R K Publications

The structure of atom

Shape,size and energy of atom
Rohit

2012

Class XI

The structure of atom

Table of Contents
Type chapter title (level 1) ................................................................................................................ 1 Type chapter title (level 2) ............................................................................................................. 2 Type chapter title (level 3) ......................................................................................................... 3 Type chapter title (level 1) ................................................................................................................ 4 Type chapter title (level 2) ............................................................................................................. 5 Type chapter title (level 3) ......................................................................................................... 6

Copyright

Page 1

The structure of atom

Chapter -2 Structure of Atom

2.3 Discovery Of Radiations
One day, Henri Becquerel wrapped potassium uranium sulphate in black paper and photographic plate and kept it in drawer Observation He found that photographic plate below the uranium salt was drakened. Conclusion Uranium salts emits radiations of high energy which could affect photographic plate and penetrate through black paper.

2.3.1

Radioactivity

Defination The phenomenon of spontaneous emission of active radiations by certain elments is called Radioactivity. Radioactive substance The substance which emit active radiations capable of affecting the photographic plate are called Radioactive substance.

2.3.2

Electric nature of atom

A small sample of uranium was kept in the cavity of lead block. The Radiations coming out from the slit were allowed to pass through a strong electric and magnetic field.

Observations : i) One type of rays which deflected towards negative electrode which showed that they positively charged and are called alpha rays.These rays were found to consist positive charged He2+ particles, which has mass of 4 a.m.u and charge 2+ units. ii) The second type of rays were deflected towards positive electrode which showed that these are negatively charged and are called beta rays.They have mass and charge same to that of an electron.It is represented by 0-1e. iii) Those which are undefleted are called gamma rays.

Copyright

Page 2

The structure of atom

2.4 Arrangement of electrons and protons in an atom

After the discovery of electronsand protons, different modela were proposed to explain the distribution of sub-atomic particle in an atom.

2.4.1 Thomson`s model of atom

2.4.1.1 Idea proposed by JJ Thomson JJ Thomson proposed that an atom is a sphere of uniformly distributed positive charge, in which sufficient numbers of electrons are embedded to neutralise the positive charge. The stability of atom was explained by the balance in repulsive forces between the electrons and the centre of the positive sphere. Failure of Thomson model of atom

2.4.1.2

It could not satisify with ruttherford`s scattering experiment Names given (Rasin pudding model)

2.4.1.3

This model was considered as a water melon in which electrons are embedded as a seed. This model was considered as a cake or pudding in which electrons are embedded as raisins(kismiss/grages).

2.4.2
2.4.2.1

Rutherford`s Scattering experiments

Experiment

A piece of radium was =kept in the lead block with slits to get a fine beam of -particles. The fine beam with high energy was directed towards thin gold foil. To detect the scattering of -particles a circular screen coated with zinc sulphide was placed around the gold foil. When -particles strikes Zns screen, it produces flashes of light or scintillations. 2.4.2.2 Observation

Nearly 99% of -particles passed through the gold foil undeflected. Few -particles underwent deflection through small angles. Ratio of -particles deflected by angles greater than 90 to -particles deflected by angles less than 90 was 1:20,000. Conclusion

2.4.2.3

Most of the -particles went without undergoing any deflection, this showed that there was large empty spaces within an atom.
Page 3

Copyright

The structure of atom

Few particles deflected by small angles, this showed that there was highly positive charged mass with small volume. Some -partcles were deflected back, was explained as collision with highly positive cahrged mass.

2.4.2.4

Ruterford`s Atomic Model

In an stom, the entire mass and the positive charge is concentrated in a very small region at the centre known as nucleus. It was observedthat volume occupied by the nucleus is negligibly small as compared to the size of atom. The positive charge of the nucleus is due to protons. The magnitude of the positive chrge on the nucleus is different for different atom. The mass of the nucleus is due to protons and some other neutral particle which is equal in mass to that of proton. The nucleus is surrounded by negatively charged electrons which balances the positive charge. The electrons are revolving around the nucleus at a high speed.(planetary motion) The electrons and nucleus are held together by electrostatic forces of electrons.
Page 4

Copyright

The structure of atom

Most of space between the nucleus and moving electrons is empty.

2.4.3

Discovery of neutrons

Copyright

Page 5