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La expresin
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R ( t ) = Dt R ( t )
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Si R es una funcin vectorial, entonces la derivada de R es una funcin vectorial, R ( t + t ) R ( t ) denotadapor R ydefinidapor R ( t ) = lim siestelmiteexiste. t 0 t Lanotacin Dt R ( t ) seempleaenocasionesenlugarde R ( t ) . Si R esunafuncinvectorialdefinidapor: R ( t ) = f ( t ) i + g ( t ) j + h ( t ) k R ( t ) = f ( t ) i + g ( t ) j + h ( t ) k Si f ( t ) + g ( t ) y h ( t ) existen.
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Dt R ( t ) + Q ( t ) = Dt t 2 i + ( t 1 ) j + [ senti + cos tj ] = Dt ( t 2 + sent ) i + ( t 1 + cos t ) j = = ( 2t + cos t ) i + (1 sent ) j Dt R ( t ) + Dt Q ( t ) = Dt t 2 i + ( t 1 ) j + Dt [ senti + cos tj ] = ( 2ti + j ) + ( cos ti sentj ) =
TEOREMALADERIVADADELPRODUCTOPUNTODEDOSFUNCIONESVECTORIALES.
Si R y Q sondosfuncionesvectorialesdiferenciablesenunintervalo,entonces R iQ es
R ( t ) = t 2 i + ( t 1 ) j y Q ( t ) = senti + cos tj
diferenciableenelintervalo,entonces Dt { f ( t ) R ( t )} = Dt f ( t ) R ( t ) + f ( t ) Dt R ( t )
TEOREMALADERIVADADELPRODUCTOCRUZDEDOSFUNCIONESVECTORIALES La derivada del producto cruz de dos funciones vectoriales, es importante mantener el orden correcto de las funciones vectoriales debido a que el producto cruz no es conmutativo. Si R y Q sondosfuncionesvectorialesdiferenciables,entonces
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EJEMPLO2.Paralasfuncionesvectorialesdelejemplo1.Determine R ( t )iQ ( t )
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diferenciableenelintervalo,y Dt R ( t )iQ ( t ) = Dt R ( t ) iQ ( t ) + R ( t )i Dt Q ( t )
(1)
(2)
R ( t ) y Q ( t ) existen. TEOREMALAREGLADELACADENAPARAFUNCIONESVECTORIALES. Supongaque F esunafuncinvectorial, h esunafuncinrealy G eslafuncinvectorial d definidapor G ( t ) = F ( h ( t ) ) .Si = h ( t ) y y D G ( t ) existen,entonces Dt G ( t ) existey dt d estdadapor Dt G ( t ) = D G ( t ) dt EJEMPLO 3. Calcule Dt G ( t ) si las funciones estn definidas por F ( ) = 2 i + e j + ln k y h ( t ) = sent
Con = h ( t ) y G ( t ) = F ( h ( t ) )
d 1 d = 2 i + e j + k Pero = sent ;demodoque dt dt d 1 = 2 senti + e sent j + D G ( t ) k cos t = 2 sent cos ti + e sent cos tj + cot tk dt sent d De(3),elmiembroderechodeestaecuacines Dt G ( t ) .Portanto, D G ( t ) dt = Dt G ( t ) Nota: Si R es una funcin vectorial diferenciable en un intervalo y R ( t ) es constante
paratoda t delintervalo,entonceslosvectores R ( t ) y Dt R ( t ) sonortogonales. INTEGRALINDEFINIDADEUNAFUNCINVECTORIAL Si Q es la funcin vectorial determinada por Q ( t ) = f ( t ) i + g ( t ) j + h ( t ) k , entonces la integral indefinida de Q ( t ) esta definida por Q ( t ) dt = i f ( t ) dt + j g ( t ) dt + k h ( t ) dt
Laderivadaenlosdosmiembrosdelaecuacinanteriorconrespectoa t ,resulta
Dt Q ( t ) dt = iDt f ( t ) dt + jDt g ( t ) dt + kDt h (t ) dt = if ( t ) + jg ( t ) + kh (t )
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D G ( t )
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Alcalcular Dt G ( t ) Dt G ( t ) = 2 sent cos ti + e sent cos tj + cot tk (3) Ahorasecalculaelmiembroderechodelaecuacin Puestoque G ( t ) tambinpuedeexpresarsecomo 2 i + e j + ln k ,setiene
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De cada una de las integrales indefinidas calculadas, se obtiene una constante escalar arbitraria.Cuandocadaunodeestosescalaressemultiplicapor i , j o k resultadelasuma unvectorconstantearbitrario.As:
Q (t ) dt = R (t ) + C Donde D R (t ) = Q (t ) y C esunvectorconstantearbitrario.
