Highlights 2002

WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT

Water quality monitoring is an important exercise, which helps in evaluating the nature and extent of pollution as well as effectiveness of pollution control measures. It also helps in determining the water quality trends and prioritising pollution control efforts. The Central Pollution Control Board in collaboration with the State Pollution Control Boards has established a network comprising 784 stations spread over the country. The monitoring is undertaken on monthly/quarterly basis in surface waters and half yearly basis in groundwater. The monitoring results obtained during the year 2002 indicate that organic pollution continues as predominant pollution of aquatic resources. The organic pollution measured in terms of bio-chemical oxygen demand (BOD) and coliform count gives an indication of the extent of water quality degradation. It is observed that nearly 60% values of 5000 observations have BOD less than 3 mg/l, 20-25% between 3-6 mg/l & remaining 15% above 6 mg/l. Similarly, total & faecal coliform, which indicate presence of pathogens in water, are also a major concern. Nearly half of the observations indicate coliform count more than 500 No./100 ml. Water Quality Trends An attempt has been made to plot trends of percent observations obtained during last 10 years in levels of pollution with respect to BOD & coliform. There is an increasing trend in percentage of observations having BOD below 3 mg/l & coliform below 500 No./100 ml. This indicates that there is a gradual improvement in water quality. However, the percentage of observations having BOD more than 6 mg/l and coliform more than 5000 No./100 ml is also increasing. A decreasing trend in the percentage of observations having BOD between 3-6 mg and coliform MPN between 500-5000 has been observed. Polluted Water Bodies The water quality data for the Year 2000 and 2001 were analysed and based on this analysis, 86 polluted water bodies (71 rivers and 15 lakes and tanks), having BOD more than 6 mg/l have been identified. These water bodies are not confirming the desired level of water quality for defined uses with respect to BOD. The respective State Pollution Control Boards/ Pollution Control Committees have been advised to take remedial measures and formulate action plan for the polluted water bodies. Riverwise Polluted Stretches Name of River Godavari Nagavalli Musi Kalong Bharalu Yamuna Subarnarekha Sabarmati Amlakhadi Shedi Damanganga Ambika Bhadar No. of Polluted Stretch 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Khari Kolak Par Ghaggar Markanda Bhadra Tunga Kali Tungabhadra Khan Kshipra Chambal Tapi Kalu Ulhas Weinganga Panchganga Wardha Bhima Mula & Mutha Bhatsa Patalganga Kundalika Krishna Girna Nira Kharkhala Brahmani Ib Mahanadi Kuakhai Kathjodi Satluj Beas Banas/Berach Vaigai Palar Adyar Coovum Tambiraparani Noyyal Cauvery

1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Ranichu Hindon Western Kali Buri Yamuna Kali Nadi Eastern Gomti Ganga Damodar TOTAL

1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 71 Polluted Lakes/Tanks/Drains

Name of Tank/Lake/Drain/Pond etc. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Kishtra Reddy Pet Tank, Andhra Pradesh Dharamsagar Tank, Andhra Pradesh Hussain Sagar Lake, Andhra Pradesh Sarronagar Lake, Andhra Pradesh Pulicate Lake, Andhra Pradesh Drain No. 8, Haryana Renuka Lake, Himachal Pradesh Heballa Valley Lake, Karnataka Ulsoor Lake, Karnataka

10. Lower & Upper Lake, Madhya Pradesh 11. Umiam Lake, Meghalaya 12 . Ward Lake, Meghalaya 13. Umtrew Lake, Meghalaya 14. Thadlaskena, Meghalaya 15. Kankoria Lake, Gujarat Sewage Management in Ganga Basin As per the recent estimate, out of 22,900 MLD of wastewater generated in the Ganga basin, out of which only about 5,900 MLD (26%) is treated while as much as 17,000 MLD is disposed untreated. Twenty-seven cities have only primary treatment facilities and forty-nine have primary and secondary treatment facilities. The level of treatment available in cities with existing treatment plant varies from 2.5% to 89% of the sewage generated. The river Ganga is the largest in the country. The catchment area of the river is 861,404 square kilometres, covering 26.2 percent of total geographical area of the country. The river watershed spread over ten States, namely:- Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh and Delhi. Urban population consisting of Class I Cities and Class II Towns in the Ganga basin is 57 million (as per 1991) which is projected to be over 72 million in 2002. There are 101 Class I cities and 122 Class II towns in the basin. The recent survey of Class I and Class II cities indicate that about 8,250 MLD wastewater is generated in the Ganga basin, out of which treatment facilities available only for 3,500 MLD of wastewater. Out of 3,500 MLD treatment capacity, 880 MLD has been created under Ganga Action Plan, 720 MLD under Yamuna Action Plan and about 2,189 MLD has been created by Delhi Government for restoration of water quality of river Yamuna. The treatment facilities at 48 additional towns along the Ganga and 23 towns on its tributaries/sub-tributaries are being created under Ganga Action Plan Phase-II and National River Action Plan. It is expected that after completion of these plans, an additional treatment capacity of about 1,500 MLD will be created. However, still there is a large gap between the wastewater generation (8,250 MLD) and treatment (3,500 MLD).

Disposal of Wastewater in Ganga Basin from Class-I Cities and Class-II Towns Amount of Wastewater directly discharged into river Ganga from class I cities & class II towns (MLD) Amount of wastewater discharged into the tributaries or subtributaries of the Ganga from class I cities and class II towns (MLD) 171.5 119.6 136.9 503.0 210.7 881.6 24.0 93.6 2350.0 4490.9 Amount of wastewater discharged on land/low lying areas from class I cities and class II towns (MLD) 87.8 11.6 72.6 123.5 249.6 225.8 46.9 52.5 350.0 1220.3 Total wastewater (MLD) disposal in Ganga Basin

State

Bihar Jharkhand Haryana Madhya Pradesh Rajasthan Uttar Pradesh Uttaranchal West Bengal Delhi Total

412.1 653.8 42.5 1429.2 2537.6

671.4 131.2 209.5 626.5 460.3 1761.2 113.4 1575.3 2700.0 8248.8

Summary of Sewage Generation Treatment and Disposal in Ganga Basin Total number of towns generating significant amount of sewage ( class I cities and class II 222 towns ) Sewage generation from 222 towns Sewage directly disposed into the Ganga river Sewage disposed into tributaries of the Ganga Sewage disposed on land or low lying areas Sewage Treatment capacity created under Ganga Action Plan Phase-I Sewage treatment capacity created along the Yamuna 8250 MLD 2538 MLD 4491 MLD 1220 MLD 882 MLD 2631 MLD

Additional towns (48 towns) where sewage treatment capacity is being created under GAP 600 MLD Phase-II Number of towns where sewage treatment capacity is being created on tributaries of the Ganga 750 MLD Sewage Treatment Plants under the Ganga Action Plan The Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) were either upgraded or constructed to treat the domestic sewage by adopting treatment technologies, such as low cost waste stabilisation ponds, conventional Activated Sludge Process (ASP) Trickling Filter (TF) and Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) treatment systems.

o o o o o o

Out of 35 STPs planned under GAP Phase I (3 STPs in Uttaranchal, 10 STPs in Uttar Pradesh, 7 STPs in Bihar, and 15 STPs in West Bengal), 32 are commissioned and 29 were found functioning. Adequate fund allocation for Operation &Maintenance of STPs is not provided particularly in States of Bihar and U.P. A number of sewage treatment plants are under-loaded e.g. Jajmau, Kanpur ; DLW, Varanasi ; Naini, Allahabad and some are over-loaded e.g. Dinapur and Bhagwanpur at Varanasi . Several treatment plants (STPs) need upgradation. These include all the STPs of Bihar, Swargashram at Rishikesh; Kankhal, Haridwar; Jajmau in Uttar Pradesh and Bhatpara, Titagarh, Panihati in West Bengal. Out of 1345 MLD sewage joining river Ganga as estimated during 1985, the STPs were planned for treatment of only 875 MLD sewage. Since then, the volume of sewage has increased significantly. In Bihar, the treatment plants at Karmali Chak (Patna), and Munger are yet to be constructed. Similarly, STP at Chapra and Bhagalpur are under-designed as their capacity is 2 MLD & 11 MLD respectively

o o o o

o o o

against 8.74 and 28 MLD respectively. The Chapra STP is not receiving the sewage, as it is located far away ( 5 km) and there is siltation in the drain, which is supposed to carry sewage through gravity flow. None of the STPs have obtained consent from the concerned State Pollution Control Boards, although it is obligatory under the Water Act, 1974. Inadequacy of trained personal for Operation & Maintenance work is a major shortcoming. Non-availability of uninterrupted power is another problem in most of the places. Since the STPs are biological in nature, their continuous operation is a must in order to maintain the biological growth at activated level. In most of the cities/towns included in GAP, proper sewerage system does not exist and the sewage flows in open drains causing several problems. In rainy season, the run-off water generally mixes with sewage. Since the diversion of drains through pumping is taking care of only dry weather flow, during rainy season it cannot pump the additional load of run-off water. Thus, such interception will not be effective in controlling pollution of the river during rainy season. In many cities, the sewage is not reaching the STPs due to non- existence or non-functioning of sewage transport system. There are 21 towns under Yamuna Action Plan, 3 under Gomti Action Plan, 12 under Damodar Action Plan, 3 under Betwa Action Plan, 3 under Chambal Action Plan and one each under river Shipra and Khan. There are 223 cities/ towns (Municipalities/Corporation) generating significant amount of sewage in the Ganga basin. These cities/ towns generate about 8,250 MLD ( million litre per day) of wastewater, out of which about 2,460 MLD is directly discharged into the Ganga river, about 4,570 MLD is discharged into its tributaries or sub-tributaries and about 1,220 MLD is disposed on land or in low-lying areas Out of 8,250 MLD of wastewater generated in the Ganga basin, the treatment facilities are available only for 3,500 MLD of wastewater. Out of 3,500 MLD treatment capacity, 880 MLD is created under the Ganga Action Plan, 720 MLD is created under the Yamuna Action Plan by NRCD, MoEF Govt of India and about 2,189 MLD treatment capacity is created by the Govt. of Delhi for restoration of water quality in Yamuna river.

Water Quality Status of River Yamuna in Delhi Stretch The Central Pollution Control Board is regularly monitoring River Yamuna for assessment of water quality from its origin at Yamunotri to its confluence with Ganga river at Allahabad . The trophic status of river in the stretch from downstream Wazirabad barrage at Delhi to upstream of Chambal confluence is either septic or eutrophic, whereas the remaining river stretch is oligotrophic/mesotrophic. The Delhi stretch from downstream Wazirabad to Okhla barrage (22 km) is the severely polluted stretch with persistence of septic condition. There is significant contrast in the water quality status of the river between upstream Wazirabad barrage (Palla) and downstream Wazirabad (Nizamuddin bridge and Agra Canal ). The water quality of river Yamuna at Agra is also deteriorating. During the year 2002, the Bio-chemical oxygen demand at Agra downstream ranged between 8-42 mg/l, with annual average of 21 mg/l whereas Total coliforms varied from 4,60,000 to 24,30,00,000 Nos./100 ml. The major reason of pollution in river Yamuna is not only discharges from domestic and industrial sources but also over-exploitation of fresh water available in the river, which is essentially required to maintain the self purification in the river. Water Quality of River Yamuna in Delhi Stretch (January - December 2002) S. No. Monitored Location Palla PH Min Max Av 2. Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l Min Max Av 3. Bio-chemical Demand, mg/l Oxygen Min Max Av 4. Total Coliforms Nos./100 ml Min 7.03 8.38 7.64 6.7 9.9 8.0 1 4 2 3700 Nizamuddin Bridge 6.81 7.54 7.13 Nil 2.1 0.6 6 36 23 300000 Agra Canal (Okhla Barrage u/s) 6.87 7.64 7.18 Nil 4.7 1.0 4 21 13 130000

1.

