CHAPTER IV - PVC PIPE MANUFACTURING AND TESTING

CHAPTER IV PVC PIPE MANUFACTURING AND TESTING An Introduction to Standard Specifications, Manufacturing Processes, Quality Control and Test Requirements, Packaging, and Shipping

71

HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

CHAPTER IV PVC PIPE MANUFACTURING AND TESTING PVC pipe and its many applications can be better evaluated and appreciated with an understanding of the technology behind the product. Through research, development, and experience, the technology in the PVC pipe industry has advanced and matured. PVC pipe manufacturers must exert a continuing effort to insure that engineers, contractors, operators, and users possess a complete understanding of advantages and limitations of the product. In this interest, manufacturing processes, standard specifications, quality control and test requirements, packaging, and shipping are reviewed. MANUFACTURING PROCESSES The technology of PVC pipe manufacturing processes is extensive and involved. It can be traced from oil or gas wells through petrochemical plants to the PVC compounding operations and finally to the automated extrusion, molding, and fabrication operations before a finished PVC product is ready for testing, inspection, and delivery. As defined in Chapter II, PVC pipe is produced from a blend of materials whose major ingredient is polyvinyl chloride. Other ingredients, which may be compounded with the PVC resin, include stabilizers, pigments, lubricants, processing aids, and functional additives. Each ingredient is used to impart specific processing characteristics or enhance specific finished product properties. For instance, functional additives may be used to increase the modulus of elasticity of the PVC material. The proportions of these minor ingredients will vary from compound to compound. The formulations, which stipulate the proportions and actual ingredients used in given PVC pipe compounds, are developed to provide specific properties dictated by application. As described in Chapter II, properties for PVC compounds are established in ASTM D 1784, D 3915, or D 4396. In the plastics industry, the word "resin" refers to the basic polymer used as a raw material while "compound" refers to a homogeneous blend of resin and various additives. Polyvinyl chloride resin is a thermoplastic polymer produced by the polymerization of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM). Vinyl chloride is a colorless, sweet-smelling, volatile gas, which is produced from chlorine and ethylene. (Acetylene may be substituted for ethylene in some older production processes.) The basic building blocks

72

CHAPTER IV - PVC PIPE MANUFACTURING AND TESTING

used in the manufacture of the components of vinyl chloride monomer are petroleum or natural gas, salt water, and air.

The terms thermoplastic, polymer, polymerization, and monomer can be defined as follows: Thermoplastic refers to the property that enables a material to be repeatedly softened by an increase of temperature and hardened by a decrease in temperature. Polymers are organic materials that contain a large number of the same chemical configurations attached to each other like links in a chain. The long chains result in a high molecular weight. Monomer is the simple, small molecule from which the chain is made. Polymerization is the reaction, which bonds the monomers into the large structure known as the polymer. Polymers are not exclusive to the man-made side of chemistry but are found also in a large variety of natural materials such as protein, cellulose, starch, and rubbers. There are many polymerization processes used to convert the vinyl chloride monomer into polyvinyl chloride resin (polymer). Two methods have been employed to produce the type of PVC resin best suited for pipe. "Suspension" polymerization and "mass" (sometimes termed "bulk") polymerization are the two processes used in the production of virtually
73

HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

all PVC pipe-grade resins today. These processes yield high quality pipegrade resin, produced at economical cost for PVC pipe manufacturing. After production and quality assurance, the resin manufacturers ship the PVC resin (in powder form) to the pipe producers. The common parameters evaluated include molecular weight, particle size dimension, volatiles content, bulk density, flow time, and residual VCM. Large 200,000-pound bulk railcars or 40,000 pound bulk trucks are normally used. Upon arrival, the resin is pneumatically conveyed from the bulk transporters into the pipe production plant and is stored in silos. The process used to mix PVC resin with minor ingredients to produce PVC pipe extrusion compound is termed dry-blend compounding. Dry blending or dry-blend compounding is performed in a high-speed, intensive mixer. In the process, friction created by high-speed rotation of the mixer blades and intense movement of material particles generates substantial heat, raising the temperature of blending materials. As the PVC particles are heated they expand, developing a porous, irregular appearance similar to that of popcorn. These particles then become uniformly coated with minor ingredients, in proportions determined by the compound formulation. Some ingredients, such as lubricants, melt at the elevated temperatures, permitting thorough dispersion and providing added homogeneity to the blend. After intensive mixing at elevated temperatures for several minutes, preparation of a batch of PVC compound is complete. The batch is then cooled and transported to compound silos for storage and later use. Upon demand, the extrusion compound is pneumatically conveyed to the pipe extrusion operation. Air moving at controlled velocities transports the PVC compound through ducts to the pipe extruders where it is fed into hoppers. The compound is then metered into the extruders and pipe production commences. Almost all extruded plastic products are produced on two classes of extruders -- single screw extruders and multi-screw extruders. Products made on single screw extruders include garden hose, fishing line filament, and artificial wood molding. Also, most pipes made from thermoplastic materials other than PVC, such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), styrene, polybutylene (PB), and polyethylene (PE) are produced on single screw extruders. Although single screw machines can be used for PVC pipe, the bulk of PVC pipe produced in the world today is manufactured on multi-screw extruders.

74

CHAPTER IV - PVC PIPE MANUFACTURING AND TESTING

FIGURE 4.1 ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF A SINGLE SCREW EXTRUDER

FIGURE 4.2 ESSENTIAL COMPONENTS OF A MULTI-SCREW EXTRUDER

The popularity of the multi-screw extruder for the production of PVC pipe can be attributed to the additional processing flexibility offered by the multi-screw extruder. The same toughness and strength that makes PVC such an excellent pipe material also renders it a relatively difficult material to process. The multi-screw extruder's versatility allows processing at lower temperatures with excellent dimensional control, as
75

HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

well as smaller quantities of necessary compounding ingredients, providing PVC its full potential strength. PVC compound, in its powder form, flows from the feed hopper through the feed throat into the extruder barrel where it is received by rotating screws. The material is then conveyed with a pumping action by the inter-meshing screw flights through the extruder. As the material passes through the extruder and is exposed to carefully controlled heat and pressure, it is converted from the dry powder into a viscous plastic mass resembling hot taffy. This process is carefully monitored and accurately controlled in order to guarantee the correct properties in the finished product. When the plasticating (softening) process is complete and volatiles have been removed from the molten plastic, the material is properly prepared for final forming. The viscous, elastic mass of plastic is extruded into the pipe-forming die under high pressure (2000-5000 psi). In the pipe extrusion die, the hot plastic material is molded into a cylindrical shape. As it leaves the extrusion die at the exit orifice, the material is extremely hot (about 400F), flexible, and pliable. In this state the hot plastic is formed with dimensional accuracy into a finished product and then cooled into a solid state. Outside diameter dimensional control is established by forcing the hot plastic against a sizing sleeve, as it is drawn away from the extruder, by a piece of equipment commonly called a hauloff. Wall thickness control is established through proper synchronizing of haul-off and extruder speeds. Wall thickness is normally adjusted by varying the speed of the haul-off. Generally, reduction of haul-off speed increases wall thickness; increase in haul-off speed reduces wall thickness. When substantial changes in wall thickness are required, changes in the extrusion tooling dimensions are required. Upon completion of final forming, the extruded PVC pipe is drawn away from the extruder into cooling tanks where it is cooled by chilled water. By the time the pipe emerges from the end of the cooling tanks it has cooled to a temperature where it can be handled without distortion. After leaving the cooling station, the pipe travels through a printing station. Pertinent product and process information is printed on the PVC pipe. Beyond the printer, the pipe is automatically cut to correct length with chamfered ends. This process is accomplished with a planetary saw that cuts and chamfers as it travels with the moving pipe.

76

CHAPTER IV - PVC PIPE MANUFACTURING AND TESTING

FIGURE 4.3 PROCESS FLOW CHART - PVC PIPE MANUFACTURING

At this point the finished PVC pipe is transferred to a belling station, where an integral bell is formed on the end of the pipe. In this process the portion of the pipe to be formed into a bell is re-heated to a pliable state, which permits mechanical molding. The integral bell is formed by means of precision tooling, which may include an internal mandrel and various external dies. When the bell joint is properly formed, the plastic is cooled to a solid state and the tooling is removed. Integral bell gasketed joints manufactured for non-pressure applications, such as sewer pipe, may be formed without special provisions for added wall thickness in the bell joints. AWWA C900 and C905 pressure pipe standards have specific language on bell dimensions, and allow for variance through a pressure-test qualification conforming to ASTM D 3139.

77

HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

Sewer pipe manufactured to ASTM F 1803 undergoing the required air test.