t
EJEMPLO 4. Determine la funcin vectorial ms general cuya derivada sea Q ( t ) = senti 3cos tj + 2 tk Si Dt R ( t ) = Q ( t ) ,entonces R ( t ) = Q ( t ) dt ;estoes,
R ( t ) = i sent dt 3 j cos t dt + k 2t dt = i ( cos t + C1 ) 3 j ( sent + C2 ) + k ( t 2 + C 3 ) = = cos ti 3sentj + t 2 k + ( C1i 3C2 j + C 3k ) = cos ti 3 sentj + t 2 k + C
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C1 1 = 1 C1 = 2 C1 + 1 = 1 C 2 = 0 R ( t ) = ( e t + 2 ) i + et j + ( 3t + 5) k C3 = 5
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C desde el punto
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b 2 2 a
( f (a ) ,g (a ))
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EJEMPLO5.Obtengaelvector R ( t ) paraelcual Dt R ( t ) = e t i + et j + 3k y R ( 0 ) = i + j + 5k R ( t ) = i e t dt + j et dt + k 3 dt = i ( e t + C1 ) + j ( et + C2 ) + k ( 3t + C 3 )
R ( 0 ) = i + j + 5k i + j + 5k = i ( 1 + C1 ) + j (1 + C2 ) + k ( C 3 )
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hasta el punto
( f ( b ) , g ( b ) ) ,
entonces
f ( t ) + g ( t ) dt
2et dt = 2 et 1 = 2 ( e 4 e )
4
Enlosejercicios1a10,calcule R ( t ) y R ( t )
R (t ) = (t 2 3)i + (2t + 1) j R(t ) = 2ti + 2 j R(t ) = 2i 3) R(t ) = t 1 t 2 i+ j t +1 t t 1 t 2 R (t ) = i+ j = 1 2(t + 1) 1 i + (1 2t 1 ) j R(t ) = 2(t + 1) 2i + 2t 2 j t +1 t R(t ) = 4(t + 1) 3 i 4t 3 j 4) R(t ) = (t 2 + 4) 1 i + 1 5tj R (t ) = (t 2 + 4) 1 + 1 5t j R(t ) = 2t (t 2 + 4) 2 i
1 5 (1 5t ) 2 j 2
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1 1) R ( t ) = ti + j t 1 R ( t ) = ti + t j R ( t ) = i t 2 j R ( t ) = 2t 3 j
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EJERCICIOSRESUELTOS
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EJEMPLO 7. Calcule la longitud de arco de la hlice circular R ( t ) = 2cos ti + 2 sentj + tk desde t = 0 hasta t = 4 . R ( t ) = 2 senti + 2cos tj + k
5dt = 4 5 = 28.10
3 2(t 2 + 4) 2 + ( 2t )( 4t ) ( t 2 + 4 )3 i + 5 1 (1 5t ) 2 (5) j = R ( t ) = 2 2
= (t 2 + 4) 3 2(t 2 + 4) + 8t 2 i 5) R(t ) = e 2t i + ln tj + t 2 k
3 3 25 25 (1 5t ) 2 j = (6t 2 8)(t 2 + 4) 3 i = (1 5t ) 2 j 4 4
R (t ) = e 2t i + ln tj + t 2 k R(t ) = 2e2t i + t 1 j + 2tk t > 0 R(t ) = 4e 2t t 2 j + 2k t > 0 6) R(t ) = cos 2ti + tan tj + tk R (t ) = cos 2ti + tan tj + tk R(t ) = 2 sen 2ti + sec 2 tj + k R(t ) = 2 cos 2ti + 2sec 2t tan tj