Max Av 5. Faecal Coliforms Nos./100 Min ml Max Av

102000 37550 120 6400 1449

26100000 6909167 31000 1570000 437917

10000000 2435000 5000 260000 102167

Min = Minimum; Max = Maximum; Av = Average

Monitoring of Wastewater Discharge into Yamuna River/Canals from NCT - Delhi Twenty-two drains joining River Yamuna and Canals at Delhi had been monitored regularly every month. Out of these, twenty drains join Yamuna River , while two drains join Agra and Gurgaon Canals respectively. The total pollution load in term of Bio-chemical oxygen demand carried by these drains during the year 2002 is about 259.61 tonnes per day (TPD) out of which 248.67 TPD joins the river and rest joins canals. In comparison to previous year, the total BOD load in these drains is reduced by about 45.22 tonnes/day. Najafgarh drain is the largest drain having average discharge of about 22.87 m3/sec and average BOD load is about 67.43 TPD, i.e. 47.91% of total discharge and 25.97% of total BOD load contribution by 22 drains.

Sewage Treatment Status in the Yamuna Basin Delhi generates about 3,600 MLD of wastewater, out of which treatment facility is available for only 2,109 MLD. It is observed that there is continuous effort by the Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi to augment the treatment capacity. However, the exponential population growth is nullifying the results. Twelve towns in Haryana and 8 Towns in Uttar Pradesh are included for setting up of sewage treatment plants under Yamuna Action Plan. Two sewage treatment plants in Delhi also been constructed under this plan at Sen Nursing Home Drain and Delhi Gate Drain with a design capacity of 10 MLD each. Under the plan 34 STP's are commissioned with a treatment capacity of 743.25 MLD. Status of Sewage Treatment Plants in Delhi Name of Sewage Treatment Total Capacity (Million litres per Actual Flow(Million litres per day ) Plant day) Mehrauli Vasant Kunj Okhla Najafgarh Papan Kalan Kesho Pur Nilothi Coronation Pillar Rohini Narela Rithala Yamuna Vihar Kondli Sen Nursing Home Delhi Gate Rajghat Nehru Vihar Oxidation Pond 22.7 22.7 635 22.7 90.8 327.5 181.6 178 68.1 45.4 363.2 45.4 204.5 10 10 27.24 Nil 18.16 684.00 Nil 40.86 338.21 Under Construction 123.57 Under Construction 1.68 198.45 32.08 133.4 9.08 10.69 8.1

Total Groundwater Survey

2254.84

1598.28

Groundwater Survey for the Problem areas In the 29th Conference of the Chairmen & Member Secretaries of the Central Board and the State Pollution Control Boards, it was decided that an integrated approach towards environmental management was necessary for pollution related matters in the problem areas. CPCB had initially identified 22 problem areas and subsequently two more problems areas were identified. CPCB had conducted a major groundwater quality monitoring program at 22 problem areas during year 1994and the findings were brought out as CPCB publications series GWQS/1 to 4 / 1995-96. In the current programme, it is proposed to conduct another round of groundwater quality monitoring at all the identified problem areas through Zonal Offices of CPCB. The reports will be brought in a staggered manner and the first part is under finalisation, wherein the data will be interpreted along with data of surveys already available with the Central Ground Water Board. The participating agencies are listed below. Agencies for Groundwater Quality Assessment Executing agency CPCB ZO - Kanpur CPCB ZO - Bangalore CPCB ZO - Bhopal CPCB ZO - Vadodara CPCB, H.O., Delhi (Laboratory) CPCB ZO - Shillong CPCB ZO - Kolkata Orissa PCB Problem areas (24 areas) Parwenoo , Kala-Amb , Singrauli, Govindgarh (4 areas) Manali, North Arcot, Greater Cochin, Bhadravathi, Vishakapatnam, Bolaram-Patancheru (6 areas) Pali, Jodhpur, Korba, Ratlam-Nagda (4 areas) Vapi, Ankleshwar, Chembur, Tarapur Najafgarh Drain Basin area Digboi Durgapur, Howrah, Dhanbad (3 areas) Angul, Talcher

The salient observations for the problem area Durgapur are given below: i. The groundwater quality of the two tubewells located at Ashishnagar and Mayabazar stand out prominently in both the rounds that were conducted both in 1994 and in 2001-2002. The following physico-chemical parameters exceeded the limits stipulated by BIS. CPCB groundwater locations in Durgapur, West Bengal Location Mayabazar Ashisnagar Sagarbhanga Ganatantra Colony Palasdiha ii. iii. Approx. depth(m) 25-30 25-30 15-20 15-20 15-20 Type Tubewell Tubewell Dugwell Dugwell Dugwell Current use Drinking & domestic purposes -do-do-do-do-

iv.

Bacterial contamination was observed at all the five locations. Fluoride levels were found quite low in most of the samples taken, about 65% of the samples in 20012002 reported values less than 0.5mg/l. The data received from Central Ground Water Board for the year 1999-2000 indicated fluoride values from 0.18 to 0.45 mg/l at all the locations i.e. Piala, Bhiringi, Banscopa, Deshbandhunagar and Durgapur Barrage. The concentrations of heavy metals were less than the stipulated values except for iron at the dugwell at

v.

Palasdiha . The reported values for DDT were the most prominent, compared to other pesticides. Ground Water resources for Durgapur Block (unconfined aquifer)

Area (sq.km)

379.40

Utilizable GW resources (85% of gross) MCM 62.7535 Net annual GW draft (70% of gross) MCM Balance GW resources MCM Level of GW development (%) 0.33 62.4235 0.52

Vapi in Gujarat is one of the biggest industrial estates with 1,800 industrial units in about 1,140 hectares of land. The groundwater samples collected from this problem area reveal that the Total Dissolved Solids were exceeding the limit of 500 mg/l and total hardness values were within the limit. The values of sulphate and nitrite were within the limit, but the conductivity values were ranging between 1,880 to 1,940 mhos/cm, indicating contamination from surface pollutants. The measured values of chloride and fluoride were within the limit at IOC Godown, but values were exceeding at Charwad Road Station. The counts of Total Coliform and Fecal Coliform were below detectable limit except at IOC Godown during first round. There is a possibility of sewage contamination at this point. The concentrations of magnesium and calcium were exceeding at IOC Godown. The groundwater samples collected from Ankleshwar, another problem area in Gujarat, reveal that the Total Dissolved Solids were high in concentration, and total hardness was exceeding the limits. The values of sulphate and chloride were exceeding the limits. The value of nitrite was observed within the limit near CETP and Bharuch Naka. The concentration of fluoride was within the limit. Total Coliform and Faecal Coliform were not detected at Piraman School, however, both were found at Bharuch Naka. Total coliform was present near CETP, but faecal coliform could not be detected. The measured sodium values were 67-400 mg/l near CETP, 490-610 mg/l at Piraman School and 790-870 mg/l at Bharuch Naka. Groundwater Monitoring in Major Cities Groundwater quality of three major cities in Uttar Pradesh (Lucknow, Kanpur and Ghaziabad) and one city in Haryana (Faridabad - Ballabhgarh) is being monitored through a network of 38 representative locations. At each location, monitoring during pre- and post-monsoon phase is to be undertaken. The monitoring of post-monsoon phase at each location has been completed. The conductivity, fluoride and chloride content at each location was higher. At one location in Ghaziabad, excessive colour has been found. In all the cities, the total coliform count was high, and at some places faecal coliform was also present. At all the locations, the iron content was high and chromium content was exceeding at 12 locations. In Kanpur, hexavalent chromium (a more harmful state) was recorded at one location. Groundwater Quality in Metropolitan Cities

Assessment of groundwater quality in metropolitan cities of Lucknow, Ludhiana, Agra, Meerut, Faridabad and Jaipur is carried out to know the deterioration and identification of polluting sources. It is observed that the increased abstraction has lowered the water table and increased the salinity (total dissolved solids), fluoride and lead levels in Agra and Faridabad region, whereas the quality in other cities found satisfactory with respect to major cations and anions. Status of arsenic contamination in ground water of West Bengal In the State of West Bengal, 9 out of a total 18 districts are affected by arsenic. In the affected areas, people are suffering from different arsenic related diseases. CPCB Zonal Office at Kolkata has developed facility for testing of arsenic in water. It conducts the tests free-of-charge. During the year, 730 tube-well samples were analysed and the results were intimated to local people.

A study was also undertaken to assess the efficiency of Arsenic Removal Plants (ARP) installed at different locations in West Bengal 19 plants were monitored for this purpose. The matter has been taken up with the concerned State authorities. Groundwater Quality around Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) and Common Secured Landfill Sites (CLFS) in Gujarat Groundwater samples around CETP and CLFS were collected from Gujarat Industrial Development Corporations at Vatva, Odhav, Nandesari, Ankleshwar and Vapi. The findings of the study reveal that there is no inspection well available for measuring the groundwater quality at various depths for covering up gradients with respect to the direction of flow surrounding the disposal site. The laboratories were not functioning at the disposal sites and hazardous waste was randomly disposed by the labours having no protective clothings. Analytical results indicate that the Total Dissolved Solids were exceeding the prescribed norms at all the locations and during all the seasons. Sulphate varied between 26 mg/l and 613 mg/l and total hardness between 36 mg/l to 643 mg/l at Ankleshwar. Alkalinity was ranging between 20 mg/l and 980 mg/l, chloride between 217 to 1,621 mg/l and phosphate remained in the range of Below Detection Level to 0.65 mg/l. Water Quality of Ponds and Lakes Environment Management Plan for some ponds of Kolkata A study was undertaken to evaluate the action plan for management of ponds in Kolkata. Detailed survey was conducted to assess the present status of the ponds giving emphasis on the identification of sources of pollution. Findings of the survey covered ownership of ponds, user profile, practice of pisciculture, pond condition, status of maintenance, percentage of encroachment etc. Water and sediment quality of the ponds were studied in details in terms of physical, chemical and biological parameters. From the above study, action plan may be framed for management of ponds in Kolkata. Impact of immersion of idol on ponds in Kolkata During festivals, the idols made containing different types of materials such as clay, straw, woods, paints etc. These idols are disposed in the waterbodies alongwith fruits and flowers. A study was conducted at three ponds in Kolkata to assess the changes in water quality due to immersion of idols. Dry study was also carried out to quantify the raw materials required for making the idol to have a stoichiometric quantity being disposed. The varnish oil and water soluble dyes are considered the source of pollutants among the raw materials used in preparation of idol. Though fruits and flowers are also the sources of pollution but they are generally removed from the ponds immediately after immersion. For impact study, sampling of water and sediments was undertaken before and after immersion at different points of each pond. The results revealed that no major changes with respect to TSS, TDS, Chloride, Potassium, Sulphate, Phosphate, Calcium though very little inclination in trend of these variables were observed. For further confirmation, an indepth study will be carried out in the forthcoming Dussehra Ceremony. Water Quality Monitoring of Chilika & Anusupa Lake, Orissa Chilika lake is situated between 19o 28' and 19o54' North latitudes and 85o 05' and 85o 38' East longitudes on eastern coast of India and is the largest brackish water lake with estuarine character that sprawls along the east coast. It is one of the hot spots of bio-diversity in the country and some rare, vulnerable and endangered species listed in the IUCN Red list of threatened animals inhabit the lake area for atleast a part of their life cycle. Based on its rich bio-diversity and socio-economic importance, Chilika Lake was designated by the Govt of India as Ramsar Site in 1981, under the Ramsar Convention of Wetlands of International Importance. Two rounds of monitoring of the lake had been conducted and some salient observations are: Chilika Lake

Water spread area of the lake varies between 1165 and 906 sq km during the monsoon and summer respectively. The Lake is broadly divided into four sectors based on salinity and depth. The southern zone, central zone, northern zone and the outer channel. A 32 km long narrow outer channel connects the main lake to the Bay of Bengal.