Throughout the manufacturing process, product is sampled on a predetermined frequency and subjected to quality control tests. In the case of AWWA C900 and C905 pipes, each piece (unless the purchaser and the manufacturer agree to a different test frequency) is filled with water and individually pressure tested. Quality assurance testing is completed on finished lots to assure the product meets company and industry specifications. MANUFACTURING OF PROFILE WALL PIPE The process of producing a profile pipe, a pipe that has a wall cross-sectional pattern perpendicular to the axis of the pipe and a smooth internal surface, is the combination of the latest PVC manufacturing technology and engineering design. Pipe with these characteristics provide a cost-effective, material-efficient pipe that utilizes a durable profile design to resist impact and earth loads, while maintaining the hydraulic excellence of PVC with a smooth interior. Profile-wall pipes are not intended for pressurized service. In North America, PVC profile pipes are manufactured with open profiles (ASTM F 794 and F 949), using either ribs or dual wall corrugation, and closed profiles (ASTM F 1803), using a pattern sandwiched between smooth internal and external walls. Diagrams of the common
78

CHAPTER IV - PVC PIPE MANUFACTURING AND TESTING

pipe wall profiles are provided with the pipe dimension tables, located in the appendix. Concentric or Annular Ribbed: The manufacture of a concentric or annular ribbed profile involves the use of a continuous displacementmolding machine immediately following the extruder. The machine employs longitudinally moving, semi-circular extrusion blocks that simultaneously clamp around an extruded PVC pipe. (See Figure 4.4 below.) The precisely machined, interior cavity of these blocks displaces the exterior of the PVC pipe into a unique pipe profile, while a mandrel inside the pipe maintains a smooth interior. The end result is a seamless, continuously extruded product with ribs that provide structural reinforcement. Dual Wall Corrugated: In the extrusion of dual wall corrugated profile (DWCP) pipe, two tubes of hot PVC plastic simultaneously exit the extrusion die at the same speed. The inner flow is formed against a cooling mandrel to create a smooth interior wall, while the outer flow is disposed by a corrugator, which uses split-mold halves similar to the extrusion blocks used for ribbed profile. In this process, the inner and outer walls are heat fused together to create the dual wall corrugation. FIGURE 4.4 SCHEMATIC OF THE SPLIT MOLDING PROCESS
Source: Modern Plastics Magazine

Helically Ribbed and Closed Profile: Helically ribbed and dual wall closed profile pipes do not utilize the split-mold halves described above. Instead helical profile pipes are produced by extruding a profile strip, which is then helically wrapped onto a mandrel, providing a continuous
79

HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

profile with a helical heat welded seam. The result is a pipe with a smooth interior and exterior (closed-profile) or a smooth interior and open profile exterior (ribbed). MANUFACTURING OF INJECTION MOLDED PVC FITTINGS The injection molding of PVC fittings involves forcing fused PVC into a mold cavity, the inner surface of which is accurately defined by the core and the outer surface is similarly defined by the cavity. The process is similar for both pressure rated fittings and fittings for use in non-pressure systems, with the exception that pressure fittings are subjected to more elaborate quality control and assurance requirements. Injection molded fittings for use with PVC pipe meeting standard AWWA C900 Pressure Class 150 and Pressure Class 100 must conform to AWWA C907, or CSA Standard B137.2. Molded sewer fittings conform to ASTM F 1336 or CSA B182.1, B182.2 or B182.4. The compounds used for injection molding these fittings are similar to those used in the manufacture of extruded pipe, although they may have lower molecular weights which allow for better melt flow properties. These PVC compounds are commonly in pellet form.

Injection molded PVC pressure fittings designs are analyzed in CADD to check stress distribution
80

CHAPTER IV - PVC PIPE MANUFACTURING AND TESTING

There are two major components of an injection-molding machine. The first is an injection unit that raises the temperature of the PVC compound to a fused state and injects the material into a mold. Second, a set of platens, capable of holding the two halves of a mold, clamp together, permitting the high-pressure injection of the fused PVC compound. An extruder supplies the heat of fusion through heating bands on the extruder barrel and, more important, by the heat of friction as the material is worked through the flights of the extruder screw. Preparing the compound for injection in this manner permits control of temperature, since the amount of time in the fused state is reduced. There are injection machines that deposit a measured amount of fused PVC (referred to as the shot) into a cylinder and then force it into the mold by a mechanical plunger. However, a much more common technique uses a reciprocating-screw process, which does away with the injection plunger. In the reciprocating-screw injection molding machine, the rotating screw in the extruder barrel acts not only as a means of fusing the compound, but can also be retracted and pushed forward in the manner of a plunger forcing the fused plastic into the mold. This reduces the time the fused plastic must be held at the injection temperature and also allows for a faster process time. For large shots such as those required for C907 fittings, very large machines are required. These machines may have clamping pressure of 2,500 tons or more. The opening and closing of the clamping unit is accomplished by variable-speed hydraulic rams. The two halves of the mold are mounted on the face of the two platens of the injection-molding machine and are separated a sufficient distance to permit manual inspection and cleaning at the end of each cycle. The mold itself is machined with precision and may be made of aluminum, stainless steel, or chrome-plated steel. Required marking for the fitting is engraved on the surface of the tool and is thereby molded into the fitting during the injection process. In addition to those associated with the extrusion process, a number of controls must be maintained on the injection process as well. The predetermined injection parameters are monitored by sensors located in the mold and on the machine, which are normally computer controlled. Among the variables in the injection molding process are temperature (before, during, and after injection), pressure, and time. A successful shot is one in which the following occur: (1) the temperature of the fused PVC and mold have been raised to the appropriate level, (2) the size of the

81

HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

orifice is appropriate for the rapid transfer of fused PVC to the mold cavity, (3) the mold is properly vented to remove gases, (4) the rate of cooling in the mold permits the smooth flow of material into all corners of the cavity prior to solidifying, and (5) the clamping/injection pressures permit the rapid packing of the mold. When the injection process is complete the mold is separated and the fittings are lifted out for trimming and inspection. The sprue (the channel in the mold through which the fused PVC enters the cavity) is still attached to the fitting at this stage. While the fitting is still hot from the injection process, the operator will cut away the sprue, forming a characteristic circular mark on one side of the fitting.

The operator is demonstrating how a PVC Class 150 Tee would be positioned in the injection molding machine at the completion of a "Shot"

The fittings may be transferred to a water-cooling vat to reduce their temperature before further handling and quality control. Once the machine controls have been established, the reliability of the this process is high. The fittings reflect the precision of the carefully engineered mold and the automatic controls by which the sequence of operations is monitored and adjusted. Nevertheless, the ongoing quality levels of injection molded PVC pressure and sewer fittings are continually checked.
82

CHAPTER IV - PVC PIPE MANUFACTURING AND TESTING

Quality Control of Molded Fittings: Injection molded Class 150 PVC fittings are manufactured with gasketed joints and designed for use with Pressure Class 150 and Pressure Class 100 AWWA C900 PVC pipes with cast iron outside diameter. These fittings are subject to the following quality control procedures: Minimum Burst Pressure Test: During the beginning of a production run and at intervals thereafter, fittings are subject to a quick burst test. The test requirement is 755 psi minimum, the same as Pressure Class 150 PVC pipe in standard C900. Dimensional: The minimum wall thickness of the molded fitting body must be at least 125 percent of the wall thickness of Pressure Class 150 C900 pipe of the same size. The wall thickness at any point in the bell must be at least equivalent to the thickness determined by dimension ratio 18. Other minimum dimensions must conform to the published standards. Fusion Test: Selected fittings must pass the acetone immersion test. Injection Molded Quality Test: A heat reversion test is performed at intervals through a production run to insure that the PVC compound has been properly fused. Gasketed and injection molded PVC fittings for sewer applications are tested for stiffness, joint performance, and dimensional accuracy. ASTM Standard F 1336 will also require impact testing for molded sewer fittings. Qualification Tests: For service with Pressure Class 150 AWWA C900 PVC pipe, injection molded gasketed Pressure Class 150 PVC fittings are subjected to long-term stress rupture testing. At least ten specimens of each individual size and configuration of fitting are placed in a pressure manifold and raised to a variety of pressures calculated to cause failure within various time periods. This test is very similar to the stress regression test performed on PVC compounds used in the manufacture of extruded PVC pipe. Since injection molded fittings may exhibit individual reactions to long-term pressurization, it is important to qualify each fitting individually to establish a stress regression line specific to that fitting. The requirement is that the projected long-term pressure strength of each fitting be no less than 470 psi after 100,000 hours (11.4 years). This performance is the same requirement imposed on PVC compounds used in the manufacture of PVC pressure pipe. The 470 psi requirement for fittings corresponds to a nominal 4000 psi circumferential hoop stress in Pressure Class 150 DR 18 PVC pressure pipe. Quality Assurance Tests: Once a fitting has been qualified for service, it must be tested periodically to insure that it retains this ability. The procedure used is known as the Accelerated Regression Test. In this
83

HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

test, a group of fittings (of specific size and configuration) is subjected to stress-rupture testing over a period of 100 hours. This provides the minimum number of data points required to extrapolate a stress regression line to the minimum long-term intercept of 470 psi. The performance of the gasketed joint of a fitting must also be tested to insure that it complies with the requirements of ASTM D 3139 or ASTM D 3212 (for non-pressure fittings). This testing is the same as that used for qualifying a PVC pipe joint and is performed under both pressure and vacuum with the components deflected to their maximum physical ability. FABRICATED PVC FITTINGS Manufacturing Process: Fabricated PVC fittings are manufactured from straight lengths of pipe and are made for both pressurized and nonpressurized PVC pipe systems. An important advantage of fabricated fittings is that their constituent parts are exactly the same as the pipeline with which they will be used. The body of the fitting is extruded PVC pipe, which has already passed the minimum testing requirements. The dimensions and performance of the joint are exactly those established for the pipe and will, therefore, exhibit identical performance characteristics. The process of fabricating a fitting is labor-intensive. The result is a high level of quality that might be expected from a fitting that is largely handmade. Because of the step-by-step, hands-on manufacturing process, the quality control procedures that govern the manufacture of fabricated fittings are an integral part of the process itself. Fabricated fittings are available for any size or class of PVC pressure pipe or non-pressure pipe, including pipe with profiled walls. Fabricated pressure fittings may conform with AWWA C900, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipe and Fabricated Fittings, 4 in. through 12 in. (100 mm through 300 mm) for Water Distribution, AWWA C905, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipe and Fabricated Fittings, 14 in. through 48 in. (350 mm through 1,200 mm), for Water Transmission and Distribution, or the Canadian Standards Association standard CSA B137.3, "PVC Pressure Pipe and Fittings." Also, CSA standards B182.2 and B182.4 and ASTM F 1336 describe the requirements for fabricated fittings used in sewer systems. The following summary of the fabrication process applies to pressure fittings. The process used for fabricating PVC fittings for non-pressure applications is quite similar.
84

CHAPTER IV - PVC PIPE MANUFACTURING AND TESTING

Materials: The PVC pipes and integral gasketed bells used for fabricating fittings will be of the same or greater class or pressure rating as the PVC pipe with which they will be used. The pipes will have the certifications or outside agency approvals required for the service. If PVC welding rod is used in the production, it will be compatible with the material used for manufacturing the pipe. Preparation of Segments: Elbows are manufactured from two or more segments of straight length of pipe. In preparation for assembly, the segments are precision cut to form intimate contact at the mating surfaces of the segments. Legs of tees or wyes may be connected to the body of the fitting through face weld or by solvent cementing to an integral coupling, which is formed in the body wall by pulling a forming plug through the heated wall. Fabrication: Welding: Joining segments of pipe edge-to-edge can be accomplished using a welding or butt fusion process. In the welding process, the edges of the mitered sections are machined to form a specific angle of groove on the outside surface. Using hot air, a rod of PVC is heated to the fusing temperature at the same time the grooved edges of the segments are heated. The fused welding rod forms a homogeneous bond at the two faces of the segment edges. Continuous layers of welding rod applied in this way reform the PVC wall thickness at the bond. After the first round of weld (the "root weld") has been placed and after the weld has been completed, an electrical arc test is performed to detect any voids. Following the placement of a grounding medium on the inside of the weld an electrode carrying a 25,000 volt charge is passed around the outside of the weld. At any point where the weld is not complete, a spark will jump across the gap. Butt Fusion by Machine: In this process both the mating surfaces of the segments are carefully aligned in a clamping device and then heated to the fusion temperature. Hydraulic rams controlling this machine then bring the two faces together to form a homogeneous wall at the faces of the mitered segments.

85

HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

16-inch 45 PVC elbow for pressure applications is shown being fabricated from two miter-cut segments using the butt fusion method. The fitting will next be over-wrapped with fiberglass.

Solvent Welding: A hole is drilled in the wall of a T body. This area of the T body is then heated to the re-forming temperature. A sizing plug is drawn through the hole (from the inside of the body) to form a protruding socket, the inside dimensions of which are suitable for accepting the leg of the T as a solvent cemented joint. Solvent welded joints are restricted to this type of fitting, because only in this way can the required minimum contact surfaces be assured.
86

CHAPTER IV - PVC PIPE MANUFACTURING AND TESTING

Fiberglass Overwrap: Even though a properly bonded fitting, using one of the above methods, is essentially completed and ready for service, the joints of the fitting (or the entire fitting) are frequently overwrapped for pressure applications (or where additional mechanical strength is required) with fiberglass reinforced thermosetting plastics. Quality Control and Qualification Test Requirements: At each stage in the fabrication process the dimensions are checked for conformity with the governing standard. The quality of seams, which occur where the pipe segments are bonded together, is verified by a 25,000-volt electrical probe test or a lap shear test. AWWA C900 fabricated fittings are routinely pressure tested to four times the designated pressure class for a minimum duration of one hour. AWWA C905 fabricated fittings are routinely pressure tested to two times the designated pressure rating for a minimum duration of two hours. Furthermore, pressure fittings are also required to qualify under the joint performance requirements of ASTM D 3139, while non-pressure fittings qualify under ASTM D 3212. STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS The following list of standard specifications is submitted as a partial summary of standard documents applicable to PVC pipe products. Those listed include: product specifications, test methods, joint specifications, system standards, recommended practices, terminology, plumbing codes, and design guides. STANDARDS FOR PVC PIPING AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials 444 North Capitol Street, N.W., Suite 249 Washington, DC 20001 (202) 624-5800 Internet Address: www.aashto.org
Class PS 46 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipe (Revised 1995) Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Profile Wall Drain Pipe and Fittings Based on Controlled Inside Diameter (Revised 1995) Soil-Thermoplastic Pipe Interaction Systems

M278-94 M304M-94

Section 18

87

HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

ANSI

American National Standards Institute, Inc. 11 West 42nd St. New York, NY 10036 (212) 642-4900 Internet Address: web.ansi.org/default.htm
ASME B16.40-1996, Manually Operated Thermoplastic Gas Shut-Offs and Valves in Gas Distribution Systems (R1994) ASME B31.3 - 1996, Process Piping ASME B31.4-1992, Liquid Transportation Systems Hydrocarbons, Liquid Petroleum Gas, Anhydrous for

B16.40 B31.3 B31.4 B31.8 B31.9 B31.11 UL 651 UL 651A Z223.1

ASME B31.8-1995, Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping Systems ASME B31.9-1996, Building Services Piping Code for Pressure Piping ASME B31.11-1989, Slurry Transportation Piping Systems UL 651-1996, Schedule 40 and 80 rigid PVC Conduit UL 651A-1996, Type EB and A Rigid PVC Conduit and HDPE Conduit ANSI Z223.1-1996, National Fuel Gas Code

ASAE

American Society of Agriculture Engineers 2950 Niles Road St. Joseph, MI 49085 (616) 429-0300 Internet Address: www.asae.org
Design, Installation and Performance Thermoplastic Irrigation Pipelines Design, Installation and Performance Thermoplastic Irrigation Pipelines of of Underground, Underground,

ASAE S376.1 ASAE S376.2 ASAE EP260.4

Design and Construction of Subsurface Drains in Humid Areas

88

CHAPTER IV - PVC PIPE MANUFACTURING AND TESTING

ASTM

American Society for Testing and Materials 100 Barr Harbor Dr West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959 (610) 832-9555 Internet Address: www.astm.org

The ASTM Standards are listed in numerical sequence.

