The Genome at 4 Levels of Detail

(Primer on Molecular Genetics. DOE Human Genome 1991-92 Program Report.)

DNA Contains Four Bases that Base-Pair Complementarily A-T G-C

Nuclear Genome Sizes Species

Arabidopsis thaliana Oryza sativa ssp. Indica Sorghum bicolor Lycopersicon exculentum Solanum tuberosum (2n=4X) Nicotiana plumbaginfolia Zea mays Pisum sativum Nicotiana tabacum (2n=4X) Hordeum vulgare Triticum aestivum (2n=6X) Tulipa sp. Homo sapiens Drosophila melanogaster Caenorhabditis elegans Saccharomyces cerevisiae Escherichia coli

Genome Site (Mbp/1C)

145 419-463 748-772 907-1000 1597-1862 2287 2292-2716 3947-4397 4221-4646 4873 15,966 24,704-30,687 3500 165 100 4 4

(Arumuganathan and Earl. 1991. Plant Mol Biol Rep 9:208-218)

The Range of Genome Sizes

(Cooper. 1997. The Cell. ASM Press.)

DNA Content of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

(Lewin. 2000. Genes VII. Oxford Universiy Press.)

Proportion of Sequence Components Vary in Eukaryotic Genomes

(Lewin. 2000. Genes VII. Oxford Universiy Press.)

Genetic Control of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Zea mays

Malonyl-CoA+ coumaroyl-CoA

C2 P Chalcone

C2 C1 R/B

Vp1 (ABA)

Flavanone A1
Dihydroflavonol

PI A1 R/B

Flavan-4-ol

Flavan-3,4-diol 3-Hydroxyanthocyanidine Bz1

Phobaphenes

Anthocyanins (Doebley. 1993. Cur Op Gen Devel 3:865-872.)

Many Genes Exist as Families

- Different globin genes are expressed at different developmental stages.

(Cooper. 1997. The Cell. ASM Press.)

Compartmentalization of Plant Genetic Material

Plastid

Nucleus

Mitochondria

(Westoff et al. 1998. Molecular Plant Development. Oxford University Press.)

Gene Expression = DNA

mRNA

Protein

(Primer on Molecular Genetics. DOE Human Genome 1991-1992 Program Report.)

DNA Base Sequence Determines Protein Amino Acid Sequence

(Kreuzer and Massey. 1996. Recombinant DNA Technology. ASM Press.)

Amino Acid Sequence Determines 3-Dimensional Protein Structure

(Kreuzer and Massey. 1996. Recombinant DNA Technology. ASM Press.)

Sickle Cell Anemia and Protein Structure

(Alcamo. 1999. DNA Technology, 2nd Ed. Harcourt Press.)

Genome Sizes, Gene Numbers, and Lethal Loci

(Lewin. 2000. Genes VII. Oxford Universiy Press.)

Genome Colinearity in Zea mays and Oryza sativa

(Ahn and Tanksley. 1993. PNAS 90:7980-7984.)

Evolutionary Tree Based on Amino Acid Sequence for Cytochrome C

(Kreuzer and Massey. 1996. Recombinant DNA Technology. ASM Press.)

DNA Encodes Genes and Contains Signals for Their Control

External Signal Cell Receptor

Regulatory Elements

Promoter
GO

Gene

Terminator
STOP

Where

When

How Much mRNA

TRANSCRIPTION

TRANSLATION

Protein

Most Eukaryotic Genes Contain Introns (non-coding regions)

(Cooper. 1997. The Cell. ASM Press.)

Restriction Enzymes

(Alcamo. 1999. DNA Technology, 2nd Ed. Harcourt Press.)

Electrophoresis

(Alcamo. 1999. DNA Technology, 2nd Ed. Harcourt Press.)

DNA Separation by Electrophoresis and Detection by Southern Hybridization

(Alcamo. 1999. DNA Technology, 2nd Ed. Harcourt Press.)

Construction of Recombinant DNA Molecules

(Alcamo. 1999. DNA Technology, 2nd Ed. Harcourt Press.)

Boyer-Cohen Experiment of 1973

Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules that can replicate independently in a host cell. Foreign DNA inserted into plasmids can generate millions of copies of the inserted gene.

(Alcamo. 1999. DNA Technology, 2nd Ed. Harcourt Press.)

DNA Technology * Gene Cloning * Protein Expression

(Alcamo. 1999. DNA Technology, 2nd Ed. Harcourt Press.)

PCR: in vitro DNA Amplification

(Primer on Molecular Genetics. DOE Human Genome Project 1991-1992 Program Report.)

Construction of Genomic and cDNA Libraries

(Miesfeld. 1999. Applied Molecular Genetics. Wiley-Liss, Inc.)

Constructing Clones for Sequencing

(Primer on Molecular Genetics. DOE Human Genome Project 1991-1992 Program Report.)

Cloning a Gene by Chromosome Walking

(Primer on Molecular Genetics. DOE Human Genome 1991-1992 Program Report.)

Types of Genome Maps

(Primer on Molecular Genetics. DOE Human Genome 1991-1992 Program Report.)