There are 52 nos. of rivers and rivulets drain into which brings in about 0.365 million tons of sediments. It is presently under threat from both natural and anthropogenic pressures. The problems are siltation, changes in salinity concentration, increase in freshwater weeds and aquaculture activities, decrease in fish productivity, changes in species composition of avifauna eutrophication, excessive extraction of bioresources and an overall loss of bio-diversity. These problems resulted in the degradation of the Lake's ecosystem.

Anusupa Lake Anusupa Lake is one of the fresh Water Lake at Atha Garh which is approximately 35 km from Bhubaneswar. This lake receives water during monsoon period from Mahanadi River. The lake is divided into Northern and Southern site. The salient observations are as follows:

Lake is completely Eutrophicated. It receives agricultural run-off from different sides. This lake has the potential of becoming an important recreation centre for Bhubaneswar. If the lake is managed properly eco-tourism can be developed which will be a source of revenue for the State.

Biomonitoring & Biomapping of Water Bodies Biomonitoring of Water Quality Biomonitoring has been undertaken at following wetlands of major wildlife habitats in the country, in collaboration with concerned Zonal offices of Central Pollution Control Board and State Pollution Control Boards. Wetlands Location State Rajasthan Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Uttar Pradesh Delhi Arunachal Pradesh Arunachal Pradesh Bihar Bihar Bihar Haryana Month March April April July July July January November November November December December December December

Keoladeo (Ghana) National Bharatpur Park Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary East Godavari

Kolleru Lake Bird Sanctuary West Godavari Samaspur Sanctuary Lake Bird Rae Bareily Unnao Hardoi Keetham Okhla Barrage Roing

Nawabganj Bird Sanctuary Sandi Lake Bird Sanctuary Sur Sarovar Bird Sanctuary River Yamuna Mehao Wildlife Sanctuary

D' Ering Memorial Wildlife Pasighat Sanctuary Kanwar Lake Sanctuary Wildlife Begusarai

Jubba Sahini Braila Bird Vaishali Sanctuary Kusheshwar Sanctuary Sultanpur Sanctuary Sthan Lake Bird Darbhanga Bird Sultanpur

Biomonitoring of river Yamuna during Visit of Migratory Birds CPCB has been regularly conducting the biomonitoring of Yamuna river at Okhla Barrage. Consequent to a news

item on "No Flight of Fancy, Hundreds of Flamingos at Okhla Barrage", published in the Delhi edition of Indian Express on November 22, 2002, CPCB carried out a study of the water quality at Okhla Barrage. During the study, numerous Flamingos were present in the river water. Biomonitoring was carried out for rapid assessment of water quality at Okhla Barrage. The results are presented in the following table.

Water Quality at Okhla Barrage Pakhsi Vihar Month Location Temperature, 0C Dissolved Oxygen, mg/l pH Saprobic Score Diversity Score Water Quality Class Water Quality

Air Nov,01 Dec,01 Jan,02 May,02 Jun,02 Jun,02 Nov,02 Nov,02 Nov,02

Water Abu Fazal Enclave Abu Fazal Enclave Abu Fazal Enclave Abu Fazal Enclave Abu Fazal Enclave Pakshi Vihar NOIDA Road NOIDA Road Abu Fazal Enclave 22.5 22.5 23.0 42.0 42.0 41.0 28.5 27.0 28.0 24.5 16.5 17.0 29.0 29.0 30.0 22.0 21.5 21.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.28 0.0 1.64 2.42 2.57 0.0 ---7.68 7.62 8.40 -6.50 6.5 5.2 4.67 4.5 4.44 4.27 3.88 5.14 4.35 4.75 0.78 0.80 0.53 0.67 0.71 0.56 0.85 0.68 0.82 C C C C C C C C C Moderate Pollution Moderate Pollution Moderate Pollution Moderate Pollution Moderate Pollution Moderate Pollution Moderate Pollution Moderate Pollution Moderate Pollution

Biomapping of Rivers of Meghalaya Biomapping of perennial rivers of the State of Meghalaya has been carried out by the Central Board in collaboration with Meghalaya State Pollution Control Board, Shillong. The water quality of various monitored rivers is as follows: Bio-assessment of Rivers of Meghalaya Name of Location the River Umiam, d/s Mawphlang District Temperature, C Dissolved pH Saprobic Diversity Water Quality Oxygen, Score Score Class Air Water mg/l East Khasi Hills East Khasi Hills East Khasi East Khasi East Khasi 17.0 16.0 9.4 7.2 7.8 0.2 A

UmiamMawphlong, d/s Umiew, u/s Umiew, d/s Umtyngngar, u/s

Shella

35.0 27.0

7.2

--

7.7

0.4

Nongkrem Umtyngngar Umtyngngar

18.0 15.0 18.0 16.0 27.0 22.0

7.0 8.6 --

7.5 4.5 7.2 7.7 -7.7

0.7 0.6 0.65

C A A

Diengli-eng

Dhankheti

East Khasi Hills

13.0 11.0

6.0

7.1 6.7

0.64

Umkaliar

Nongmynsong East Khasi Hills East Khasi Hills East Khasi Hills East Khasi Hills East Khasi Hills East Khasi East Khasi East Khasi West Khasi Hills West Khasi Hills West Khasi Hills

16.0 13.0

7.0

7.2 4.7

0.4

Umkhrahu/s Demthring Spring Umkhrahm/s Umpling

--

--

6.4

5.1 0.0

0.0

17.0 16.0

4.6

7.3 2.6

0.2

Umkhrahd/s Mawpdang

17.0 14.0

6.0

7.2 3.4

0.7

Umshyr-pi

Rilbong

15.0 13.0

5.6

7.4 2.6

0.3

Motupun Mawka-bor Laisdt Kynshi, u/s

Sderkariah Laitryngew Mawkdok Sohra Mawmaraw

--

--

---6.0

--

4.5

0.8 0.21 0.47 0.6

C C-D B A

25.0 20.0 20.0 18.0 22.0 17.0

5- 6.0 5.6 -6.5

6.8 7.8

Kynshi, m/s

Umkrem

20.0 15.0

6.6

6.7 6.5

0.5

Kynshi, d/s

Kynshi

20.0 16.0

6.8

6.5 7.3

0.6

Weikha-wet

Pyndenglawar West Khasi Hills West Khasi Hills West Khasi Hills West Khasi Hills Jaintia Hills Jaintia Hills Jaintia Hills Jaintia Hills Jaintia Hills

14.0 8.0

9.4

7.4 8.6

0.7

Nondein, u/s Nondein

21.0 17.0

10.0

7.5 6.5

0.61

Nanbah, u/s Nongstoin

21.0 17.0

9.0

7.4 4.9

0.71

Nanbah, d/s Nongstoin

19.0 15.0

7.8

7.1 5.9

0.8

Lubha, u/s Lubha, d/s Thadlaskein Lake Myntdu d/s Myntdu m/s

Sonapur Sonapur Mukhla Syntuksiar Jowai Jowai

30.0 27.0 31.0 27.0 24.0 21.0 17.0 21.0 ---

8.6 8.4 7.4 8.8 9.5

---

7.1 7.6

0.8 0.6 0.56 0.55 0.65

A A C A A-B

6.5 5.3 7.4 7.0 7.5 7.1

Myntdu u/s Umngot

Jowai Dawki

Jaintia Hills Jaintia Hills

17.0 14.0 31.0 27.0

13.0 --

6.7 6.7 -7.8

0.72 0.66

B A

Biological Water Quality Criteria Range of Range of Diversity Water Quality Saprobic Score Score (0-1) (0-10) 7 and more 6-7 3-6 2-5 0-2 0.2-1.0 0.5-1.0 0.3-0.9 0.4 or less 0-0.2 Clean Slight Pollution Moderate Pollution Heavy Pollution Water Quality Class A B C D Indicator Colour

Blue Light Blue Green Orange Red

Severe Pollution E

Biomonitoring of Surface Water Bodies at Leh, Ladakh Biomonitoring of water quality of river Indus and Shyok was carried out at Ladakh during August, 2002. The results indicate that water quality of river Indus and Shyok did not support diversity of sensitive families of benthic macroinvertebrates due to impact of monsoon and snowfall. Biological water quality with respect to Biological Water Quality Criteria indicated moderate pollution (class C) at most of the locations on water bodies. Heavy pollution (class D) was observed in river Indus at Nimmo. Decentralized Sewage Treatment Systems (DTS) The approach of decentralized sewage treatment is being promoted by the different national and international agencies due to its advantages over the conventional centralized sewage collection and treatment system. The advantages of the decentralized treatment system include reduced cost on sewage collection and maintenance of sewerage system, cost effective treatment technology, easy utilization of treated sewage, easy management of the wastewater due to its lesser volume and involvement of people/builders/developers in the wastewater treatment and management. To study the practical problem in DTS and reuse/recycle of treated sewage along with harvested rain water, a pilot cum demonstration project has been taken up at Auroville, Pondicherry. The objectives of the study are, the performance evaluation of sewage treatment system, reuse/recycle of treated sewage alongwith harvested rainwater and monitoring of the parameters pH, COD, BOD, TKN, SS and Feacal Coliform. Technical and financial assistance for installation of demonstrative rooftop rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems in SPCBs With a view to demonstrate the ease of practicing rooftop rainwater harvesting for management of water resources, the Central Board has initiated a scheme for financing up to Rs.2.50 lakh for State Pollution Control Boards/ Pollution Control Committees for installation of RWH systems in their own premises. During the year 2002, technical financial assistance for installation of demonstrative rooftop rainwater harvesting systems was provided to the following State Pollution Control Boards: i. ii. iii. iv. v. Assam SPCB - in the premises of their headquarters at Guwahati Chattisgarh ECB - in Regional Office buildings at Bilaspur and Jagdalpur UPPCB - in the premises of Regional Office, Kanpur APPCB - in the premises of upcoming headquarters and laboratory building in Hyderabad Kerala SPCB - in the premises of their Regional Office, Ernakulam

Evaluation of technological and management performance of CETPs

The Ministry of Environment & Forests, GOI has so far approved 133 Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) projects, of which 52 schemes have been completed and operational. The remaining 81 are under various stages of progress. The concept of CETP calls for management of technical, financial and institutional aspects and their inter-relationships to achieve intended objectives. Few random studies of CETPs have shown mixed results about their performances. In order to develop comprehensive and systematic strategies for the effective functioning of CETPs, a project has been undertaken for a detailed study of performance and management of all the 52 CETPs that are currently operational in the country. Field study of the all the CETPs has already been completed. Some of the major observations of the study are: 1. 2. 3. 4. Majority of the CETPs has not only the small-scale industries but also medium- and large-scale units as their members. The current average inflow in 41 CETPs is in the range of 25-65% of the design capacity. Only 11 CETPs are currently receiving more than 90% of the design inflow quantity of industrial effluents. None of the CETPs studied are compliant with respect to all the parameters prescribed as standards. This is despite the fact that a majority of them handling much less than design effluent quantities. Energy costs has been reported to be the major component of the O&M cost of the CETPs. In some of States, the CETPs are charged at commercial rates (and not industrial rates) since by definition they are not industries. Almost all CETPs demand that they should be provided electricity at subsidized rates. A majority of the CETPs has been registered as cooperative societies. Some have been registered as limited companies.

5.