D 883 D 1598 D 1599 D 1600 D 1784 D 1785 D 2122 D 2152 *Terminology Relating to Plastics *Test Method for Time-to-Failure of Plastic Pipe Under Constant Internal Pressure *Test Method for Short-Time Hydraulic Failure Pressure of Plastic Pipe, Tubing and Fittings *Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plastics *Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Compounds Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Compounds and

*Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40, 80, and 120 *Test Method for Determining Dimensions of Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings *Test Method for Adequacy of Fusion of Extruded Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Pipe and Molded Fittings by Acetone Immersion *Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Pressure-Rated Pipe (SDR PR Series) * Practice for Underground Installation of Thermoplastic Pipe for Sewers and Other Gravity-Flow Applications *Test Method for Determination of External Loading Characteristics of Plastic Pipe by Parallel-Plate Loading *Test Method for Determination of the Impact Resistance of Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings by Means of a Tup (Falling Weight). *Threaded Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings, Schedule 80
89

D 2241 D 2321 D 2412 D 2444

D 2464

HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

D 2466 D 2467 D 2513 D 2564 D 2665 D 2672 D 2729 D 2749 D 2774 D 2837 D 2855 D 2949 D 3034 D 3138

*Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings, Schedule 40 * Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings, Schedule 80 *Thermoplastic Gas Pressure Pipe, Tubing, and Fittings *Solvent Cements for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Piping Systems *Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe and Fittings * Joints for IPS PVC Pipe Using Solvent Cement *Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Sewer Pipe and Fittings *Standard Symbols for Dimensions of Plastic Pipe Fittings *Practice for Underground Installation of Thermoplastic Pressure Piping *Test Method for Obtaining Hydrostatic Design Basis for Thermoplastic Pipe Materials *Practice for Making Solvent-Cemented Joints with Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Pipe and Fittings *3.25-in. Outside Diameter Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Drain, Waste, and Vent Pipe and Fittings *Type PSM Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Sewer Pipe and Fittings *Solvent Cements for Transition Joints Between AcrylonitrileButadiene-Styrene (ABS) and Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) NonPressure Piping Components *Joints for Plastic Pressure Pipes Using Flexible Elastomeric Seals *Joints for Drain and Sewer Plastic Pipes Using Flexible Elastomeric Seals *Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) and Chlorinated Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Compounds for Plastic Pipe and Fittings used in Pressure Applications

D 3139 D 3212 D 3915

90

CHAPTER IV - PVC PIPE MANUFACTURING AND TESTING

D 4396

Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) and Chlorinated Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Compounds for Plastic Pipe and Fittings Used In Nonpressure Applications. *Practice for Safe Handling of Solvent Cements, Primers and Cleaners Used for Joining Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings *Standard Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems *Standard Specification for Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40 and 80 *Standard Specification for Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe (SDR-PR) *Elastomeric Seals (Gaskets) for Joining Plastic Pipe *Thermoplastic Well Casing Pipe and Couplings Made in Standard Dimension Ratios (SDR), SCH 40 and SCH 80. *Practice for Installation of Thermoplastic Pipe and Corrugated Pipe in Septic Tank Leach Fields *Smooth-Wall Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Conduit and Fittings for Underground Installation. *Test Method for Evaluating the Quality of Molded Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings by the Heat Reversion Technique *Guide for Selection, Design and Installation of Thermoplastic Water Pressure Piping Installation *Primers for Use in Solvent Cement Joints of Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe and Fittings *Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Large-Diameter Plastic Gravity Sewer Pipe and Fittings *Practice for Underground Installation of Thermoplastic Pressure Piping Irrigation Systems *Smooth-Wall Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Underdrain Systems for Highway, Airport, and Similar Drainage *Type PS-46 and Type PS-115 Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Gravity Flow Sewer Pipe and Fittings
91

F 402 F 412 F 441 F442 F 477 F 480 F 481 F 512 F 610

F 645 F 656 F 679 F 690 F 758 F 789

HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

F 794 F 891 F 948 F 949 F 1057 F 1176 F 1336 F 1365

*Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Profile Gravity Sewer Pipe and Fittings Based on Controlled Inside Diameter *Coextruded Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe With a Cellular Core *Test Method for Time-to-Failure of Plastic Piping Systems and Components Under Constant Internal Pressure with Flow *Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Corrugated Sewer Pipe with a Smooth Interior and Fittings *Practice for Estimating the Quality of Extruded Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Pipe by the Heat Reversion Technique *Practice for Design and Installation of Thermoplastic Irrigation Systems with Maximum Working Pressure of 63 psi *Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Gasketed Sewer Fittings *Test Method for Water Infiltration Resistance of Plastic Underground Conduit Joints Which Use Flexible Elastomeric Seals *Test Method for Installation Acceptance of Plastic Gravity Sewer Lines Using Low-Pressure Air *Test Method for Assembly Force of Plastic Underground Conduit Joints That Use Flexible Elastomeric Seals Located in the Bell *Oriented Poly (Vinyl Chloride), PVCO, Pressure Pipe *Guide for Construction Procedures for Buried Plastic Pipe *Test Method for Joint Restraint Products for Use with PVC Pipe *Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Sewer and Drain Pipe Containing Recycled PVC Material Coextruded Poly(Vinyl Chloride)(PVC) Non-Pressure Plastic Pipe Having Reprocessed Recycled Content Standard Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride)(PVC) Closed Profile Gravity Pipe and Fittings Based on Controlled Inside Diameter
92

F 1417 F 1429

F 1483 F 1668 F 1674 F 1732 F 1760 F 1803

CHAPTER IV - PVC PIPE MANUFACTURING AND TESTING

AWWA

American Water Works Association 6666 West Quincy Avenue Denver, CO 80235 (303) 794-7711 Internet Address: www.awwa.org
*Underground Installation of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipe and Fittings for Water *Disinfecting Water Mains *Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipe and Fabricated Fittings, 4 In. through 12 In. (100 mm through 300 mm), for Water Distribution *Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipe and Fabricated Fittings Pipe, Nominal Diameters 14 In. through 48 In. (350 mm through 1,200 mm), for Water Transmission and Distribution. *Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Fittings for Water, 4 In. through 8 In. (100 mm through 200 mm). *PVC Self-Tapping Saddle Tees for Use on PVC Pipe *Molecularly Oriented Polyvinyl Chloride (PVCO) Pressure Pipe, 4 In. through 12 In. (100 mm through 300 mm), for Water Distribution PVC Pipe - Design and Installation

AWWA C605 AWWA C651 AWWA C900

AWWA C905

AWWA C907 AWWA C908 AWWA C909

M 23

* Standards marked with an asterisk have been accepted as American National Standards

BNQ

Bureau de Normalisation du Quebec Parc technologique du Quebec metropolitain 333, rue Franquet Ste-Foy, Quebec, Canada G1P 4C7 (418) 652-2238 Internet Address: www.criq.qc.ca/bnq
Piping - PVC Plastics - Perforated Rigid Pipe and Fittings for Underground Disposal of Effluents Piping - PVC Plastic Rigid Pipe and Fittings, 150 mm in Diameter or Smaller for Underground Sewage Application

3624-050 3624-130

93

HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

3624-135 3624-250 3624-908

Piping - PVC Plastic Rigid Pipe and Fittings, 200 mm in Diameter or Greater, for Underground Sewage Application Tuyaux rigides en polychlorure de vinyle (PVC) pour la conduite et la distribution de l'eau sous pression Tuyaux de polychlorure de vinyle (PVC) pour conduites d'eau sous pression - Protocole de certification

BOCA

Building Officials and Code Administrators International, Inc. 4051 W. Flossmour Rd. Country Club Hills, IL 60478 (708) 799-2300 Internet Address: www.bocai.org
Basic Plumbing Code BOCA 1997 International Plumbing Code

CSA

Canadian Standards Association 178 Rexdale Boulevard Etobicoke, Ontario, Canada M9W1R3 (416) 747-4000 Internet Address: www.csa.ca
Definitions, General Requirements and Methods of Testing for Thermoplastic Pressure Piping PVC Injection-Moulded Applications Gasketed Fittings for Pressure

B 137.0 B 137.2 B 137.3 B 181.2 B 182.1 B 182.2 B 182.4 B 182.11

Rigid Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipe for Pressure Applications PVC Drain, Waste and Vent Pipe and Pipe Fittings Plastic Drain and Sewer Pipe and Pipe Fittings PVC Sewer Pipe and Fittings (PSM Type) Profile PVC Sewer Pipe and Fittings Recommended Practice for the Installation of Thermoplastic Drain, Storm and Sewer Pipe and Fittings

94

CHAPTER IV - PVC PIPE MANUFACTURING AND TESTING

B 196.3 C22.2 No. 85 C22.2 No. 211.0 C22.2 No. 211.1 C22.2 No. 211.2 C22.2 No. 227.1

PVC Underground Telecommunication Cable Ducting Rigid PVC Boxes and Fittings General Requirements and Methods of Testing for Non-Metallic Conduit Rigid Types EB1 and DB2/ES2 PVC Conduit Rigid PVC (Unplasticized) Conduit Electrical Nonmetallic Tubing

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resource Conservation Service PO Box 2890 Washington, DC 20013 (202) 720-4525 Internet Address: www.nrcs.usda.gov
National Handbook of Conservation Practices Irrigation Water Conveyance, Underground Plastic) Irrigation Water Conveyance, Underground Plastic) Irrigation System, Trickle Irrigation System, Sprinkler Pipeline Subsurface Drain Underground Outlet Water Harvesting Catchment Well Irrigation System, Surface and Subsurface Pipeline Pipeline (High (Low Pressure Pressure

SCS SCS 430-DD SCS 430-EE SCS 441 SCS 442 SCS 516 SCS 606 SCS 620 SCS 636 SCS 642 SCS 443

95

HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

SCS 447

Irrigation System, Tailwater Recovery

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

USACE Publication Depot ATTN: CEIM-IM-PD 2803 52nd Ave. Hyattsville, MD 20781-1102 (302)394-0081 Internet Address: www.usace.army.mil
Guide Specifications for Construction