(1 t )
3 2 2
(1 t 2 ) 2
t
9) R(t ) = 5 sen 2ti sec 4tj + 4cos 2tk R(t ) = 5sen2ti sec 4tj + 4cos 2tk R(t ) = 10cos 2ti 4sec 4t tan 4tj 8sen2tk R(t ) = 20sen2ti + (16sec 4t 32sec3 4t ) j 16cos 2tk 1 10) R(t ) = tan 3ti + ln sen tj k t 1 R(t ) = tan 3ti + ln sentj t k R(t ) = 3sec2 3t + cot tj + t 2 k R(t ) =18sec2 3t tan 3ti csc2 tj 2t 3 k
Enlosejercicios11a14,obtenga Dt R ( t )
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R =
2t i+ (1 + t 2 )2
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R = tan 1 ti + s e n 1 tj + cos 1 tk R =
1 1 1 i+ j k 2 1+ t 1 t2 1 t2
11) R(t ) = (t 1) i + (2 t ) j
R ( t ) = (t 1) 2 + (2 t ) 2 = 2t 2 6t + 5 Dt R ( t ) =
4t 6 2 2t 6t + 5
2
2t 3 2t 6t + 5
2
2e 2 t 2e 2 t + 2
13) R (t ) = sen 3ti + cos 3tj + 2e3t k R (t ) = sen 3ti + cos 3tj + 2e3t k R ( t ) = sen 2 3t + cos 2 3t + 4e 6 t = 1 + 4e6 t Dt R ( t ) = 12e 6t 1 + 4e 6 t
14) R (t ) = t 2 + 1i + t 2 1 j + tk Dt R ( t ) = 3 sgn (t )
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R (t ) = t 2 + 1i + t 2 1 j + tk R ( t ) = t 2 + 1 + t 2 1 + t 2 = 3 t
15) R ( t ) = ( t 2 + et ) i + ( t e2t ) j; Q ( t ) = ( t 3 + 2et ) i ( 3t + e 2t ) j Dt R(t ) + Dt Q(t ) = (2t + et )i + (1 2e 2t ) j + ( 3t 2 + 2et ) i ( 3t + e2t ) j = t 2 2t = (2t + 3t + 3e )i + (2 4e ) j 16) R ( t ) = cos 2ti sen 2tj;
Dt [ R (t ) + Q(t ) ] = Dt (cos 2ti sen 2tj ) + ( sen 2ti + cos 2tj ) = (2 sen 2t + 2 sen t cos t )i + (2 cos 2t 2sen 2t ) j Dt R(t ) + Dt Q(t ) = Dt (cos 2ti sen 2tj ) + Dt ( sen 2ti + cos 2tj ) = (2 sen 2ti 2 cos 2tj ) + (2 sen t cos ti 2 sen 2t ) j = (2 sen 2t + 2 sen t cos t )i + (2 cos 2t 2 sen 2t ) j 17) R ( t ) = 2 sen ti + cos tj sen2tk ; Q ( t ) = cos ti + 2 sen tj + k
Dt [ R(t ) + Q(t ) ] = Dt [ (2s e n t + cos t ] i + (cos t + 2 sent ) j + ( s e n 2t + 1)k = (2 cos t s e n t )i + ( s e n t + 2 cos t ) j + (2 cos 2t )k Dt R(t ) + Dt Q(t ) = (2 cos ti s e n tj 2 cos 2tk ) + ( s e n ti + 2 cos tj ) = (1)
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19) R ( t ) = ( t 2 + et ) i + ( t e2t ) j; Q ( t ) = ( t 3 + 2et ) i ( 3t + e2t ) j (2t + et ) ( t 3 + 2et ) + (t 2 + et )( 3t 2 + 2et ) (1 2e2t ) (3t + e2t ) (t e2t )( 3 + 2e2t ) Dt R(t )i Q(t ) + R(t )i Dt Q(t )