Where the member units of CETPs are of same category of industries, CETP treatment charges are usually fixed based on the quantity of the raw material processed or effluent generated. In case of mixed type of member industries, charges are based on the concentration of certain parameters identified by CETP management (such as pH, COD and/or TDS). Studies on Rain and Runoff Storm Water In order to generate information on non-point sources of pollution, the quality of rain water and the surface runoff storm water were measured at various locations covering industrial, commercial and rural areas in Maharastra, Gujarat and Daman. The locations were selected for collection and analysis of samples on the basis of different activities such as agricultural, urban, commercial and industrial. The efforts were also made to assess the chemical nature of rainwater and surface runoff water. Analytical results reveal that "Acid Rain" was not encountered anywhere in Vadodara. The measured pH values in rain water and surface runoff were in alkaline range. The surface runoff of Vadodara goes to river Mini, which ultimately joins the river Mahi. Both the rivers receive runoff storm water, which carries large quantities of Total Dissolved Solids, Suspended Solids, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) from industrial clusters of Vadodara. The COD values measured in the surface runoff water during monsoon were much higher than the pre-monsoon values. The measured values of Cadmium and Copper were exceeding the EPA discharge criteria at all the locations. At some locations, the concentration of Zinc was exceeding the limits, while nickel and lead were within the limits.

AMBIENT AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring in Delhi Air quality monitoring studies have been conducted using Ambient air quality monitoring mobile laboratory at eleven (11) locations during February - May, 2002 and June, 2002. Ambient air quality monitoring with respect to SO2, NO2, RSPM and CO was conducted at each location for 24 hours. SO2 and NO2 concentration was recorded well within the permissible limit at all monitoring locations while Respirable Particulate Matter (RSPM) exceeded the limit. Eight-hourly carbon monoxide (CO) concentration has mixed trend against the permissible limit. The monitoring study depict following findings :

Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) exceeds the prescribed standards at all the monitoring locations. Sulphur dioxide (SO2) has been recorded within limit at all the monitoring locations. Therefore, it is not considered a problematic parameter at the monitoring locations. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exceeded the air regulatory standard at Connaught Place, S.P. Mukherjee Marg (February to May, 2002) and at East Patel Nagar on June 13, 2002, while at other places it was within the standards. During February to May 2002, Carbon monoxide (CO) has been recorded much higher than the 3 prescribed permissible standard of 2000 mg/m (8 hourly average) at Connaught Place (Iind Shift), Windsor Place (Iind Shift) and S.P. Mukherjee Marg (IInd and IIIrd Shift). At East Patel Nagar, it was exceeded in morning (00.00 - 14.00 hours) and in evening (14.00 - 22.00 hours) on June 13, 2002 and in morning (006.00 - 14.00 hours) and night (22.00 - 06.00 hours) on June 14, 2002. Morning and evening traffic peaks were observed at all the locations. Concentration of air pollutants was found to increase between 08.00 hours and 11.00 hours and 16.00 hours and 21.00 hours at the monitored locations, indicating the impact of vehicular density on the air quality.

Commencement of Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Monitoring in the Ambient Air of Delhi Particulate Matter is the term used for a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air. PM2.5 refers to particulate matter that is 2.5 micrometres or smaller in size. The sources of PM2.5 include fuel combustion, power plants, wood burning, industrial processes and diesel powered vehicles. These fine particles are also formed in the atmosphere when gases such as sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide and volatile organic compounds are transformed in the air by chemical reactions. Fine particles are of concern because they are risk to both human health and environment. Because these particles are so small, they penetrate to the deepest part of the lungs. Scientific studies have suggested links between fine particulate matter and health problems including bronchitis, acute and chronic respiratory symptoms such as shortness of breath and painful breathing. Monitoring is conducted with portable samplers (Air Metrics) based on the principle of impaction. Preliminary results of monitoring, conducted at BSZ Marg, Delhi indicates alarmingly high concentration of PM2.5. Monthly 3 3 mean concentration of PM 2.5 between February and July, 2002 ranged between 46 mg/m to 153 mg/m . On an average, PM2.5 constituted 50% of PM10 and 25% of TSPM (Total Suspended Particulate Matter). It was observed that 24 hourly values had exceeded the USEPA limit of 65 mg/m3 on 95% of days on which monitoring was conducted. It is necessary to monitor PM2.5 at more number of locations in Delhi and other urban centers of the country to assess its levels and for taking mitigative measures.

Ambient Air Quality in Delhi CPCB has been monitoring ambient air quality in respect of criteria pollutants at seven locations in Delhi. The locations have been categorized based on land use, i.e. residential, industrial and traffic intersections. The comparison of ambient air quality data for the year 2001 and 2002 reveals the following: The concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) have decreased, while the concentrations of suspended particulate matter (SPM), respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) have increased during the year 2002. Annual average SPM concentration during 2002 showed an increase of 20 percent in residential and industrial areas. Its values have shown increase of 11 percent at traffic intersections. The corresponding values for RSPM are 14 and 10 percent respectively. Scanty rainfall during the year 2002 and increased construction activity may be the reasons for elevated SPM and RSPM levels. The increase in the concentration of nitrogen dioxide in residential areas and at traffic intersections was approximately 11%, while in industrial areas an increase of 17 percent was observed. Increased use of fossil fuel may be the reason for increased NO2 concentration.

The increasing use of CNG, especially by three-wheelers had marked impact on the concentration which have shown a decline of 22 percent at Bahadurshah Zafar Marg intersection . Reduction of sulphur content in diesel may have contributed to a declining trend of sulphur dioxide at all the locations in Delhi. SO2 in residential areas during 2002 reduced to 11 g/m3 from a high of 14 g/m3 in 2001.

Similarly at Bahadurshah Zafar Marg traffic intersection, it was found 10 g/m3 as against 15 g/m3 recorded in 2001. SODAR System The thermal plumes in Sodar echograms indicate free convection in the atmosphere from 11 a.m. to 5 p.m. on many days in beginning of the year. In summer and monsoon season it was from 8 a.m. or 9 a.m. and was upto 6 p.m. or 7 p.m.. In post monsoon season, free convection were mostly from 9 a.m. or 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.. In the end of the year the thermal plumes were observed between 12 p.m. and 4 p.m. on many days. Rest of the time shear echoes has been obtained in the echogram which indicate stable layer and mixing in it. Mixing Height in Delhi (in Metres) Month January, 2002 February, 2002 March, 2002 April, 2002 May, 2002 June, 2002 July, 2002 August, 2002 (Data capture about 50%) September, 2002 (Data capture about 50%) October, 2002 November, 2002 December, 2002 Benzene Monitoring in Delhi Max. 1197 1197 1197 1240 1282 1155 1197 1155 1282 1282 1367 1240 Min. 85 80 100 90 95 100 110 100 100 100 95 80

On-line

BTX

Monitoring

in

Delhi

(Using

Mobile

Van)

The monitoring of BTX in ambient air was continued during the year 2002 using mobile van fixed with continuous online BTX analyser (MLU 950 of Synspec) at several locations in Delhi. Results (October 2001 to May 2002) indicate the following: Average Benzene levels were highest at Britannia Industrry chowk during Oct. 2001 (15.5g/m3) followed by ITO (10.1 g/m3) and lowest at National Physical Laboratory (Pusa Road) during summer (May, 2001; 3 2.3 g/m ). Toluene level was observed much higher (approximately 3 times) than Benzene, which ranged between 3 3 5.1 g/m at NPL Pusa Road and 50.2 g/m at Britannia Industry Chowk. Vehicular pollution seems to be the major source of high levels of Benzene at Britannia Industry chowk and at ITO (BSZ Marg) during October 2001. Levels of Benzene and Toluene were observed higher during October month and lower during May month probably due to higher ambient temperature and better dispersion.

On line BTX Monitoring in Delhi (Stationary Continous Analysers) On line BTX monitoring in Delhi at Siri Fort and ITO (BSZ Marg) have been indicated from August 2002 . Siri Fort Average, Maximum and Minimum monthly Benzene levels depicted gradual increase in the levels from August to October, 2002. Bahadurshah Zafar Marg (ITO) Average, Maximum and Minimum monthly Benzene levels at ITO shows gradual increase in the levels from August to November/December, 2002. Overall Average benzene levels were observed higher at ITO as compared to Siri Fort probably due to higher traffic density.

Half hourly observations show that concentration of all measured components remain prevalent since evening time till midnight which reflect that Benzene compound do not dissipate into the environment immediately after their release. They persist in the lower atmosphere during dark and comparative cooler temperature in the night until oxidized during daylight. It is observed that Benzene level build up in high conc. for a longer duration at Traffic intersection as compared to residential area especially during winter season. Active BTX Sampling Followed By ATD-GC Analysis

 Instrumental methods are being calibrated and standardised for BTX analysis using Active sampling techniques followed by Automated Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography analysis. Samples are collected at selected locations i.e. traffic intersection, petrol pump and residential areas for shorter period (two-three hours) using low flow pump at different time intervals including peak and lean traffic periods.

The following are the observations.

Maximum BTX levels were observed at Petrol Pumps mainly Preet Vihar because of less dispersion due to high rise buildings in the vicinity. Traffic intersection (ITO) recorded highest BTX level after petrol pumps. BTX level at residential areas were recorded low as compared to traffic intersection and petrol pumps. Toluene concentrations were observed approximately 1.5 times the Benzene concentration. Breakthrough was observed during active (low flow pumped) sampling even at 20 ml/minute flow rate when Tenax, Coconut Charcoal were used. Therefore, selection of suitable adsorbents is to be made through further experimental work using adsorbent like Chromosorb 106 at different flow rate, sources and atmospheric conditions.

Inspection of Authorised Vehicular Pollution Checking Centres in Delhi Inspection of Vehicular Pollution Checking Centres (PCCs), authorised by Directorate of Transport (Govt. of NCT Delhi) was conducted between November 28 to December 4, 2002 to check the operation, methodology and calibration of the instruments. 33 PCCs covering all the five zones, i.e. South, West, North, Central and East Delhi were inspected during the programme. It was observed that the staff, deployed at the PCCs need regular training to improve their skills and appraise them of the steps, being taken for reducing vehicular pollution. Implementation of Male' Declaration on Control & Prevention of Air Pollution and its likely Transboundary Effects for South Asia Air pollution is an emerging environmental issue in Asia as it is in other parts of the world. To cope up with the issue of Transboundary Air Pollution in South Asia, the Male' Declaration was adopted by Ministers of the Environment at the Seventh Meeting of the Governing Council of South Asia Cooperative Environment Programme (SACEP), held on April 22, 1998 in Male, Republic of Maldives. The Male' Declaration stated the need to carry forward or initiate studies and programme on Air Pollution in each country of South Asia. The phase - I of the Male' Declaration started in 1999 saw the establishment of the network

of organisations to implement the Declaration and compilation of baseline information on Air Quality Monitoring and Management in the participating countries. The phase - II of the programme commenced in 2002 and the objective of this phase is to put in place the expertise, equipment and information, needed for the quantitative monitoring, analysis and policy recommendations for prevention / control of air pollution. The specific objectives of this phase are :

Expanding the existing network; Establishing / strengthening monitoring facilities; and Study the transboundary effects of Air Pollution.

