ARTICLES Nursing Negligence

October 17, 2006

Author
Kathleen Flynn Peterson Genevieve M. Zimmerman
In the health care field, the term malpractice originally encompassed only the negligent wrongs of a physician. In the past, a distinct division existed between a nurse and a physician. The nurse functioned within a much more defined framework. Rather than diagnose patients, treat symptoms, or prescribe medication, it was sufficient for the nurse to wait for and then simply implement a physicians order. In years past it was virtually unprecedented for a nurse to criticize a physicians order. The role of the nurse, however, has changed. Today, nurses commonly assume functions previously performed only by the physician. In hospitals and clinics across the country, nurses have assumed the responsibilities such as the actual examination, diagnosis, and treatment of a patient, oftentimes without any direct supervision by a physician. As nursing has matured into an increasingly advanced, sophisticated, specialized, and independent profession, the nurses role in providing patient care has also expanded a reality that is particularly true in the face of the ever-increasing demand for cost-conscious health care. As a result, liability for basic nursing negligence has shifted to its professional counterpart malpractice liability.[1] No other speciality relies more heavily on nurses to assess patients and evaluate treatment options than the field of obstetrical nursing, and the stakes for the patients and families involved could not be higher. Professional Liability for Nursing Negligence All nurses owe duties to the patients they serve. According to the American Nurses Association, a nurse promotes, advocates for, and strives to protect the health, safety, and rights of the patient.[2] Additionally, a nurse is both responsible and accountable for his or her individual nursing practice and will determine the appropriate delegation of tasks consistent with the nurses obligation to provide optimum patient care.[3] In order to ensure that they are satisfying these ethical and legal responsibilities owed to their patients, modern obstetrical nurses play a prominent and important role in the evaluation of a woman as she progresses with her labor, and the ability of the fetus to successfully tolerate the labor.[4] As the person with the greatest exposure to the patients, it is oftentimes ultimately the responsibility of the nurse to make crucial assessments of patient status and effectively communicate the status reports to the physician also charged with the care of the patient. When there is a breakdown in this necessary line of communication, tragic results can follow. Nurses with specialized training or extensive experience are held to a higher standard of care, corresponding to what a reasonable and prudent nurse with the same training or experience would have done in the same or substantially similar set of circumstances.[6] Under this standard, an obstetrical nurse with vast experience and/or training will be presumed to recognize potential problems physician

who restates the order or if the nurse relies on the physicians assertion that the physician will take full responsibility employed by members of the nursing profession. A nurse will be liable in tort if harm ensues because he or she does not have or use such knowledge, skill, care, or diligence.[7] Chain of Command A nurse that works for a hospital is legally obligated to be aware of these policies and procedures and to comply with the institutions rules and regulations.[8] Procedures, rules, regulations, and by-laws of various health care institutions can be used to define the nursing standard of care.[9] For example, a hospital s procedure manual for nurses or a nurses job description may set forth in detail specific rules of conduct for nurses. On occasion, a nurse may be confronted by a physicians order which directly conflicts with written hospital policy. If an order is not in accord with accepted medical standards, practices, customary procedures, hospital policies, or regulations, the nurse must defer, question, and even contravene the order.[10] Nurses have a duty to advocate for the patient through the organizational chain of command when they believe that the physician is unresponsive to concerns about the patients condition or is making inappropriate patient care decisions.[11] The chain of command is a specific course of action involving administrative and clinical lines of authority established to ensure effective conflict resolution in patient care situations. A hypothetical example of such a policy may be as follows: A nurse with concerns about patient care reports those concerns to the attending physician. If after this conversation the concerns are not alleviated, the nurse will proceed to take the concerns to the following people in the following order until such concerns have been alleviated: (1) Charge Nurse (2) Nurse Manager or Administrative Supervisor (3) Chief of the Department (4) Chief of Staff (5) Director of Hospital A nurse is generally encouraged to call on or consult with nurse supervisors or with other physicians on the hospital staff concerning those matters, and when the patients condition reasonably requires it, the nurse has a duty to make those calls and or consultations when they are within the ordinary care and skill required by the relevant standard of conduct.[12] When a nurse believes that executing an order would pose a clear risk of harm to the patient, he or she must not comply with the order.[13] If after attempting clarification and confirmation, the order is not properly clarified, confirmed, or corrected, the nurse is obligated not to carry the order out. If the physician insists that the nurse obey the order, despite being advised of potential problems, the nurse should delay executing the order and immediately report the matter to the nurses supervisor, and, if necessary, to another physician or another responsible hospital official. If for example, a nurse is concerned that fetal monitoring strips indicate a fetus may be suffering some kind of distress, and after bringing his or her concerns to the attention of the attending physician the concerns remain unaddressed, the prudent nurse will bring those concerns to the attention of the Charge Nurse, and so forth, until those concerns have been properly and fully resolved. The nurse who initiates the chain of command policy in such a situation is actively ensuring that his or her duty to act as an advocate for the patient has been satisfied. Where no duty has been breached, malpractice liability cannot attach. Conclusion Nurses caring for patients have a responsibility to be an advocate for the patient. While not bearing responsibility for making medical decisions and judgments, the nurse bears significant accountability for

intervening when it appears that decisions and judgments are not consistent with the standard of care. An effective communication policy that is well known by all nursing staff and physicians can, by its very existence, improve the quality of care delivered to patients, thereby improving patient outcomes and hopefully lessening the number of catastrophically injured infants. Additional References 1. Karen A. Ballard, Patient Safety: A Shared Responsibility, Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, Vol. #8 No. #3, Manuscript 4 (September 30, 2003) available atwww.nursingworld.org/ojin/topic22/tpc22_4.html. 2. Frank J. Cavico & Nancy M. Cavico, The Nursing Profession in the 1990's: Negligence and Malpractice Liability, 43 Clev. St. L. Rev. 557 (1995). 3. Mary E. OKeefe, Nursing Practice and the Law (Philadelphia: F.A. Davis Co. 2001).

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