= ( 2t + et ) i + (1 2e 2t ) j i ( t 3 + 2et ) i ( 3t + e 2t ) j + ( t 2 + et ) i + (1 + e2t ) j i ( t 2 + et )( 3t 2 + 2et ) (1 + e2t )( 3 + 2e 2t )
R(t )iQ(t ) = (cos 2ti sen 2tj )i( sen 2ti + cos 2tj ) = sen 2t cos t + sen 2t cos 2t Dt [ R(t )iQ(t )] = = sen 2t ( 2 sen 2ti ) + cos 2ti ( 2sen t cos ti ) sen 2t ( 2sen 2t ) + 2 cos 2t ( 2 cos 2t ) = 2 sen 2t sen 2t + 2sen 4 cos t cos 2t + 2sen 2t 2 cos 2 2t
Dt Q(t ) = Dt ( sen 2ti + cos 2tj ) = 2sent cos ti 2sen2tj R(t )i Dt Q(t ) = ( cos 2ti cos 2tj )i( 2sent cos ti 2sen 2tj ) = 2sent cos t cos 2t + 2sen 2t cos 2t
[ Dt R(t )]iQ(t ) + R(t )i[ Dt Q(t )] = 2 sen2t sen 2t 2 cos2 2t 2sent cos t cos 2t + 2 sen2 2t Dt [ R(t )iQ(t )] = [ Dt R(t )]iQ(t ) + R(t )i[ Dt Q(t )]
21)R ( t ) = 2senti + cos tj sen2tk; Q( t ) = cos ti + 2sentj + k Dt [ R(t) i Q(t)] = Dt ( 2 sent + cos t + 2sent cos t sen 2t ) = Dt sen2 t = 2cos2t RiQ + RiQ = ( 2cos ti sentj 2cos2tk )i( cos ti + 2sent ( j + k ) ) +
( 2senti + cos tj sen 2tk )i( senti + 2cos tj ) = ( 2cos 2t 2sen 2t 2cos2t ) + ( 2sen 2t + 2cos 2t ) = 2cos2t
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[ Dt R(t )]iQ(t ) = ( 2sen2ti 2 cos 2tj )i( sen2ti + cos 2tj ) = 2sen2tsen2t 2 cos2 2t
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Enlos23y24,determine Dt ( fR ) paralasfuncionesdadas.
23) f (t ) = cos 2t
R ( t ) = 5sen2ti sec 4tj + 4 cos 2tk Dt ( fR ) = Dt 5 sen 2 t cos 2ti cos 2t sec 4 tj + cos 2 2tk =
2 2
24) f (t ) = et
t R(t ) = (e3t + 2)i + 2e3t j + 3 ( 2 ) k Dt [ f (t ) R(t ) ] = Dt ( e4t + 2et ) i + 2e4t j + 3(2e)t =
Enlosejercicios25y26,Determine Dt [ R (t ) Q (t ) ] paralasfuncionesvectorialesdadas.
j k i Dt [ R(t ) Q(t )] = Dt 2 sen t cos t sen 2t cos t 2 sen t 1 Dt ( cos t + 2 sen tsen 2t ) i + ( sen t sen 2t cos t ) j + ( 4sen 2 t cos 2 t ) k = = ( sen t + 4 cos 2 tsen t + 2sen 2t cos t ) i + ( 2 cos t 2 cos 2 t cos t + sen 2tsen t ) j + 10sen t cos tk sen t 2 cos 2t 2sen t 1 = ( sent + 4 cos 2tsent ) i + ( 2 cos 2t 2 cos 2t cos t ) j + 5sent cos tk j k R Dt Q = ( 2senti + cos tj sen2tk ) ( senti + 2 cos tj ) = = 2sen2t cos ti + sen2tsentj + 5sent cos t ( 2 ) + ( 3) = (1)
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Q ( t ) = cos ti + 2sen tj + k
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Enlosejercicios27y28,Calcule Dt ( F ( h ( t ) ) paralasfuncionesindicadas.