As a part of Implementation of Male' Declaration, a Stakeholders Meeting was held in New Delhi on September 24, 2002. Over 50 participants from all the sectors as well as implementing agencies of Male' Declaration participated in the meeting. Central Pollution Control Board, Delhi; Ministry of Environment & Forests; SACEP; SEI and UNEP / RRC-AP jointly organised the meeting. Recommendations were derived from the forum for future implementation of the Male' Declaration. Development of Certified Reference Material (CRM) of Gas Mixtures Standard gas mixtures are an accurate and cost effective method for calibrating air quality monitoring instruments. They are stable and provide a repeatable reference concentration that can be used for regular calibrations. Each air quality standard contains one or more component mixed with nitrogen or air. At present there is no agency in the country which has the capability and authorization to certify gas standards. Central Pollution Control Board has undertaken the study to develop standard gas mixtures, under a sponsored project by Department of Science and Technology (DST), CPCB will qualify as a centre for traceability of all gas measurements. Traceability of gases is necessary if the standards are applied to analysers and methods. By applying standards which are directly traceable to national primary gases, not only do the quality of measurement increases but at the same time measurements performed in different laboratories can be compared. The Static Injection system and the Dynamic dilution system installed at the laboratory were employed for developing the gas mixtures. The above systems have been thoroughly tested and used for conducting five rounds of inter-laboratory comparisons of gas measurements, apart from calibration of air monitoring analysers. Results from the inter-laboratory comparisons have shown that the standards developed by CPCB are comparable and reliable. Trial attempts have also been conducted to refill gas cylinders with low concentration (ppb levels) of gas mixtures. These low concentration gases in gas cylinders can be directly used for calibrating air monitoring analysers installed in the field stations thus preventing the cumbersome process of transporting analysers to the central lab for calibration. In the last phase of the project it is envisaged to compare gas standards produced with standards procured from internationally reputed agencies such as NIST, USA to ensure that the gas standards produced are comparable and traceable to international standards. Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) Levels RSPM levels exceeded the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (annual average) in residential areas of Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam, Delhi, Ahmedabad, Parwanoo, Bangalore, Cochin, Dehradun, Thiruvananthapuram, Mumbai, Nagpur, Pune, Solapur, Angul, Rourkela, Jaipur, Chennai, Kanpur, Lucknow and Kolkata. RSPM levels also exceeded the NAAQS (annual average) in industrial areas of Ahmedabad, Dehradun, Thiruvannathapuram, Solapur, Jaipur, Kanpur and Kolkata. RSPM levels were within the NAAQS (annual average) in residential areas of Kozhikode and Shillong and industrial areas of Hyderabad, Visakhapatnam, Bangalore, Mysore, Cochin, Kotayam, Kozhokode, Palakkad, Mumbai, Nagpur, Pune, Rourkela and Chennai. Non-attainment Areas Critical levels of RSPM were observed in residential areas of Hyderabad, Delhi, Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Cochin, Dehradun, Thiruvananthapuram, Mumbai, Nagpur, Pune, Solapur, Rourkela, Jaipur, Kanpur, Lucknow and Kolkata. High levels of RSPM were observed in residential areas of Visakhapatnam. Parwanoo, Angul and Chennai. These results indicate that National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) (annual average) of RSPM was exceeded in above cities. Critical levels of RSPM were observed in industrial areas of Ahmedabad, Thiruvananthapuram, Solapur, Jaipur,

Kanpur and Kolkata and high levels of RSPM were observed in industrial area of Hyderabad and Dehradun during 2000. These results indicate that NAAQS (annual average) of RSPM was exceeded in above mentioned cities. Moderate levels were observed in residential areas of Kozhikode, Shillong and industrial areas of Mysore, Cochin, Kottayam, Mumbai, Nagpur, Pune and Rourkela, where NAAQS (annual average) was not exceeded. List of Non Attainment Cities in India (RSPM) (Based on Ambient Air Quality Data 1995-2001) S.No. Cities Major Sources of Pollution Pollutants of Concern A) Metropolitan Cities 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 AGRA AHEMADABAD BANGALORE BHOPAL CHENNAI DELHI DHANBAD FARIDABAD HYDERABAD INDORE JABALPUR JAIPUR KANPUR KOCHI KOLKATA LUCKNOW LUDHIANA MADURAI MUMBAI NAGPUR NASHIK PATNA PUNE SURAT VADODARA VARANASI VISAKHAPATNAM Vehicle, Industries Vehicle, Industries Vehicle Vehicle Vehicle, Industries Vehicle, Industries Vehicles, Industries Vehicles Vehicles Vehicles Vehicles Vehicles, Industries Vehicles, Industries Vehicles, Industries Vehicles, Vehicles,Industries Vehicles, Vehicles, Industries Vehicles Vehicles Vehicles, Natural Dust Vehicles, Industries, Vehicles Vehicles, Industries Vehicles, Natural Dust Vehicles, Industries SPM SO2 RSPM,SPM RSPM,SPM RSPM,SPM RSPM NO2 , RSPM,SPM SO2 SPM SPM RSPM, SPM RSPM,SPM NO2 ,RSPM,SPM RSPM,SPM RSPM,SPM RSPM,SPM RSPM,SPM, NO2 RSPM,SPM SPM,RSPM SPM RSPM.SPM RSPM,SPM RSPM,SPM SPM RSPM,NO2 ,SPM SO2 , SPM SO2 , SPM RSPM.SPM NO2 ,RSPM,SPM

B) Other Cities 1 2 3 4. 5 6 ALWAR ANGUL ANKLESHWAR BHILAI CHANDIGARH CHANDRAPUR Vehicles, Natural Dust NO2 , SPM

Vehicles,Industries, Natural Dust SPM Industries Industries Vehicles, Industries Industries SO2 , SPM SPM SPM SPM

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

DEHRADUN GAJRAULA GOBINDGARH HOWRAH JALANDHAR JHARIA JODHPUR KORBA KOTA NAGDA PARWANOO RAIPUR RAJKOT ROURKELA SATNA SHIMLA SOLAPUR UDAIPUR VAPI

Vehicles, Natural Dust Industries Industries Vehicles, Industiries Vehicles, Industries Industries, Natural Dust Natural Dust Industries Vehicles Industries Industries Industries, Natural Dust Vehicles Vehicles, Natural Dust Industries Industries Natural Dust Vehicles, Natural Dust Vehicles, Natural Dust Industries

RSPM, SPM SPM SPM SO2 , NO2, SPM SPM SPM RSPM. SPM SPM NO2 , RSPM,SPM SO2 , SPM SPM RSPM, SPM SPM SPM SPM SPM RSPM,SPM NO2 , SPM SPM

Air Quality Status in Seven Major Cities Central Pollution Control Board initiated National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (NAAQM) programme in the year 1984 with 7 stations at Agra and Anpara. Subsequently in 1998-99 the programme was renamed as National Air Monitoring Programme (NAMP). The number of monitoring stations under NAMP has increased, steadily, to 295 by 2000-01 covering 98 cities/towns in 29 States and 3 Union Territories of the country. Under NAMP, four air pollutants viz., Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Oxides of Nitrogen as NO2, Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) and Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM/PM10), have been identified for regular monitoring at all the locations. The monitoring of pollutants is carried out for 24 hours (4-hourly sampling for gaseous pollutants and 8hourly sampling for particulate matter) with a frequency of twice a week, to have 104 observations in a year.

It has been observed that air pollution problem is serious in seven major cities in the country namely Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata and Mumbai mainly due to high vehicular population. An attempt has been made to address the problem of air pollution in these seven cities. Estimates are made of air pollutants load coming from vehicles. Status of air pollutants are also established to find the air pollutants that are exceeding the air quality standards. Following are the findings. Urbanisation is more rapid around national capital and state head quarters in the country. Over the years these cities have become a major center for commerce, industry and education. Increase in population both endemic and floating, increase in industrial activities, vehicular population etc. have led to a number of environmental problems, one of them being air pollution. Enormous increase in number of vehicles has resulted in increased emission of air pollutants from motor vehicles. SO2, and NO2 levels are within NAAQS (Annual average) in Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad and Mumbai. Short-term violation of NO2 is observed especially during winter months in Mumbai and Delhi. Most critical form of pollution is Respirable Suspended particulate Matter in all the seven cities. SPM levels are also exceeding the NAAQS (Annual average) in Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata and Mumbai in residential areas. The reason for high particulate matter pollution is attributable to vehicular emissions, resuspension of dust, commercial and domestic use of fuel etc. In Ahmedabad emission from power plants and industries located in industrial areas may also contribute to particulate matter pollution. In Mumbai, emission from power plants and oil refinery may also contribute to particulate matter pollution.

Air Pollution Load from Vehicular Emission in Seven Major Cities Ambient Air Monitoring in Kanpur

The air quality monitoring data indicate that the values of RSPM ranges from 62 g/m3 to 257 g/m3 on monthly basis. RSPM concentration was observed high during winter months especially in December and January. During monsoon comparatively lower values were observed. This may be due to wash out of pollutants during rain RSPM concentration was observed very high as compared to prescribed standards ie.100 g/m3 (24 hr average) throughout the year except during non-monsoon months. 3 3 3 NOx concentration ranges from 11g/m to 34 g/m which is much lower than standards i.e. 80 g/m (24 Hrs. Basis )

So2 was observed very low all over the year and not of any concern.

The possible reasons for the higher RSPM in Kanpur could be: Large number of vehicles plying on the roads. Major contributors are Tempos which are plying without scrubber. The tempos, which are fitted with Scrubbers were observed bypassing it. Digging of roads in all parts of city for Ganga action Plan, laying of optical fiber lines by telecom companies has increased the finer dust particle in the atmosphere. Open refuse burning in heaps including rubber tyres at various places. Heavy vehicular traffic with poor traffic control creates congestion and Traffic jams, which result in air pollution. Indiscriminate use of generators of all capacities during power cut in the city creates not only air pollution but noise pollution also, as power cuts are very frequent and for prolonged duration in Kanpur. Various industrial activities in the residential areas are also responsible for air pollution in Kanpur city. Panki thermal Power Plant of U.P. Power Corporation do not confirm to the prescribed emission norms. Poor condition of roads, which are unpaved, is also a major area of concern.

Air quality of major Traffic Intersection of Kolkata with reference to Benzene and other parameters A study was undertaken at busy road intersection of three different locations (Behala, Garia and Tollygunj) in Kolkata, one of the largest and densely populated cities to assess their concentrations of Benzene, Toluene and Xylene. Date Time (hrs) 10.10.02 11.22 19.16 19.31 02.31 02.46 11.01 Benzene 3 (g/m ) to Average 63.83 to Average 67.83 to Average 49.88 Toluene 3 (g/m ) 96.51 79.24 108.61 Behala E-Benzene (g/m3 ) 11.98 4.87 8.43 Garia 22.10.02 13.03 21.03 21.33 05.33 05.48 to Average 63.51 to Average 46.18 to Average 38.25 85.03 46.06 41.32 23.99 11.14 9.62 72.16 25.15 26.76 18.65 11.33 7.50 MP-Xylene (g/m3 ) 18.74 13.05 16.85 5.88 3.67 4.88 O-Xylene (g/m3 )

Tollygunj 24.10.02 00.00 08.00 08.01 16.00 16.01 to Average 70.07 to Average 51.96 to Average 97.27 103.23 79.28 151.71 22.65 20.06 43.57 80.58 47.79 119.81 24.63 18.83 35.35

VEHICULAR POLLUTION CONTROL

Automobiles are one of the major source of air pollution in urban areas. In recent years several important initiatives have been taken to control pollution from transport sector. Emission standards & fuel quality specifications are being improved progressively as a result significant improvement in the ambient air quality has been achieved. Important steps taken for vehicular pollution control during the year are: Vehicular emission norms

Draft notification for emission norms for agriculture tractor and construction equipment vehicles proposed under GSR 702 (E)dated 11.10.2002. Emission norms for in-use vehicles recommended for notification Type Current norms CO % 2 & 3 wheelers 4 wheelers 4.5 3.0 HC (PPM) Revised norms ( Recommendation) CO % 3.5* 0.5** HC (PPM) 9000* 750**

* For post 2000 vehicles fitted with Catalytic Converter. ** For Vehicles fitted with closed loop Catalytic Converter. Emission norms for LPG vehicles notified vide GSR 788 E dated 17.11.2002. Emission norms for four wheel vehicles for Kanpur & Pune has been notified vide GSR 940 (E) with effect from 1.4.2003 Blending of 5 % alcohol with gasoline in nine sugar producing states and four union territories has been notified vide GSR no.644(E) dated 12.9.2002. Fuel Quality

As per Hon'ble supreme Court order all diesel buses are to be converted to CNG mode in Delhi . All existing diesel buses have been converted to CNG from 1.11.2002 CNG filling stations augmented to 105 nos. and CNG vehicles has been increased to 75000. Diesel with sulphur content of 0.05% are available in four metros.

