LOGIC

Make quote The history of logic

Pada awal perkembangannya, logika hanyalah bagian penting yang dipelajari dalam ilmu filsafat , dan sangat dipengaruhi oleh karya Aristoteles (384-322 SM). (Muhammad Yunus, 2007 : 3 ) Logika berasal dari kata Yunani Klasik logos yang makna aslinya adalah kata, atau yang dikatakan. Tetapi pada perkembangan selanjutnya berarti berpikir atau bernalar. (Muhammad Yunus, 2007 : 3 ) Sejak zaman dulu logika atau ilmu penalaran diajarkan di sekolah dan universitas sebagai pegangan dan bekal dalam usaha menggali ilmu dan meningkatkan kemandirian mental seseorang. (Drs. W. Puspropodjo dan T. Gilarso , 1985 : 2) The judgment of the seventeenth century English philosopher John Lock could already have St Anselm as one of its target. For when Lock accuses the schoolmen of having covered their ignorance with a curious and inexplicable web of perplexed words, he touches upon one of the essential and generally admitted characteristics of much medieval philosophy and logic of which Anselm was already acutely conscious, namely its progressive systematization of the Latin in which it is written. (D.P.Henry, 1972 : 17) Logika berasal dari kata Yunani, logos yang berarti ucapan, kata, pengertian, pikiran, ilmu.(Drs. W. Puspropodjo dan T. Gilarso , 1985 : 3)

Definition and limitation of logic

Logika dapat diartikan sebagai ilmu berpikir yang tepat atau lurus dan sejauh dapat menunjukkan adanya kekeliruan dalam mata rantai proses berpikir sehingga teknik berpikir itu dapat dielakkan , logika pada hakekatnya dapat disebut teknik berpikir. (A. Vloemaans,dkk, 1999 : 1)

Logic has been defined as the science of the laws of thought, but this definition although it gives a clue to the nature of logic is not accurate.(Irving M.Copi, 1978 : 4) Logic is the study of the methods and principles used to distinguish correct from incorrect reasoning.(Irving M.Copi, 1978 : 4) Formal logic is the science of deduction. It aims to provide systematic means for telling whether or not given conclusion follow from given promises. (Richard Jeffery,1967 : 12)

Logical indicator (logic vs linguistic)

Linguistic often incorporates logic to explain natural language understanding, but logic is independent and sometimes at odds with natural language data. (Derald W.Sue, 1981 : 45) One such reason is the correct belief that logical paradoxes like that of the liar (lm now lying) or those found by Russel, need the method of linguistic analysis for their solution. (Karl R.Popper, 1959 : 15) To the critical reader, the logical indicators are important signals; they show that inference is going on and they point out the direction in which the inference is going on. (Monroe C.Breadslay, 1965 : 50) If we want to build upon something more solid than whim or mood, we must abandon castles in the air and take to the hard-rock base of logic. The intellectual processes which underpin logical tought are Inductive, deductive, and reductive thinking. ( James William Johnson, 1968 : 68)

Bibliography

Gillarso ,T. dan Poespoprodjoe,W. 1985. Logika Ilmu Menalar. Bandung: Remaja Karya.

Henry, P.D.1972. Medievel Logic and Metaphysic . London : Hutchinsten.

Yunus, Mahmud. 2007. Logika Suatu Pengantar. Yogyakarta : Graha Ilmu.

Russo,Federico.2010.Key Terms in Logic. New York : British Library.

Popper, R .Karl. 1961. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. London : Hutchinten.

Breadlay, C. Moenroey. 1956. Thinking straight. United States: Prentice hall.

Johnson, James William.1968. Logic and Rethoric. United states : Macmillan.

Copi, M. irving. 1982. Introduction to Logic. United states: Macmillan.

Jeffrey, Richard. 1991 . Formal Logic. United States : McGraw-Hill.

Vloemans, A, dkk. 1999. Logika. Jakarta: Erlangga.