27) F ( ) = i + 2 j + ln k h ( t ) = et
F ( ) = i + 2 j + ln k h ( t ) = et Dt ( F ( h ( t ) ) = Dt ( et i + e 2t j + tk ) = et i + 2e 2t j + k F () = i + 2j + 1k F ( h ( t ) ) h(t ) = ( i + 2et j + e 1k ) et = et i + 2e 2t j + k
at e
Dt [ ( R(t ) + Q(t )] = Dt {( f1 (t )i + g1 (t ) j + h1 (t )k ) + [ f 2 (t )i + g 2 (t ) j + h2 (t )k ]} =
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28) F () = sen i + cos j + k h(t ) = sen1t t 1 Dt ( F (h(t )) =Dt (ti + 1 t 2 j + sen1tk ) = i j+ k 2 1 t 1 t2 1 F () = cos i sen j + k h(t ) = 2 1 t 1 1 1 F ( h(t ) ) h(t ) = ( 1 t 2 i tj + k ) j+ k =i 2 2 1 t 1 t 1 t2
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h1 h2
+h
f1 f2
g1 = g2
= Dt [ fg1h2 fg 2 h1 f1 gh2 + f1 gh2 + f 2 gh1 + f1 g 2 h f 2 g1h ] = = f g1h2 f g 2 h1 f1 gh2 + f1 gh2 + f 2 gh1 + f1 g 2 h f 2 g1h + + [ fg1h2 fg 2 h1 f1 g h2 + f1 g h2 + f 2 g h1 + f1 g 2 h f 2 g1h ] + + fg1h2 fg 2 h1 f1 gh2 + f1 gh2 + f 2 gh1 + f1 g 2 h f 2 g1h =
f g h = f1 g1 h1 + f g h 2 2 2 f f1 f2 g g1 g2 h f h1 + f1 h2 f 2 g g1 g 2 h h1 h2
32)Demuestreque Dt G (t ) = [ Dt G (t )]
d dt
35) ln ti + t 2 j
1 dt 1 3t j R (t ) = i e3t dt + j = e i + ln t 1 j + C t 1 t 1 3 1 1 36) i j 2 4+t 1 t2 13 2 2 R(t ) = ln ti + t j R(t ) = i ln t dt + j t dt = (t ln t t )i + t j + C 3
R(t ) = e3t i +
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= [ D f () Dt ] i + [ D g () Dt ] j + [ D h() Dt ] k =
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38)3t i 2t j + et k
3t 2t 3t i 2t j + et k dt = i j + et k + C ln 3 ln 2
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1
2
41)Si R(t ) = t 2i +
t
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1 j y R(3) = 2i 5 j.Calcule R ( t ) t 2
1 3
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42)Si R(t ) = sen 2ti + 2 cos 2 tj y R( ) = 0.Calcule R ( t ) 1 1 R (t ) = R(t ) dt = i sen 2t dt + j 2 cos 2t dt = (2t sen 2t )i + (2t + sen 2t ) j + C 4 2 1 1 R ( ) = 0 0 = i + j + C C = i j 2 2 1 1 1 R (t ) = t sen 2t i + t + sen 2t j 2 2 2
43)Si R(t ) = et sen ti + cos tj et k y R(0) = i j + k .Calcule R ( t ) R (0) + R(t )dt = (i j + k ) + ( et sen tj + cos tj et k ) dt =
t t 0 0
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1 = t 3 7 i + (ln t 2 5) j 3
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1 1 j )dt = (2i 5 j ) + t 3i + ln t 2 t2 3
j = 3
46) R (t ) = cosh ti sen h tj R (t ) = cos h ti sen h tj R(t ) = sen h ti cos h tj R x = cos h t y = sen h t x 2 y 2 = cos h 2 t sen h 2 t = 1 x > 1 R (t )i R(t ) = 2 cos h tsen h t = sen h 2t
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R(t ) = sen ti + cos tj R x = sen t y = cos t x 2 + y 2 = sen 2t + cos 2 t = 1 R (t )i R(t ) = cos tsen t + sen t cos t = 0
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interpreteelresultadogeomtricamente.