Ambient Air Quality at a Glance

SO2 and NO2 levels were within the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (annual Average) in Ahemdabad, Bangalore, Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad and Mumbai. Short term violation of NO2 is observed specially during winter months in Mumbai , Delhi. Most Critical form of pollution is RSPM at all the seven cities. SPM levels were also exceeding the standards (Annual Average) in Ahemdabad, Bangalore, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata and Mumbai in residential areas.

The reason for high particulate matter pollution may be vehicular emissions, resuspension of dust, commercial and domestic use of fuel etc. In Ahemdabad emissions from power plants and industries may also contribute to particulate matter pollution. In Mumbai, emission from power plants and oil refinery may also contribute to particulate matter pollution.

Other Measures The Expert Committee on Auto fuel Policy with CPCB Chairman as a member, has submitted its final report during August 2002. It has been recommended that Bharat stage - II norms to be extended to entire country from 1.4.2005, while Bharat Stage - III norms to be extended to 11 Mega cities from 1.4.2005 and all over the country from 2010. While Bharat stage-III emission norms for 2/3 wheeler to be implemented preferably from the year 2008 but not later than 2010. Fuel Quality

As per Hon'ble supreme Court order all diesel buses are to be converted to CNG mode in Delhi . All existing diesel buseshave been converted to CNG from 1.11.2002 CNG filling stations augmented to 105 nos. and CNG vehicles has been increased to 75000. Diesel with sulphur content of 0.05% are available in four metros.

Ambient Air Quality at a Glance

SO2 and NO2 levels were within the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (annual Average) in Ahemdabad, Bangalore,Chennai, Delhi, Hyderabad and Mumbai. Short term violation of NO2 is observed specially during winter months in Mumbai , Delhi. Most Critical form of pollution is RSPM at all the seven cities. SPM levels were also exceeding the standards (Annual Average) in Ahemdabad, Bangalore, Delhi, Hyderabad, Kolkata and Mumbai in residential areas.

The reason for high particulate matter pollution may be vehicular emissions, resuspension of dust, commercial and domestic use of fuel etc. In Ahemdabad emissions from power plants and industries may also contribute to particulate matter pollution. In Mumbai, emission from power plants and oil refinery may also contribute to particulate matter pollution. Other Measures The Expert Committee on Auto fuel Policy with CPCB Chairman as a member, has submitted its final report during August 2002. It has been recommended that Bharat stage - II norms to be extended to entire country from 1.4.2005, while Bharat Stage - III norms to be extended to 11 Mega cities from 1.4.2005 and all over the country from 2010. While Bharat stage-III emission norms for 2/3 wheeler to be implemented preferably from the year 2008 but not later than 2010. AIR QUALITY TRENDS IN DELHI Location Pollutants
3

1996 35 75 5587 320

2002 10 75 3258 103

%Change -71% 0% -42% -68%

ITO-Traffic SO2 ( g/cm ) Intersection NO2 ( g/cm3 ) CO ( g/cm ) Pb ( g/cm ) Residential SO2 ( g/cm3 ) Areas NO2 ( g/cm3 ) Pb
3 3 3

16 32 176

11 33 47

-31% +>3% -73%

Industrial Areas

SO2 ( g/cm ) NO2 ( g/cm )

3

21 35

13 35

-38% 0%

Delhi (All SO2 ( g/cm 3 ) Sites) NO2 ( g/cm3 ) CO ( g/cm ) Pb (g/cm3 ) SPM ( g/cm ) RSPM ( g/cm )
3 3 3

24 47 5587 213 426 244

11 47 3258 61 456 185

-54% 0% -42% -71% +7% -24%

All values from CPCB monitoring stations except for RSPM from NEERI stations. (-indicates reduction & +indicates increment). Parameters Vehicles Bus/Taxi/Autos Diesel Consumption* Sulphur Content 1996 25 lakhs Diesel/Gasoline 916 ThMT 0.5% 2002 37 lakhs All CNG 1268 ThMT 0.05% 541 ThMT 0.013 g/l 1% 95 MMSCD 41 0.57 2.2 -83% -75% +38% -90% +33% -91% -80% + % Change +48%

Gasoline Consumption* 406 ThMT Lead Content Benzene Content CNG % Calm HC+NOx (g/km) CO (g/km) 0.15 g/l 5% 0 43 3.4 8.68

* indicates figures for 1995 Vs 2001. (-indicates reduction & +indicates increment). Project Studies undertaken

Estimation of levels of benzene in ambient air and its impact on health in Mumbai. Monitoring and inventory of volatile organic compounds in urban air of Delhi & Mumbai . Study on vehicular emissions inventory & source apportionment for the city of Pune:

Traffic Intersection Monitoring at Bhubaneswar Ambient air quality and noise monitoring at the major traffic intersection in Bhubaneswar are being carried out with the help from Orissa State Pollution Control Board, Bhubaneshwar. The monitoring is being carried out in two phases covering two seasons - pre-winter and winter. The pre-winter monitoring has been completed in September 2002. The second round of monitoring is scheduled in first week of January 2003. The monitoring was carried out on 24 -hourly average basis in 9 major traffic intersections covering the entire Bhubaneswar City Area. The parameters monitored were Suspended Particulate Matter, Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter, VOCs, NO2, SO2, Lead in SPM and RSPM. The trends observed in pre-winter study indicate that air quality at traffic intersections and road corridors across the Bhubaneswar city appears to be safe and concentration of air pollutants were low compared to other capital cities. However at few intersections 4-hourly NO2 concentrations were found above 100 g/m3 during daytime. Noise monitoring was also carried out at all these station four times in 24 -hour representing all periods.

(Sept, 2002) RSPM 3 (g/m ) 77 99 112 64 91 72 96 62 Sagar 97 Respirable Lead 3 SOx (g/m ) 3 (ng/m ) 27.67 68.00 17.67 26.33 45.00 15.00 42.67 43.67 29.00 4 0 4 4 2 10 6 4 5

Sl.No. Monitoring Station 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Raj Mandir Square Ravi Talkies C.R.P.F. Square Khanda Giri Nalco Square Rupali Square Capital Hospital Rasulgarh Laxmi Square

3 SPM (g/m )

NOx (g/m3 ) 43.8 37 55 29.5 31.2 81.4 36.8 23.8 52

357 211 304 244 311 271 253 208 222

Status of Ambient Air Quality in and around Historical places in Kolkata : The numbers of heritage building and temple are located in Kolkata attracting tourists from all over the World. With the deterioration of ambient air quality, it is likely that all these heritage buildings may be got affected. Therefore CPCB has carried out a monitoring programme in and around historical places in Kolkata during October & November'2002. Three places namely Dakshineswar temple, Belur Math and Victoria Memorial Hall were selected to asses the level of RSPM, SO2 , NO2, Lead and PAH in ambient air. Four numbers of Respirable Dust Samplers were placed in four corners of each heritage site for 24 hours (8 hourly sampling intervals) to study the environmental impact of these buildings. The second round of monitoring will be carried in February 2003 to assess the seasonal influence on the level of pollutants. Volatile Organic Matter in air of Vadodara During winter season, volatile organic compounds were measured in the ambient air of Vadodara. The results 3 3 3 show that average benzene level is ranging between 3.42 g/m to 8.0 g/m , the peak value of 12.6 g/m was 3 measured during mid-night. The value has exceeded the threshold limit of 6.7 g/m . Toluene level remained 3 3 between 4.26 and 9.23 g/m , the peak value was 17.2 g/m during midnight. Ethyl benzene, a known carcinogen, was found in the range of 1.68 to 3.42 g/m3 . Assessing Contribution of Various Sources in Ambient Air of Delhi The problem of air pollution is complex in nature due to the existence of different sources, besides ever changing meteorological conditions. A study has been taken up to assess the impact of major pollutants emitted from various source categories on the ambient air quality of Delhi. The pollutants considered are carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen and suspended particulate matter. The major sources include thermal power plants, small scale industrial clusters, motor vehicles, generators and domestic fuel consumption. Ground level concentrations of various pollutants were computed for each individual source category, during summer and winter seasons, using dispersion models. Results indicate that the vehicular pollution is the primary cause for poor air quality in Delhi. Contribution of vehicles in NOx is lower as compared to other pollutants. As the atmospheric conditions during summer are favourable for better dispersions as compared to winter, the contribution of vehicles in summer comes down but still remains as major cause for poor air quality. While power plants contribute NOx, small scale industries have significant contribution of NOx and CO levels. However, study indicates that automobiles continue to be the major concern with regard to poor air quality in Delhi.

INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL

Inspection

of

Industries

A comprehensive programme has been initiated for surprise inspection of 150 industries by CPCB. The objective of surprise inspection was, (i) keep a watch on the polluting industries to ensure regular operation of their pollution control facilities, and (ii) conduct indepth monitoring studies to see the improvements in the environmental quality as a result of the implementation of the various Central Action Programmes. Inspections of industries and areas were conducted and actions taken on the basis of the findings. The actions taken include (i) issuance of directions under Section 18 (1) (b) of the Water Act, 1974 and/or Air Act, 1981 to the SPCBs/PCCs requiring them to ensure implementation of the findings with respect to concerned industries/areas, and (ii) direct action under Section 5 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 against the industries from CPCB itself. A total of 122 industries have been inspected so far, directions (including 10 confirmed closures) were issued to 47 units under Section 5 of the E (P) Act, 1986 for ensuring pollution control. In addition to this 64 directions were issued to SPCBs/PCCs under Section 18 (1) (b) of the Water Act, 1974 and/or Air Act, 1981 requiring them to ensure pollution control in polluting industries, control of pollution in Chembur, Daman & Diu and Manali Areas. Pollution Control in 17 Categories of Highly Polluting Industries Action against the defaulters The implementation of the action plan for pollution control in 1551 (which came into operation on or before December 31, 1991) medium and large scale units identified under the 17 highly polluting industrial sectors was continued. The follow-up of the action taken against the defaulting industries under Section 5 of the E (P) Act, 1986 was further intensified and as a result the number of defaulting industries has reduced to 22 in December 2002. 178 industries are closed and remaining 1351 have provided the requisite pollution control facilities. Inventorisation of Post-91 Industries The inventorisation of the large and medium industries of 17 categories which came into operation on or after January 01, 1992 completed. The information received from SPCBs/PCCs have been collated and compiled, and the complied information sent to SPCBs/PCCs for confirmation of the lists and obtaining the latest status of the action taken against the defaulters. A total of 604 industries have been identified, out of which 527 have provided the requisite pollution control facilities, 46 are closed and 31 are defaulting as on December 31, 2002.