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE MILITARY STANDARDS

Department of Defense Single Stock Point for Military Specifications, Standards, and Related Publications Building 4/Section 3 Philadelphia, PA 19111 (215) 697-2179 Internet Address: www.dodssp.daps.mil
Insulation Tubing, Electrical, Non-Rigid, Vinyl, Very Low Temperature Grade

MIL-I-22076B

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY

Defense Automated Printing Service 700 Robins Avenue Building 4, Section D Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094 (215) 697-6396

NAVFAC NFGS M02261 NAVFAC NFFGS-02530 NAVFAC NFGS-02630B

Exterior Water Distribution System-Minor Construction

Exterior Sanitary Sewer System-Sanitary Sewerage Storm Drainage

DHUD

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development 451 7th Street, SW Washington, DC 20410 (800) 767-7468
96

CHAPTER IV - PVC PIPE MANUFACTURING AND TESTING

Internet Address: www.hud.gov

DHUD 4940.3 Minimum Design Standards for Community Sewage Systems

DOT-OPS

Title 49 Transportation; Chapter I - Research and Special Programs Administration, Department of Transportation; Part 192 - Transportation of Natural and Other Gas by Pipeline: Minimum Federal Safety Standards. Available from: Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, DC 20402 and: Internet Address: ops.dot.gov Specification Sales (3FRI) Building 197, Washington Navy Yard General Services Administration Washington, DC 20407
Conduit and Conduit Fittings, Plastic, Rigid; Withdrawn 1985 Pipe and Fittings, Plastic (Polyvinyl Chloride PVC, Drain, Waste and Vent DWV) Plastic Rod, Solid; Plastic Tubes and Tubing, Heavy Walled; Polyvinyl Chloride, Rigid

FEDERAL SPECIFICATIONS
W-C-1094 L-P-320B(1) L-P-1036A

HUD Formerly FHA

U.S. Department of Housing & Urban Development Architectural Standards Division Federal Housing Administration Washington, DC 20412
Polyethylene (PE), Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS), Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) and Polybutylene (PB) Plastic Piping for Domestic Cold Water Service

UM-78a

97

HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

UM-79

Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS) and Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Drain, Waste and Vent Pipe and Fittings FHA Minimum Property Standards Interim Revision No. 31

IAPMO

International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials 2001 E. Walnut Dr. South Walnut, CA 91789 (909)595-8449 Internet Address: www.iapmonet.org
Non-Metallic Building Sewers PVC Cold Water Building Supply and Yard Piping PVC Building Drain, Waste and Vent Pipe and Fittings Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Natural Gas Yard Piping Uniform Plumbing Code

IAPMO IS 1 IAPMO IS 8 IAPMO IS 9 IAPMO IS 10 IAPMO

ICBO

International Conference of Building Officials 5360 South Workman Mill Road Whittier, CA 90601 (562) 699-0541
Uniform Building Code

ICBO

ISO

International Standards Organization 1. rue de Varembe Case Postale 56 CH-1211 Geneve 20 Switzerland +41-22-749-01-11 Internet Address: www.iso.ch

98

CHAPTER IV - PVC PIPE MANUFACTURING AND TESTING

USA CONTACT: American National Standards Institute 1430 Broadway New York, NY 10019 (212) 354-3300
ISO 161-1 Thermoplastic Pipes for the Transport of Fluids (Nominal Outside Diameters and Nominal Pressures) Part I: Metric Series Thermoplastic Pipes for the Transport of Fluids (Nominal Outside Diameters and Nominal Pressures) Part II: Inch Series Plastics Pipes for the Transport of Fluids Determination of the Resistance to Internal Pressure Thermoplastics Pipes - Longitudinal Reversion Part 1: Determination Methods Thermoplastics Pipes - Longitudinal Reversion Part 2: Determination Parameters Thermoplastics Pipes and Fittings Temperature Part 1: General Test Method Vicat Softening

ISO 161-2

ISO 1167 ISO 2505-1 ISO 2505-2 ISO 2507-1 ISO 2507-2

Thermoplastics Pipes and Fittings Vicat Softening Temperature Part 2: Test Conditions for Unplasticized Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) or Chlorinated Poly (Vinyl Chloride) Pipes and Fittings and for High Impact Resistance Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-HI) Pipe Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipes Water Absorption Determination and Specification Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipes and Fittings, Metric Series Dimensions of Flanges Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Pipes and Fittings, Metric Series Dimensions of Flanges Buried Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipes for the Supply of Gaseous Fuels Metric Series Specification Plastic pipes Measurement of Dimensions

ISO 2508 ISO 2535 ISO-2535 ISO 2703 ISO 3126

99

HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

ISO 3127 ISO 3451-5 ISO 3472 ISO 3473 ISO 3474 ISO 3606 ISO 4065 ISO 4439 ISO 4440-1 ISO 4440-2 ISO 6993 ISO 7676 ISO 7686 ISO 8283-1

Thermoplastics Pipes Determination of Resistance to External Blow Round-the-Clock Method Plastics Determination of Ash-Part 5: Poly (Vinyl Chloride) Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipes Specification and Determination of Resistance to Acetone Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipes Effect of Sulphuric Acid Requirement and Test Method Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipes Specification and Measurement of Opacity Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipes Tolerances on Outside Diameters and Wall Thicknesses Thermoplastic Pipes Universal Wall Thickness Table Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pipes and Fittings Determination of Specification of Density Thermoplastics Pipes and Fittings Determination of Melt Mass-Flow Rate Part 1: Test Method Thermoplastics Pipes and Fittings Determination of Melt Mass-Flow Rate Part 2: Test Conditions Buried, High-Impact Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-HI) Pipes for the Supply of Gaseous Fuels Specification Unplasticized Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) Pipes Dichloromethane Test Plastics Pipes and Fittings Opacity Test Method Plastics Pipes and Fittings Dimensions of Sockets and Spigots for Discharge Systems Inside Buildings Part 1: Unplasticized Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) and Chlorinated Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-C) Thermoplastics Pipes and Fittings Water Absorption Part 1: General Test Method Thermoplastics Pipes and Fittings Water Absorption Part 2: Test Conditions for Unplasticized Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVCU) Pipes and Fittings
100

ISO 8361-1 ISO 8361-2

CHAPTER IV - PVC PIPE MANUFACTURING AND TESTING

ISO 8795

Plastics Pipes for the Transportation of Water Intended for Human Consumption Extractability of Constituents Test Method Quality Management and Quality Assurance Standards Thermoplastics Pipes for the Transport of Fluids Methods of Extrapolation of Hydrostatic Stress Rupture Data to Determine the Long-Term Hydrostatic Strength of Thermoplastics Pipe Materials Unplasticized Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC-U) Pipes Dichloromethane Resistance at Specified Temperature (DCMT) Test Method Thermoplastics Pipes for the Transport of Fluids Determination of Pendulum Impact Strength by the Charpy Method Part 1: General Test Method Thermoplastics Pipes for the Transport of Fluids Determination of Pendulum Impact Strength by the Charpy Method Part 2: Test Conditions for Pipes of Various Materials Thermoplastics Pipes Determination of Creep Ratio Thermoplastics Pipes Determination of Ring Stiffness Plastics Pipes and Fittings Combined Chemical-Resistance Classification Table Thermoplastics Pipes for the Transport of Liquids Under Pressure Calculation of Head Losses Thermoplastics Pipes Determination of Resistance to External Blows Staircase Method Structured-Wall Thermoplastics Pipes Oven Test Thermoplastics Materials for Pipes and Fittings for Pressure Applications Classification and Designation Overall Service (Design) Coefficient

ISO 9000 ISO TR 9080

ISO 9852

ISO 9854-1

ISO 9854-2

ISO 9967 ISO 9969 ISO TR 10358 ISO TR 10501 ISO TR 11173

ISO TR 12091 ISO TR 12162

NAPHCC

National Association of Plumbing, Heating, Cooling Contractors PO Box 6808 180 S. Washington
101

HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

Falls Church, VA 22040-6808 (703) 237-8100 Internet Address: www.naphcc.org

NAPHCC National Standard Plumbing Code

NEMA

National Electrical Manufacturers Association 1300 North 17th Street, Suite 1847 Rosslyn, VA 22209 (703) 841-3200 Internet Address: www.nema.org
Electrical Plastic Tubing (EPT) and Conduit (EPC-40 and EPC80) PVC Fittings for Use with Rigid PVC Conduit Tubing PVC Plastic Utilities Duct for Underground Installation Extra-Strength PVC Plastic Utilities Duct for Underground Installation Fittings for PVC Plastic Utilities Duct for Underground Installation PVC Plastic Communications Underground Installation Duct and Fittings for

No. TC 2 No. TC 3 No. TC 6 No. TC 8 No. TC 9 No. TC 10 No. TC 12 No. TC 13 No. TC 15 No. TC 18 No. TCB 2