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=
47) R ( t ) = 3e2t i 4e2t j y Q(t ) = 6e3t j R ( t ) = 3e2t i 4e2t j = e2t ( 3i 4 j ) Q(t ) = 6e3t j
48) R(t ) = 2ti + (t 2 1) j Q(t ) = 3ti cos (t ) = R(t )iQ(t ) = R(t ) Q(t ) 6t 2
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( 2t ) + ( t
2
1)
( 3t )
=
2
(t 2 + 1) 2 3t
2t t2 +1
(t ) = cos 1
2t t Dt t = t +1 t
2
(t ) =
1 2t 1 2 t +1
2
(t 2 + 1)
2t 2 t (2t ) t (t 2 + 1) 2t (t 2 1) = = 2 t (t 2 + 1) 2 (t 2 + 1) 2 2 ( t 1)
2t (t 2 1) 2t sgn t (t 2 1) = 2 2 2 t t 1 (t + 1) t + 1
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50) R (t ) = sen 2ti + cos 2tj + 2t 2 k t1 = 0 t2 = 1 R (t ) = sen 2ti + cos 2tj + 2t k R(t ) = 2 cos 2 ti 2 sen 2tj + 3t 2 k =
3 3 2 12 (13 2 8) = 4 cos 2t + 4 sen 2t + 9t = 4 + 9t L = (4 + 9t ) dt = (4 + 9t ) 2 = 0 53 0 27 2 2 1 1 2 1 3 2 1
3 2
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5 5 5 1 5 5 5 1 + + ln 1 + 1 + = 2 4 + + ln 2 + 5 + 2 4 8 4 2 4 8 4 5 1 3 5 3 5 1 21 + ln = 21 + + ln 4 + 21 = 21 + ln 2 + 4 2 2 4 2 4 2
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5 + 4t dt = 2
2
t 5 5 5 5 t + dt = 2 t 2 + + ln t + t 2 + = 4 4 2 4 1 2
2
1 2
4 1 2(1 + t )dt = 2 t + t 3 = 2 3 0 3
2
En los ejercicios 53 a 56, obtenga un valor aproximado, con cuatros dgitos significativos,delalongituddearcode t1 a t2 delacurvaquetienelaecuacinvectorial indicada. 53)Lacbicaalabeada
R(t ) = et i + et j + ln tk R(t ) = et i + et j + t 1k
1
2e 2t + t 2 dt = 6.6510 6.651
1 + 9t 4 dt = 3.0957 3096
1
56) R(t ) = sen 2ti + cos 2tj + t 2 k t1 = 0 t2 = 4 1 1 1 1 R(t ) = 2 cos 2ti 2sen 2tj + t 2 k R(t ) = 4 cos 2 2t + 2 sen 2 2t + = 4 + 4t 4t 2 L=
4 t =0 2 2 1 1 4 + dt = 4 + 2 (2u du ) = 16u 2 + 1 du = 8.4093 8.409 u =0 0 4 4u
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L = R(t ) dt =
0
1 + 4t 2 + 9t 4 dt = 9.57057 9.571
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R(t ) = ti + t 2 j + t 3k t1 = 0 t2 = 2
65 +
1 ln 129 + 16 65 16
57)SupongaqueRyRsonfuncionesvectorialesdefinidasenunintervaloyqueRes diferenciable en el intervalo. Demuestre que Dt [ R(t )i R(t )] = R(t ) + R(t )i R(t )
2
R(t )i R(t ) = R(t ) = h2 (t ) R(t )i R(t ) + R(t )i R(t ) = 2h(t )h(t ) R(t )i R(t ) = h(t )h(t )
2
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entonces [ Af (t ) + Bg (t ) ] dt = A
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59) Si la funcin vectorial R y la funcin real f son diferenciables en un intervalo y R f (t ) 0 en el intervalo, demuestre que es tambin diferenciable en el intervalo y f
f (t ) dt + B g (t ) dt
Sugerencia:ExpreseAyBentrminosdei,jyk.
[ Af (t ) + Bg (t )]dt = [(a i + a j + a k ) f (t ) + (b i + b j + b k ) g (t )]dt = = ( a f (t ) + b g (t ) ) i + (a f (t ) + b g (t )) j + a f (t ) + b g (t )k dt = = i [ a f (t ) + b g (t )]dt + j [ a f (t ) + b g (t )]dt + k [ a f (t ) + b g (t )]dt = = i a f (t )dt + b g (t )dt + j a f (t )dt + b g (t )dt + k a f (t )dt + b g (t )dt = = (a i + a j + a k ) f (t )dt + (b i + b j + b k ) g (t )dt = A f (t )dt + B g (t )dt
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 1 2 2 3 3 1 2 3 1 2 3