Operational Status of 17 Categories of Industries Directions under 18 (1) (b) of the Water and Air Acts issued to all the SPCBs/PCCs in July 2002, for providing the status reports on the adequacy and operational status of the pollution control facilities in the 17 categories of industries and the action taken against the defaulters, on a six monthly basis. The SPCBs/PCCs are expected to submit their respective first report for the period of July to December, 2002 by January 10, 2003. Pollution Control in Problem Areas Action Plans for Pollution Control in Problem Areas Environmental Monitoring of the Problem Areas of Kala-Amb, Parwanoo, Govindgarh, North Arcot, and Najafgarh Drain Basin conducted by the concerned SPCBs/PCC for the assessment of the improvements due to the implementation of the action plans. Reports in respect of Kala-Amb and North Arcot have been received. Environmental Monitoring of Nagda Area also conducted by CPCB and the report is under preparation. Pollution Control in Problem Area of Chembur and adjoining areas Directions under section 18 (1) (b) issued to Maharashtra SPCB for pollution control in 09 industries in the Chembur and adjoining areas, in connection with the Petition No. 11 of the Parliament. Industrial Pollution Control along the Rivers and Lakes Industrial Pollution Control along the river Ganga (GAP Phase-I) The follow-up programmes in respect of the 68 industries identified under Ganga Action Plan (GAP) Phase-I were initiated by CPCB soon after the introduction of GAP in 1985. All the 40 operating units have provided the requisite effluent treatment facilities and the remaining 28 are closed. The industrial pollution control programme along the river Ganga got further intensified with the launching of the Central Action Plan in August, 1997, for control of industrial discharges along the rivers and lakes in the country. This programme resulted into identification of 119 more industries along the river Ganga which required priority attention for the control of their effluent discharges. All the operating 93 units have provided the requisite effluent treatment facilities and remaining 26 units are closed. Industrial Pollution Control Along the Rivers and lakes 851 defaulting Grossly Polluting Industries located along the rivers and lakes in the country have been identified for priority actions under this programme which was started in August 1997. The follow-ups for the implementation of the programme, was intensified and this has resulted into reduction in the number of defaulting industries to 05 in September 2002. The matter in respect of 03 industries is subjudice in Court and action has been taken against the remaining 02 defaulters Summary Status of the 68 Industries identified under the Ganga Action Plan (Phase-I) (As on December 31, 2002) S. No. Status Uttar Pradesh 1. 2. Total ETP Installed Industries Closed 17 17 34 Number of Industries Bihar 03 02 05 West Bengal 20 09 29 40 28 68 Total

Statewise Status of the 119 Grossly Polluting Industries Identified Along the River Ganga in Phase-II (As on December 31, 2002) S. No. State Total Number No. of Industries Industries of No. of Which Industries No. of Industries have Defaulting

1. 2. 3. Total

Uttar Pradesh Bihar West Bengal

83 03 33 119

23 00 03 26

60 03 30 93

00 00 00 00

Operational Status of the ETPs installed by the industries located along the rivers & lakes Directions under Section 18 (1) (b) of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 have also been issued by CPCB to the SPCBs/PCCs to send quarterly reports on the operational status of ETPs of all the grossly polluting industries located along the rivers and lakes. The directions also required the SPCBs/PCC of Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Delhi to send separate such reports of all the water polluting industries (irrespective of size and category) existing in Kanpur, Calcutta and Delhi respectively

Pollution Control in Asbestos Industry Human Risk Assessment in Asbestos Industry The study includes environmental monitoring of asbestos-based industries, detailed medical examination of industrial workers, geno-toxicological evaluation of asbestos exposed population and recommendations for preventive measures in industrial units. First interim report has been prepared and second interim report is under preparation. Recently, asbestos milling units located in Beawar and nearby area have been studied including monitoring of asbestos fibre. Environment Policy for Asbestos Sector The Central Pollution Control Board has examined the environmental issues pertaining to asbestos and it has advised the government for policy decision based on the following considerations:

There is overwhelming evidence that amphibole varieties in general and crocidolite in particular, are associated with mesotheliomas. As the production of amphiboles is discontinued worldwide, mining and milling of Amphibole variety of fibre should be discontinued. Chrysolite mining and milling should be allowed only when provided with adequate technologies for pollution control and occupational safety of workers as per respective codes laid down by Bureau of Indian Standards. The Ministry of Commerce may amend the export and import policy and categorise "Chrysolite Asbestos" under restricted item and may not be permitted for import except against a registration certificate under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 issued by the Ministry of Environment & Forests. The import of chrysolite asbestos should be allowed only to actual uses only in containers in palletised form. Friable products such as mill board, low density insulation material should be prohibited. A programme should be drawn for progressive substitution of asbestos textile with alternative materials. Under the Factories Act, the Ministry of Labour may be asked to bring down the work place standards for asbestos to 0.5 fibre/cc with immediate effect and 0.1 fibre/cc with effect from January 2004.

proper use and disposal as provided in the code of practice by the Bureau of Indian Standards. Environmental clearances for asbestos based products should be given only after verification of the controls instituted./proposed for safeguarding the health of workers and for control of pollution and environmental safeguards. The following conditions should be imposed while granting environmental clearance. Dust suppression and collection system should ensure that asbestos fibre concentration in work place is less than 0.5 fibre/cc. Efficient dust collection system should comply with the prescribed emission standards. Automatic bag opening and disposal of asbestos sacking material is to be ensured. Asbestos waste generated should be reused in the process to the possible extent. Disposal facilities for asbestos waste should be in accordance with the Bureau of Indian Standards code. A competent occupational health physician should carry out medical surveillance.

. Revision of Emission Standards for Asbestos based Industries Pollutant Pure Asbestos Material Total Dust Proposed Emission Limit 0.5 fibre * /cc 2 mg/Nm 3

* Fibres of length more than 5 m and diametre less than 3 m with an aspect ratio of 3 or more. 1. Emission Standards notified under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 for DG sets and Boilers shall be applicable, in case asbestos industry owns it. 2. General Emission Standards notified under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 shall be applicable for processes from where there is no possibility of asbestos fibre emission such as cement silo, flyash silo. The emission standards for asbestos based industries of 4 fibre/cc for pure asbestos material and 2 mg/Nm3 for total dust, were notified in the year 1989. After discussions with industries, experts and Asbestos Information Centre, following revised emission standards have been suggested. Pollution Control In Cement Industry Assessment of Utilisation of Industrial Solid Waste in Cement Manufacturing Many industries generate solid waste during the process of manufacturing. The blast furnace slag, red mud, metallurgical slag, lime mud and phosphogypsum are generated from integrated iron and steel plants, aluminium industry, metal industry, pulp & paper and phosphoric acid manufacturing respectively. The huge amount of solid waste requires large area of land for their disposal. This makes a large tract of land unsuitable for any use and also a number of environmental problems, like contamination of groundwater, surface water pollution and air pollution arise. The cement industry has the scope to utilise these solid waste as raw material or blending material to produce varieties of cement. CPCB initiated a study on "Assessment of utilisation of industrial solid waste in cement manufacturing" in collaboration with National Council for Cement and Building Materials, New Delhi National Task Force for Implementation of Environmental Standards in Cement Industry A National Task Force (NTF) for the implementation of environmental standards in cement industries under the chairmanship of Shri Paritosh C. Tyagi has been constituted. NTF comprises of member from cement manufacturers Association, organisations related to cement technology, air pollution control equipment manufacturers association, State Pollution Control Boards and other concerned organisations. Major points discussed during NTF meetings are as follows:

Fugitive emission is quite high in cement industries and require immediate attention for its control. Pet coke containing about 7.5% sulphur is being used as fuel in cement kiln in few industries. The SO2 emission from these plants may be quite high apart from vanadium and nickel emission. It is necessary to frame fuel quality specifications for the cement industries. In India, emission standards for particulate matter is quite relaxed as compared to many developed countries. Need is being felt to revise the emission standards. Cement industries have potential to utilise industrial wastes like flyash, blast furnace slag,

phosphogypsum. But the present utilisation is low and needs to be enhanced. In many cement plants, multicyclone is installed in clinker cooler section and emission level is higher than the prescribed norms. These multicyclones have to be replaced by efficient air pollution control devices like ESP in a time bound manner. In Indian cement industries, 40% of total heat output is going as waste heat, which should be utilised for co-generation of power. This is already being practiced in Japan, China and South East Asian countries. Continuous dust monitoring system with data logger should be installed by all the cement industries and calibration should be done with time to time. The need of identifying incinerable hazardous waste for use as fuel in cement kiln was stresses. Pollution Control in Thermal Power Plants Implementation of standards in thermal power plants There are 83 coal based thermal power plants in the country, of which 4 plants are closed.

48 plants comply with emission standards 52 plants comply with effluent standards The thermal power plants which do not comply with standards have been asked to install/augment pollution control systems in time bound manner. Use of beneficiated coal

The Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India has promulgated Gazette Notification (GSR 560(E) & 378(E), dated September 19, 1997 and June 30, 1998 respectively) on use of beneficiated/blended coal containing ash not more than 34 percent w.e.f. June 2001(extended to June 2002) in the following power plants : Power plants located beyond 1000 kms. from pit head; Power plants located in critically polluted areas, urban areas and in ecologically sensitive areas. The power plants using Fluidized Bed Combustion (CFBC, PFBC & AFBC) and IGCC combustion technologies are exempted to use beneficiated coal irrespective of their locations. Measures to comply with notification on use of beneficiated coal Short Term Measure: To meet the deadline i.e. June 01, 2002 for the use of beneficiated coal, a matrix has been worked out by CIL to supply coal to the power plants to meet the requirements of the stipulation as short-term measure on annual average basis. As per the matrix, coal to be supplied to the plants be blended at the plant site. The power plants have to sign a Fuel Supply Agreement (FSA) prior to supply of coal as per matrix. Power plants are still in process of signing FSA's. If blending is to be done even as short-term measure to comply with the stipulation of 34% ash, this should be done judiciously. Selection of coals, their optimum blending proportion and prediction of impact of blend on power plant performance need to be assessed from initial investigation on the combustion characteristics of bendable and blended coals. Long Term Measure: Regarding setting up of coal washeries as long term measure to meet the requirement of 34% ash, Ministry of Coal suggested following feasibility to find the options/ mechanism for setting up of coal washeries for non coking coals; Coal India will set up its own washery - This has not been feasible due to severe resource crunch. The earlier experience of CIL for setting up its own washeries has not been encouraging, as the huge investments made were not justified by the poor capacity utilization. SEBs to set up its own washery - This is also not feasible on account of severe resource crunch. Coal India to ask private entrepreneurs to set up washeries for CIL and taking washing charges Even though LOI was issued against a global tender floated in 1995-96, none of the washeries in MCL & SECL have taken off, as utilities are not prepared to accept washing charges as finalized by CIL through tendering. CIL has been put to very embarrassing situation vis a vis the tenders, who are now threatening legal actions.