Corrugated Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Coilable Plastic Utilities Duct Electrical Nonmetallic Tubing (ENT) Corrugated Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Fiber Optic Innerduct Packaging of Master Bundles for EPC 40 (Polyvinyl Chloride) Conduit Users Manual for the Installation of Underground Plastic Duct

NFPA

National Fire Protection Association 1 Batterymarch Park Quincy, MA 02269 (617) 770-3000

102

CHAPTER IV - PVC PIPE MANUFACTURING AND TESTING

Internet Address: www.nfpa.org

NFPA 24 Installation of Appurtenances Private Fire Service Mains and Their

NSF

NSF International 3475 Plymouth Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48105 (734) 769-8010 Internet Address: www.nsf.org
Plastic Piping Components and Related Materials Plumbing System Components for Manufactured Homes and Recreational Vehicles *Drinking Water Treatment Chemicals - Health Effects *Drinking Water System Components - Health Effects

NSF Standard No. 14 NSF Standard No. 24 NSF Standard No. 60 NSF Standard No. 61

*Standards marked with an asterisk have been accepted as American National Standards

SBCCI

Southern Building Code Congress International 900 Montclair Road Birmingham, AL 35213 (205) 591-1853 Internet Address: www.sbcci.org
Standard Plumbing Code

SBCCI

UL

Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. 333 Pfingsten Road Northbrook, IL 60062 (847) 272-8800 Internet Address: www.ul.com
Fittings for Conduit and Outlet Boxes

UL 514B

103

HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

UL 514C UL 651 UL 651A UL 1285 UL 1660

Nonmetallic Outlet Boxes, Flush-Device Boxes, and Covers Schedule 40 and 80 Rigid PVC Conduit ANSI/UL 651 Type EB and A Rigid PVC Conduit and HDPE Conduit Pipe and Couplings, Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) for Underground Fire Service Liquid-Tight Flexible Nonmetallic Conduit

UNI-BELL RECOMMENDED STANDARDS & PRACTICES

UNI-B-1 UNI-B-6 UNI-B-8 UNI-B-9

Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association 2655 Villa Creek Drive, Suite 155 Dallas, TX 75234 (972) 243-3902 Internet Address: www.uni-bell.org

Recommended Specification for Thermoplastic Pipe Joints, Pressure and Non-Pressure Applications Recommended Practice for Low-Pressure Air Testing of Installed Sewer Pipe Recommended Practice for the Direct Tapping of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Pressure Water Pipe Recommended Performance Specification for Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Profile Wall Gravity Sewer Pipe and Fittings Based on Controlled Inside Diameter (Nominal Pipe Sizes 4-48 inch) PVC Pipe - Technology Serving the Water Industry Installation Guide for PVC Solid-Wall Sewer Pipe (4-15 inch) External Corrosion of Underground Water Distribution Piping Systems Tapping Guide for PVC Pressure Pipe Installation Guide for PVC Pressure Pipe Deflection: The Pipe/Soil Mechanism Maintenance of PVC Sewer Pipe

UNI-PUB-3 UNI-PUB-6 UNI-PUB-7 UNI-PUB-8 UNI-PUB-9 UNI-TR-1 UNI-TR-3

104

CHAPTER IV - PVC PIPE MANUFACTURING AND TESTING

UNI-TR-5 UNI-TR-6 UNI-TR-7 UNI-V-1

The Effects of Ultraviolet Aging on PVC Pipe PVC Force Main Design Thermoplastic Pressure Pipe Design and Selection Tapping PVC Pressure Pipe (VHS Video)

TESTING The high level of reliability inherent in the manufacture of PVC pipe is clearly displayed in the extensive and sophisticated statistical sampling and testing programs enacted by the PVC piping industry through its constituent manufacturing members. The demands of modern fluid distribution and collection piping systems have been met not only by advanced manufacturing specifications and technology but also by critically important testing requirements and technology -- the final assurance to the consumer that PVC pipe will consistently and reliably serve long-term needs. Testing in the PVC pipe industry may be divided into three general categories: qualification testing, quality control testing, and assurance testing. Each testing category is a significant and vital part of the final assurance that PVC pipe will serve with reliability and durability through the life of its intended applications. Frequently, the purpose and value of the different categories of testing are misinterpreted and confused. This section is offered to define the purpose and value of testing requirements as established by engineers, specifiers, and owners and as implemented by PVC pipe manufacturers. General definitions and descriptions of the testing categories presented in a desired specification are: Qualification Testing: Qualification testing is performed on piping products, and the materials from which these are produced, to insure that the finished product can conform to the requirements of applicable specifications. In ASTM F 412, the qualification test is defined as, "An evaluation, generally non-repetitive, conducted on an existing, altered or new product to determine acceptability."

105

HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

Quality Control Testing: Quality control testing is routinely performed on a statistical sampling, as PVC piping products are manufactured, to insure that proper production procedures and controls are consistently implemented as required to yield quality products which comply with applicable specifications. Assurance Testing: Assurance testing is performed at the completion of the manufacturing process on a statistical sampling to insure that properties and qualities, evaluated in finished products, consistently satisfy the requirements of applicable specifications. In ASTM F 412, a quality assurance test is defined as, "A test in a program which is conducted to determine the quality level." QUALIFICATION TESTS Qualification tests will vary for pressure and non-pressure piping products, just as relative design properties vary. For example, toxicological testing, although critical to the qualification of raw materials for manufacture of potable water distribution pipe, is meaningless in the qualification of sanitary sewer pipe. In general, these tests evaluate the properties of raw materials and finished products to establish that specified design properties required in the finished product are consistently attained. Qualification tests commonly used in the manufacture of PVC pipe are performed to evaluate the following design properties: PVC Extrusion Compound Cell Classification Testing -- as defined in ASTM D 1784, D 3915, and D 4396, performed to establish primary mechanical and chemical properties of the PVC material from which the finished product is produced. This qualification test is typically required for all PVC piping products. Health Effects Evaluation -- performed to verify the absence of chemicals in quantities that could cause toxic, carcinogenic, or mutagenic
106

CHAPTER IV - PVC PIPE MANUFACTURING AND TESTING

effects on humans who drink water conveyed in the pipe. These qualification tests are appropriate for all potable water system pipes and components. Long-Term Hydrostatic Design Stress Testing -- performed to establish the maximum allowable tensile stress in the wall of PVC pipe in a circumferential orientation (hoop stress) due to internal pressure applied continuously with a high level of certainty that failure of the pipe will not occur. This qualification test is required for all PVC pressure pipe extrusion compounds. Joining System Performance Testing -- performed under laboratory conditions to verify a leak-free design of a specified pipe joint. Applicable qualification tests are recommended by the Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association for both pressure and non-pressure applications for PVC piping products joined by elastomeric gaskets. Cell Classification Testing: ASTM Standards D 1784, D 3915, and D 4396 provide nationally accepted standard means for selecting and identifying rigid PVC compounds for manufacture of specified PVC piping products. Cell classification provides a standard means of categorizing PVC piping production materials to establish identification of the PVC materials and required minimum property values. (See Chapter II -- PVC Pipe Compounds.) Specified requirements include tests to determine: Impact Strength (Izod) Tensile Strength Modulus of Tensile Elasticity Deflection Temperature under Load Flammability Hydrostatic Design Basis (HDB) Health Effects Evaluation: In 1962, Congress established drinking water standards under the Public Health Service. The plastic piping industry has been involved in a voluntary program to evaluate its products for health effects with the National Sanitation Foundation since 1965 through NSF Standard 14, Plastics Piping Components and Related Materials. In 1984 the federal government announced that it wanted to terminate its direct involvement in the program and establish a private sector program run by a non-profit organization.

107

HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

TABLE 4.1 (FROM NSF 61) PIPES AND RELATED PRODUCTS TESTING REQUIREMENTS
MATERIAL/ PRODUCT Copper Stainless Steel Brass Galvanized Concrete Pressure Ductile Iron EXTRACTANT TESTING1 Regulated Metals Plus Formulation Dependent Regulated Metals Plus Formulation Dependent Regulated Metals Plus Formulation Dependent Regulated Metals Plus Formulation Dependent Regulated Metals Plus Formulation Dependent MICROBIOLOGICAL GROWTH SUPPORT TESTING No No No No No

Regulated Metals Yes Solvents Phenolics Volatile Organic Chemicals Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Plus Formulation Dependent Regulated Metals Tin, Antimony2 Phenolics Volatile Organic Chemicals Residual Vinyl Chloride3 Plus Formulation Dependent Regulated Metals Phenolics Volatile Organic Chemicals Plus Formulation Dependent Formulation Dependent No

Polyvinyl Chloride and Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride

Other Plastics

Yes (If the formulation includes plasticizers.) Formulation Dependent

Other Materials
1

For the EPA MCL list (current with this printing of the standard) please refer to Appendix F of NSF 61 (Table 4.2 of this text). Tin and antimony are determined because organic tin or antimony compounds may be used as stabilizers. The residual vinyl chloride content of polyvinyl chloride and chlorinated polyvinyl chloride is determined in the wall of the finished product.

