasi Town was implemented with abstraction of surface water from Vembakottai dam of 398.7 Mcft capacity and 7 m storage depth constructed across the Vaipar river by Public Works Department The dam is situated at about 1 K M from upstream of the existing water supply headworks . The quantity of water allotted from the dam to water supply to Sivakasi Town is 50 Mcft which is equal to 3.15 Mld . The raw water from the dam is drawn through an intake well of 3.6m in dia with three intake pipes at different levels. The bottom most intake pipe is extended well in to the deepest portion of the dam . The pump sets 2 Nos. ( 1 No. standby ) of duty 3587 Lpm. Against a head of 15m and conveyed through a raw water transmission main of 1 k.m. length 315mm outer dia PVC pipe to the water treatment plant (WTP ) . The WTP is situated in a site adjacent to site where the suction well and pump house of Scheme I. There are 10194 water supply House Service Connection to supply water to the consumers and 147 Public Fountains on to serve the population below poverty line . The population of the town as per the 2001 census is 72170 with recommended per capita water supply rate of 90 lpcd the total daily water demand is in the order of 6.5 Mld. But the present

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water supply is 4.5 MLD during the normal season with good rain fall , 1.8 MLD during the worst season with inadequate rainfall. Today with meager water potential supply to the public is effected once in 10 days for 2 Hours only ( once in 3 days for 2 Hours in normal season ) . Further the Municipality is possessing the Five numbers mobile water tanker for supplying water to the public who are not afforded with Water Supply House service connections and not served with Public Fountains and slum area throughout the year . To mitigate the water scarcity situation 206 bore wells of 30 m to 125m depth drilled and fitted with India mark II hand pump but water from these borewells are Brackish and the public is unsing this only for non portable purposes. Affluent people are managing with their own arrangements. Private tanker operations are also selling water in small quantities of tanker. It is proposed to supply bulk quantity of 5.0 MLD water from the combined water supply scheme from MANNUR and few other habitation with an estimated cost of Rs. 13.85 Crores . For which Council has passed the resolution to implement the scheme through TWAD Board. If the above scheme is implemented , the water problem in Sivakasi Municipal area can be solved . There are 6 water supply zones in this town. They are in the west of Railway line. Zone-I and Zone-II are covered with the wards 25, 30, 29, 31 and Zone III to the east of the Sattur Road and Southern wards like 22, 2 , 1 etc. Zone IV covers the wards to the west of the Srivilliputtur road and those towards the North like 3, 4, 5 etc., Zone 5 covers east of the Thiruthangal Road which covers the wards 10, 11, 12 and 13.Ward 3, 20, 21, 27 and 28 which are to the east of the railway line towards the hills are yet to be provided. Water is supplied to these wards are through water tankers.

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LOCAL WATER SUPPLY SOURCES TABLE:3-Local water supply sources

Name of the River Location of river Name of the Dam Date of Commencement Irrigation area Production of food Full water level Sea level Full depth of water Vaipar River Vembakottai village Vembakottai Dam 30.12.1986 8100 Sq.km 6273 Tonnes 87.50 mts 80.500 mts 7.00 mts

Transmission Main Two transmission mains , 300mm CI and 400 mm AC for scheme- I and scheme-II respectively has been installed to pump the water to Sivakasi Municipality from the water supply headworks . TABLE:4 Water supply Scheme Raw water transmission main I II 150 mm CI / 250 m 315 mm PVC / 1000 m Clear water transmission Main 300 CI / 14,360 m 400 AC / 14, 360 m

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TABLE:5-Feeder Main Location of Sl. No OHT Kamarajar Road Gandhi Nagar Capacity (LL) 9.00 Booster station I Feeding from Pumping HP 50 HP Detail Duty 2160 lpm

X60m head 450lpmX29 m 1980 lpm X 22 m 1956 lpmX22 m 1956 lpm X

3.00

II

Direct

7.5 HP

Kamarajar Road M.G.R. Thidal Coronation colony Palaniandavar

12.00

III

Booster

15 HP

3.00

IV

Booster

20 HP

3.00

Booster

20 HP

27 m 738 lpm X

6 colony

3.00

VI

Booster

10 HP

26 m

Details of existing services Details of reservoirs and its capacity , year of construction , staging height , average ground level , lowest water level (LWL) and maximum water level (MWL) are furnished below

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TABLE:6-Service Reservoir No. 1 2 3 4 5 Location of Service reservoir Gandhi Nagar KamarajarRoad Kamarajar Road MGR Road Coronation Colony 6 7 Palaniyandavar Colony Cattle Shed 3.00 2001 101.43 113.43 116.58 12.00 5.00 1990 102.93 113.93 117.93 11.00 3.00 2001 104.29 116.29 119.44 12.00 Thidal Capacity LL 3.00 12.00 9.00 3.00 Year of Construction 1990 1990 1960 2001 Aug LWL MWL Staging Height 11.00 12.30 5.85 12.00

108.23 119.23 123.23 102.70 115.00 118.00 102.45 108.30 110.80 102.85 114.85 118.00

Details of distribution and transmission system Sivakasi Municipality maintains mobile water tankers for supplying water to unserved and slum areas year round. Details of water supply facility provided by this Municipality to various areas which is furnished below : TABLE:7-Types of carrier Type of Carrier Capacity (Litres) Lorry Lorry Tractor trailer Power Tiller 1,000 2 10 20,000 with 9,000 6,000 5,000 2 1 2 6 6 6 108,000 36,000 60,000 Units Trips per day Water supply/ day

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House Service connections A total of 11290 House Service Connections have been provided of which 8348 connections are domestic and remaining are commercial / industrial. All non-domestic connections are metered . Details of existing water supply connection are furnished in the following table :

Details Total HSCs Domestic Commercial Industrial

Water supply connection 11290 10410 292 588

Tarrif

rate Rs. /Month -61.00 301.00 301.00

TABLE:8-House connection Water supply Improvement Schemes

Now the Manur Combined Water Supply Scheme is being executed by TWAD board, with municipal contribution of Rs.13.71 crores. Now it is informed by the E.E. TWAD, that the works is nearing completion with a due of 8.5 km length pumping main laying and will be completed before the end of the month of June 2006. On completion of this scheme, the daily water supply will be achieved to 90 LPCD.

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CHAPTER-V

CONCLUSION Sometimes, you have to grab an existing problem by the scruff of its neck. It will cringe and cry. It will bring tears to your eyes. Give it a hard shake. To its demands, say "NO!" In this way, you stop focusing on the problem, and move on to the solution. You say: "YES!" You move from "NO!" to "YES! From despair to problem-solving. From now to the future. It is a very useful process during rainy season and during the scarcity of water.by doing this process we can safe water for domestic purpose,drinking purpose and for future needs.it is a very simple and affordable process.with the decreasing availability of water, rain water harvesting is the best option .

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REFERENCE: WWW.GOOGLE.COM WWW.GOOGLE MAP.COM WWW.PHOTO BUCKET.COM WWW.SIVAKASI MUNICIPALITY.COM

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