2 3

108

CHAPTER IV - PVC PIPE MANUFACTURING AND TESTING

TABLE 4.2 APPENDIX F OF NSF 61 U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY NATIONAL PRIMARY DRINKING WATER STANDARDS (JULY 1987)1
Regulated MCL (ppb or g/l unless otherwise noted) 50 1000 10 50 4000 50 2 10,000 10 50 5 5 5 7 75 0.2 4 100 100 5 5 200 2 10 100 <3 piC/L2 <5 piC/L2 5 piC/L2 (See note 2) 8 piC/L2 (See note 2) 2000 piC/L2 (See note 2)

Primary Contaminant Inorganics Arsenic Barium Cadmium Chromium Fluoride Lead Mercury Nitrate - N Selenium Silver Organics Benzene Carbon Tetrachloride 1, 2 Dichloroethane 1, 1 Dichlorethylene p-Dichlorobenzene Endrin Lindane Methoxychlor Total Trihalomethanes Toxaphene Trichloroethane 1, 1, 1 Trichlorethane Vinyl Chloride 2, 4, 5-TP Silvex 2, 4-D Radionuclides Gross Alpha (as, picocuries/litre) Gross Beta Radium - 226 Strontium - 90 Tritium
1 2

The reader is encouraged to consult the National Primary Drinking Water Regulations for the most recent MCLs. Only if gross alpha or gross beta results (as appropriate) are greater than the MCL specified, are the other primary radionuclides analyzed for.
109

HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

The program was awarded to a consortium of organizations in 1985 including NSF, AWWA Research Foundation, Association of State Drinking Water Administrators, and Conference of State Health Managers. In 1988, Standard 60, "Drinking Water Treatment Chemicals - Health Effects," and Standard 61, "Drinking Water System Components -- Health Effects," were published for direct and indirect additives. These more recent standards update and replace the health effects requirements of the older NSF 14 Standard, and have been adopted by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). The ANSI/NSF Standards are applicable not only to plastic piping components, but to all water distribution and plumbing materials that come in contact with drinking water. Standard 61 covers indirect additives including process media, sealing materials, gaskets, mechanical devices, pipes, and related products. Test requirements for PVC piping products appear in Table 4.1 with other piping materials. Standard 61 references the maximum contaminant levels (MCL) set by the US EPA. When products are tested in accordance with the protocol detailed in the standard, regulated substances cannot exceed ten percent of the US EPA MCL. Appendix F of the standard lists these MCLs (shown in Table 4.2). Standards 60 and 61 are voluntary consensus standards available for public use. When referenced by federal, state, or local health authorities in their specifications, piping manufacturers must have their products evaluated against Standard 61 to demonstrate compliance. Standard 61 and the registered trademark of the testing agency indicating certification should appear on PVC piping products intended for potable water. Long-Term Hydrostatic Design Stress Testing: Long-term hydrostatic design stress testing is conducted in accordance with Plastics Pipe Institute (PPI) Technical Report PPI-TR3, Policies and Procedures for Developing Recommended Hydrostatic Design Stress for Thermoplastic Pipe Materials. The basic method for obtaining long-term test data is defined in ASTM Standard D 2837, Standard Method for Obtaining Hydrostatic Design Basis for Thermoplastic Pipe Materials. The hydrostatic design stress (S) for PVC pipe is established as follows: EQUATION 4.1 S= HDB F
110

CHAPTER IV - PVC PIPE MANUFACTURING AND TESTING

Where: S HDB F

= hydrostatic design stress, psi = hydrostatic design basis, psi = selected safety factor

The hydrostatic design basis (HDB) for a given PVC pipe extrusion compound is established through long-term hydrostatic pressure testing of PVC pipe extruded from that compound. The qualification test for a given PVC pipe extrusion compound is conducted in accordance with ASTM Standard D 2837. Testing of one lot of pipe for at least 10,000 hours and two additional lots of pipe from the same compound for 2,000 hours establishes the stress regression line from which the HDB is calculated in accordance with PPI-TR3. The hydrostatic design stress for a given PVC pipe compound is calculated by dividing the established HDB by the desired safety factor (F) as defined in the specification for the specific pressure piping application. The response of PVC pipe to hoop stress caused by internal pressure is time dependent. Therefore, the qualification test to define long-term S for extrusion compounds is critical to insure proper long-term performance of PVC pressure pipe. (See Chapter V.) The HDB for PVC pressure pipe must be established at a level equal to or greater than 4000 psi. The HDB is derived for constant hydrostatic stress loading extrapolated for 100,000 hours and 50 years at 73.4F (23C). The hydrostatic design stress ratings required for PVC pressure pipe, defined for commonly used safety factors, are as follows: TABLE 4.3 - HYDROSTATIC DESIGN STRESS (S)
Safety Factor 2:1 2.5:1 Hydrostatic Design Stress 2000 psi 1600 psi

Joining System Performance Testing: PVC pipe joint performance testing is recommended to insure proper joint design in both pressure and non-pressure applications. Joining systems commonly used in the installation of PVC pipe are: - Integral bell gasketed joints - Integral bell solvent-cemented joints - Gasketed couplings - Solvent-cemented couplings - Gasketed fittings - Solvent-cemented fittings
111

HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

- Mechanically restrained gasketed joints Qualification tests, such as those in ASTM D 3139, "Standard Specification for Joints for Plastic Pressure Pipes Using Flexible Elastomeric Seals," or ASTM D 3212, "Standard Specification for Joints for Drain and Sewer Plastic Pipes Using Flexible Elastomeric Seals," should be performed by manufacturers to insure that the joint or coupling design will seal in the specified application.

10" sewer pipe (ASTM D 3034) under 35 percent deflection and vacuum of 23 inches of mercury without losing vacuum (standard requires only 5 percent deflection).

The Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association recommends the use of gasketed joints in direct connection of pipe in continuous PVC pipelines. Qualification testing of gasketed joints can be performed in accordance with Section 4, Laboratory Performance Requirements, as defined in Uni112

CHAPTER IV - PVC PIPE MANUFACTURING AND TESTING

Bell Recommended Standard UNI-B-1, Thermoplastic Pipe Joints, Pressure and Non-Pressure Applications. Performance testing of gasketed joints in accordance with this recommended standard subjects specific joint designs to both internal hydrostatic pressure and to internal vacuum or external pressure. The joint design is evaluated through testing of a representative series of sample joints under the following conditions: - Assembled joint in straight alignment - Assembled joint in angular deflection - Assembled joint in offset deflection Thrust restraint devices are available for use with PVC pipe. Devices should meet the requirements of ASTM F 1674, Standard Test Method for Joint Restraint Products for Use With PVC Pipe. QUALITY CONTROL TESTS AND INSPECTION Quality control tests are defined for a given PVC pipe in the applicable product specification. Many quality control tests and procedures are common to all PVC pipe products. Others apply only to certain products. A universal requirement in the manufacture of all pipe products is that the manufacturer must take adequate measures to insure full compliance with the applicable product standard. This is accomplished through quality control inspection and testing. Quality control tests, as the term implies, are performed in the manufacturer's plant at the time of production and before shipment. Quality control testing must not be confused with field acceptance testing, because tests on pipes that have been shipped and rehandled are not always definitive in determining compliance with standard specifications. Quality Control Inspection Proper Workmanship: Inspection is conducted to assure that the PVC pipe is homogeneous throughout -- free from voids, cracks, inclusions, and other defects -- and reasonably uniform in color, density, and other physical properties. Pipe surfaces, including the joining surfaces of spigots and bells, are inspected to insure that they are free from nicks, gouges, severe scratches, and other such blemishes. Dimensions: Measurement of critical dimensions on a regular and systematic basis is essential. Failure to meet critical dimensional requirements is unsatisfactory, regardless of success achieved in other inspections and tests. All dimensional measurements are made in accordance with ASTM D 2122. Dimensional measurements commonly required include: Pipe diameter
113

HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

Pipe wall thickness Out-of-roundness Bell joint dimensions Length Dimensional requirements are defined in product specifications. Some product specifications do not require all the dimensional measurements listed above. Product Marking: Inspection should verify proper marking of the pipe as required in the applicable product specification. Marking of PVC pipe commonly includes: Manufacturer's name or trademark Nominal pipe size and size base PVC cell classification or material code Dimension ratio or standard dimension ratio Product type, pressure class or pressure rating Standard specification designation Production record code Certification seal(s) (if required) Inspection should also verify that identification markings will remain legible during normal handling, storage, and installation. Product Packaging: The finished package of PVC pipe prepared for shipment to the customer should be inspected to insure correct pipe quantity and adequate protection of the pipe. Quality Control Tests Quick Burst Test: The PVC pipe sample is pressurized to the minimum burst pressure within a test time period of 60-70 seconds. The sample shall not fail when subjected to the required minimum burst pressure. Quick burst testing is conducted in accordance with ASTM D 1599. Extrusion Quality Tests: The PVC pipe samples are immersed in anhydrous (dry) acetone for a specified duration. When removed from the acetone bath, the sample should not display evidence of flaking or disintegration. This test is conducted in accordance with ASTM D 2152 and distinguishes between unfused and properly fused PVC pipe. An additional test for estimating extrusion quality is by heat reversion in accordance with ASTM F 1057. Pipe Impact Test: The PVC pipe samples are placed on a specified holder and are subjected to impact by a metal tup of defined geometry and weight falling from a specified height. Impact resistance by PVC pipe is reported in foot-pounds (Joules) of energy. Impact resistance testing is conducted in accordance with ASTM D 2444. Impact resistance testing is
114

CHAPTER IV - PVC PIPE MANUFACTURING AND TESTING

conducted as a quality control procedure; it should not be considered a field acceptance test. Flattening Test: When the PVC pipe sample is flattened between moving parallel plates, it should display no evidence of splitting, cracking, or breaking.

PVC pipe undergoing a flattening test

Pipe Stiffness Test: The PVC pipe sample is flattened between parallel plates to five percent datum deflection at which point the force required to achieve deflection is accurately measured. This force, per unit length divided by the vertical deflection, is expressed in units of pounds per lineal inch per inch (lbf/in-in) (kPa) and is termed the pipe stiffness at five percent deflection datum. Deflection datum bases other than five percent may be appropriate for some products. Pipe stiffness testing is conducted in accordance with procedures defined in ASTM D 2412. The five percent measurement used in pipe stiffness testing should not be interpreted as a field performance limit or design allowance.
115

HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

QUALITY ASSURANCE TESTING Quality assurance tests may be required in product specifications or purchase agreements and are considered the final assurance of product quality. Sustained Pressure Test: The PVC pressure pipe samples are periodically subjected to sustained hydrostatic pressure for 1000 hours. At the sustained pressure, specified in the applicable product standard, the sample should not fail, balloon, burst, or weep. Sustained pressure testing is conducted in accordance with ASTM D 1598 and D 2241. Accelerated Regression Test: Ten specimens of pipe or fittings are pressurized to cause rupture at various intervals within 100 hours. The results are extrapolated by methods in ASTM D 2837 to prove compliance with minimum design stress requirements. Hydrostatic Proof Test: The hydrostatic proof test is required in the manufacture of PVC municipal water main in accordance with AWWA Standard C900 and C905. In this test, every piece (unless the purchaser and the manufacturer agree to a different test frequency) of PVC water main is proof-tested through application of hydrostatic pressure for a minimum dwell time of five seconds.

Hydrostatic proof test of PVC pressure pipe

TEST CERTIFICATION AND WARRANTY Recognized Approval and Listing: The use of approval and listing by independent testing laboratories is common for PVC pressure pipe applications. Many PVC pipe products are marked with the seal of approval from various independent, third-party certification laboratories. Municipal water and fire main are commonly listed by Underwriters Laboratories (UL) or approved by Factory Mutual (FM). Potable water pipe and various other piping products are commonly certified for use in the United States by National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) and Canada by
116

CHAPTER IV - PVC PIPE MANUFACTURING AND TESTING

Canadian Standards Association (CSA). The Plastics Pipe Institute (PPI) lists recommended hydrostatic design stress ratings for many plastic pipe compounds. Other testing laboratories and organizations offer listing service for various PVC pipe compounds and products. Manufacturer's Warranty: Manufacturer's warranty is a condition of sale specific to the agreement established between a manufacturer and customer regarding quality and performance of pipe products purchased. A standard warranty for PVC pipe products does not exist, although many are similar. Terms of warranty should not be assumed and should be obtained from the manufacturer. Members of the Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association place continuing emphasis on quality products and service. PACKAGING AND SHIPPING At the conclusion of production processes, inspection and testing, the PVC pipe products are prepared for shipment to the customers. Various acceptable methods of product packaging are used in the PVC pipe industry. Proper shipping and handling procedures should be provided by the manufacturer. The manufacturer will routinely instruct the carrier on proper handling and tie-down procedures. Upon acceptance of PVC pipe by a commercial carrier, with agreement to deliver to an established destination, the responsibility for the product is assumed by the carrier. (See Chapter X -Receiving, Storage and Handling.) MANUFACTURING OF PVCO Molecularly oriented PVC pipe (PVCO) is manufactured using a process that reorients the molecules in a PVC starting stock pipe, a process that was developed in the early 1970s and led to the first PVCO pipe installation in 1974. Manufacturing Process: The manufacturing process for the starting stock pipe, used to produce PVCO pipe, is identical to that used for conventional pipe in that the compound formulations and the extrusion process are the same. The orientation process is the unique step in PVCO production, which can be performed either in-line (continuous) or as a separate step (batch) to the extrusion of the starting stock. In the continuous orienting process, the partially cooled stock is drawn over a mandrel that expands the outside diameter to approximately twice that of the original diameter. This stretching causes the long PVC polymer chains to be oriented in the hoop direction (radially around the pipe
117

HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

circumference), thereby strengthening the stock material in that direction. In the batch process, the orientation is performed separately, in that the individual lengths of stock are placed inside a steel mold, heated, expanded, and then cooled. Standards and Testing: Standards that are specific to PVCO are ASTM F 1483 Specification for Oriented Poly(Vinyl) Chloride PVCO, Pressure Pipe and AWWA C909 Molecularly Oriented Polyvinyl Chloride (PVCO) Pressure Pipe, 4 in. Through 12 in. (100 mm Through 300 mm), for Water Distribution. These standards provide for product verification through the same quality control and assurance tests that have been performed on PVC pipe, as listed earlier in this chapter. The determination of the cell classification on the stock material, the definition of the hydrostatic design basis, and the evaluation of health effects are all performed using the same standards described previously in this chapter. Likewise, conventional certifications, approvals, and third-party testing are also available for PVCO.

118

CHAPTER IV - PVC PIPE MANUFACTURING AND TESTING

CHAPTER IV BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Heilmayr, Peter F., "PVC Pipe Keeps Rolling Along," Plastics Engineering (Jan. 1976), p. 26. 2. ISO Standards Handbook 21, Plastics, Volume 3; Plastic Products, International Organization for Standardization, 1990, Switzerland. 3. "Manual on Sensory Testing Methods, ASTM Technical Publication 434," American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA. 4. "Policies and Procedures for Developing Recommended Hydrostatic Design Stresses for Thermoplastic Pipe Materials -- PPI-TR3," Plastics Pipe Institute, Washington, DC (April 1998). 5. "Recommended Standard Specification for Thermoplastic Pipe Joints, Pressure and Non-Pressure Applications -- UNI-B-1," Uni-Bell PVC Pipe Association, Dallas, TX (1995). 6. Sarvetnick, Harold A., Polyvinyl Chloride, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York, NY (1969). 7. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association and Water Pollution Control Federation, 14th Edition (1975). 8. "Standard Test Method for Obtaining Hydrostatic Design Basis for Thermoplastic Pipe Materials -- ASTM D 2837," American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA (1992). 9. "Standard Test Method for Determining Dimensions of Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings -- ASTM D 2122," American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA (1997). 10. "Standard Test Method for Determination of External Loading Characteristics of Plastic Pipe by Parallel-Plate Loading -- ASTM D 2412," American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshocken, PA (1996). 11. "Standard Test Method for Determination of the Impact Resistance of Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings by Means of a Tup (Falling Weight) -- ASTM D 2444," American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA (1993).
119

HANDBOOK OF PVC PIPE

12. "Standard Test Method for Adequacy of Fusion of Extruded Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Pipe and Molded Fittings by Acetone Immersion -- ASTM D 2152," American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA (1995). 13. "Standard Test Method for Short-Time Hydraulic Failure Pressure of Plastic Pipe, Tubing and Fittings -- ASTM D 1599," American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA (1995). . 14. "Standard Test Method for Time-to-Failure of Plastic Pipe Under Constant Internal Pressure -- ASTM D 1598," American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA (1997). 15. "Standard No. 60 - Drinking Water Treatment Chemicals - Health Effects," National Sanitation Foundation, Ann Arbor, MI (1988). 16. "Standard No. 61 - Drinking Water System Components - Health Effects," National Sanitation Foundation, Ann Arbor, MI (1988). 17. "Standard Specification for Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Compounds and Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Compounds -- ASTM D 1784," American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA (1997). 18. United States Public Health Service Drinking Water Standards, U.S. PHS Publication No. 956 (1964). 20. Winding, Charles C. and D. Hiatt, Polymeric Materials, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY (1961).

120