State Electricity Board to select a private entrepreneur to set up a washery near pit- head Recently, a trend has been noticed where the State Electricity Boards have been asking private parties to invest in putting up a washery at pit head and deliver washed coal to them. PSEB, APGENCO, KPCL and TNEB are reported to have taken such initiatives. In view of the constraints mentioned by CIL, SEBs are putting up their own washeries, participation of private entreprenuers appears to be the viable option. Beneficiated/blended coal is being supplied to 17 thermal power plants such as Dadri (U.P.), and Badarpur (Delhi) Power Plants of National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC), Dahanu ( Maharashtra), of Bombay Suburban Electricity Supply ( BSES) and Rajghat & Indraprastha (Delhi ) Power Plants of Delhi Vidyut Board (DVB), Kota, RVUNL;Sikka, GSEB; AEC; Faridabad, HPGC, . However, other 22 plants have not yet indicated their plan for meeting the requirement of use of beneficiated coal. Utilization of flyash During the year 2001-02, nearly 23 percent of total flyash generation (88 million tonnes) in the country was utilised mainly for manufacturing cement, bricks and construction of roads and embankments. However, in countries like Germany, China, USA, EU and Japan, the utilisation of flyash is 100,42,65,80 and 85 % respectively. In order to make mandatory use of flyash and flyash based products by the brick kilns, Thermal Power Stations and CPWD& State PWDs, vide notification no. S.O. 763(E) dated September 14, 1999, Ministry of Environment & Forests has issued directions under sub-rule 3 of rule 5 of EPA, 1986 that a. No person, located within 50 km radius of any Thermal Power Station, shall to manufacture clay bricks, tiles or blocks without mixing atleat 25% flyash or pond ash with soil. b. Thermal Power Plants shall submit action plan for hundred percent utilisation. New Plants 30% within three yr 100% within 9 yrs Existing Plants 20% within three yrs 100% within 15 yrs

The respective State Pollution Control Boards of Orissa, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, Tamilnadu and Gujarat have identified the brick kilns located within 50 km radius of thermal power plants but flyash utilisation (25%) by these kilns is yet to be initiated as per notification. Out of 83 TPPs, 70 power plants have submitted their action plan to achieve hundred per cent flyash utilization within stipulated time period. Ministry of Environment & Forests has issued the following amendments in the notification on utilisation of flyash 1. No person shall within a radius of 100 kms from thermal power plants, manufacture clay bricks, tiles or blocks without mixing atleast 25% of flyash or pond ash with soil. 2. Construction Agency including private sector builders shall use minimum of following percentage of ash based products such as: bricks, block & tiles in their construction work: 25% 50% 75% 100% by by by by 31st 31st 31st 31st March, December, December, December, 2003 2003 2004 2005

3. Authority sanctioning or renewing mining lease shall not grant or extend the lease if the manufacturer

does not use the 25% of the Flyash in the manufacturing of bricks, blocks and tiles. 4. Utilisation of Flyash for reclamation of sea subject to compliance of the rules made under the EPA, 1986. Adoption of Medium Concentration Ash Slurry Disposal System The study on evaluation on alternate coal ash disposal technologies was completed. Various methods of ash disposal such as, Medium concentration, High concentration and dry ash disposal in mound form were evaluated considering their technical feasibility, water, land and energy requirements including costbenefit in comparison to conventional lean phase ash disposal system. Findings of the study suggest that Medium Concentration Ash Slurry Disposal (MCSD) having ash concentration 35 to 45% is not only more economical but also require less water, land and energy for disposal of ash. Thus adoption of MCSD will also lead to reduction in environmental pollution. The CPCB has approved the adoption of MCSD system in new/expansion power projects and recommendations in this regard have been communicated to the Ministry of Environment & Forests for implementation while granting environmental clearance. Leachability assessment of trace heavy metals from ash ponds to groundwater The study on leachability assessment of trace heavy metals from ash ponds to groundwater has been undertaken in association with IIT Kanpur. Field investigations have been completed under the study. The findings will suggest extent of leaching of trace metals from ash ponds and its impact on groundwater. Under this study, the guidelines for prevention and control of leaching of trace metals and better ash pond management practices will be prepared. Cost benefit analysis including environmental benefits of recycling of ash pond effluents in thermal power plants The study on cost benefit analysis including environmental benefits of recycling of ash pond effluents in thermal power plants is being conducted in association with IIT Kanpur. The findings of the study will suggest feasibility of recycling of ash pond effluent and its benefits such as in water conservation. Guidelines for better ash pond water recycling system will also be prepared. Assessment of mercury, lead, arsenic and fluoride emissions from coal based thermal power plants This study will cover the identification of coal linkages of various coal fired thermal power plants, coal qualities and development of guidelines/emission standards for control of toxic trace elements from coal fired power plants. The study is being conducted by Pollution Control Research Institute, Haridwar. Status of Pollution Control In Thermal Power Plants in Uttar Pradesh There are 12 thermal power plants in Uttar Pradesh., out of which 10 are Coal based and 2 are gas based. CPCB has undertaken a study to assess the status of pollution control in Thermal power plants of UP with following objectives: Compilation of detailed information of Thermal Power Plants of UP Performance evaluation of air pollution control system installed Assessment of ash management with specific reference to Ash Utilization Preparation of comprehensive Environment Management Plan and Action Plan Detailed study of the four Thermal Power Plants has been conducted so far. The study indicated that Thermal Power Plants have installed Electrostatic Precipitators for control of fly ash from flue gases emanating from boiler. ESP outlet duct at each power plant was monitored with a view to assess the efficacy of the ESPs.

o o o o

It is clear from the result that efficiency of ESPs is not up to the mark except in Renusagar Plant. Problem lies with proper maintenance of ESPs and high ash content in coal. Thermal power plants are using coal having ash content in the range of 35-45% while their ESPs are designed for 30-35 % ash content in coal. It was also observed that improper evacuation of ash from ESP hopper affects the ESP efficiency. Power Plants have adopted wet disposal system for bottom ash as well as fly ash from ESP hopper. Despite notification , ash utilization was observed very low in all plants.

Fugitive dust emission from coal handling plant, coal crusher and boiler section are other problems in thermal power plants. Although Plants have made arrangement of water sprinkling system on coal yard, conveyer belt and dust extraction system in coal crusher, still emissions are quite high. Thermal Plant 1 Power Unit No , Unit III Unit IV 2 NTPC, Unchahar Unit I Unit II Unit III Unit IV 3 Renusagar Thermal Unit II Power Plant Unit IV Unit VI Unit VII Unit VIII Unit IX 4 Anpara Thermal Unit I Power Plant Unit II Unit III Unit IV Unit V Capacity/Load (MW) 110/71 110/85 220/170 220/195 220/185 220/172 67.5/68 67.5/60 74/67.5 67.5/74.8 67.5/74 75/77 220/180 220/180 220/160 500/500 500/500 Concentration of particulate matter in Flue gas (Mg/Nm3) 3087 1865 225 239 320 136 316 135 123 118 118 128 1008 366 883 604 522

Panki Thermal Kanpur

Thermal Power Plants require huge amount of water for condenser cooling. Hot water is being discharged to the water body from all plants may cause thermal pollution and affect the aquatic life. Ash pond of Panki Thermal Power plant, Kanpur has been filled up completely and ash pond overflow is carrying excessive ash, to out side drain which in turn meets with river Pandu. Stack emissions in terms of particulate matter were observed more than the stipulated norms. Anpara Thermal Power plant was observed discharging its ash slurry directly to the Rihand Reservoir and huge ash deposits are visible, where ash slurry is being discharged. Its new ash pond could not be commissioned so far. Plat has commissioned dry ash collection facility (250 t /day) against total generation of 10,000 tpd ash water conservation is poor in the plant. Unchahar Thermal power plant is located amid agricultural fields and villages. Despite of all efforts to control fugitive dust from coal handling plant and boiler section, fine coal and ash dust is always a problem for the nearby villagers. Ash pond has been built on sandy bed near river Ganga, where possibility of ash pond seepage exists. Construction of New ash pond of Renu Sagar Thermal Power plant is in progress. Existing ash pond is on the hilltop having area of about 28 hectares, which has been filled up. Ash pond is continuously being evacuated in order to make the extra space for accumulation of fresh ash slurry in parts and ash is being sent to new ash pond through trucks. This is creating dusty environment in the area although industry is making all possible efforts to suppress the dust from ash pond through sprinkling of water. All treated effluent and ash pond overflow is being used in the plant after treatment in order to conserve the water. Performance Evaluation of Treatment Plants Performance Evaluation of Dairy Units of West Bengal With increase in demand for milk & milk products, many dairies of different size scale have came up in various parts. Large quantity of waste water originates due to their different operations and primarily from the washings of different vats & equipment. The wastewater is highly biodegradable and if directly discharged to aquatic streams, the pollution problem may arise. In view of the above, a project was undertaken to assess the present scenario of Dairy industries in West Bengal especially with reference to their Effluent Treatment Systems. Eight units as below were selected. Two units of NDDB, five of West Bengal Milk Federation and one in Private Sector. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Mother Dairy Metro Dairy State Dairy, Haringhata State Dairy, Belgachia State Dairy, Durgapur State Dairy, Burdwan

7. 8.

Sate Dairy, Krishna nagar Thacker Dairy Products Pvt. Ltd.

The ETP System of Mother Dairy and Metro Dairy is based on Activated Sludge Process where as Thacker Dairy is having only Chemical Oxidation by floating submercible aeration. The State Dairy Belgachia and Haringhata though very old, are not having any ETP and still in planning and construction stage. The other three State Dairies are having Oxidation Ditch. As the technology of milk processing has become more advanced and wastage or spoilage of milk is practically negligible, the present pollution load effluent is not significant considering the limit of discharge BOD of 100 mg/l and total suspended solid of 150 mg/l. Performance Evaluation of Wastewater Treatment Plants Performance evaluation of 14 wastewater treatment systems working on different technologies (diffused aeration, surface aeration and rotating biological contactors), treating industrial waste as well as domestic waste was carried out. The efficiency and energy requirement of each system was evaluated. The treatment systems of various categories of industries - pharmaceuticals, silk, garment washing and stitching, information technology, milk processing, hotel, engineering and brewery was studied in addition to domestic sewage treatment plants. Surface aeration (SA) is used in old plants as well as in common effluent treatment plants (CETPs), where high quantity of effluent is to be treated. Diffused aeration (DA) has been used in comparatively newer plants for both domestic and industrial wastes and it seems to be most common and popular technology. The rotating biological contactors (RBC) was limited in various plants, designed to treat sewage up to a capacity of 100 MLD. The BOD removal efficiency of ETPs with SA technology varied between 79 to 97%. DA technology is adapted for treatment of domestic and industrial wastes and show satisfactory results with respect to BOD removal. Although, treatment plants with RBC technology at two different industries showed satisfactory results, yet these plants requires skilled operation and supervision. The RBC technology has the advantage of low power consumption over other technologies. Diffused aeration, though one of the most effective means of biological treatment has disadvantage of high power consumption. From the study, it was concluded that surface aeration technology is economically viable for larger plants, and its operation and maintenance cost is higher. Diffused aeration has higher efficiency, but requires less energy than surface aeration. The rotating biological contactor technology is economical and suitable for smaller plants. It has unique advantage of occupying lesser area in addition to low power consumption. RBC plants have higher initial investments but maintenance cost is much lower. Augmentation of diffused aeration with anaerobic lagoon has shown appreciable results. Evaluation of Performance and Management practices of Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) To address the issues associated with performance and management practices in CETPs, a comprehensive project is being executed. In this project, detailed studies of three CETPs viz. Unnao, Kanpur (both in U.P.) and Jullandhar (Punjab) are to be undertaken. The study for CETP at Unnao and Kanpur has been conducted. Unnao CETP The CETP is designed to cater for 21 units engaged in tanning and allied jobs. During the study 13 units were found operational while 8 units were defunct. The plant received 80 KLD average flow. With regard to designed efficiency, the plant has shown 98 to 99 % compliance in terms of designated parameters which includes BOD, COD, SS and chromium. The performance has been good, in spite of excessively high content of chromium and BOD in the raw (inlet) wastewater received at CETP. The high content of chromium is a clear indication of poor operation of chrome recovery plants at various member units. Kanpur (Jajmau) CETP

The CETP caters to 354 units. Out of these, 6 units are of large scale, 10 medium and remaining 338 are small scale units. All these units are engaged in tanning and allied operations. While 41 units are under closure, 210 units perform chrome tanning, 49 vegetable tanning and 52 are engaged in leather splitting / board jobs. During the study the plant was found operational and had received approximately 33.6 MLD combined wastewater wherein, the tannery wastewater and sewage were blended in proportion of 1: 1.47 as against the designed ratio of 1:3 respectively. This is indicative of excessively higher contribution of tannery wastewater which is very likely harmful for the plant's performance due to significantly modified characteristics of the combined wastewater fed to the UASB reactors. As regards designated efficiency, status of compliance, that only SS has shown an overall reduction more than the designed capacity while all other designated parameters viz. BOD, COD and (total) chromium have shown lesser than the designed reduction. A notable observation during the study has been high concentration of chromium in the combined tannery wastewater received at CETP which is very likely affect the performance of the plant. The most probable reason for high chromium content is poor operation of pre-treatment units in the member tanneries.

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS

Development of Emission Standards and Stack Height Regulations for the Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln vis-a vis Pollution Control Measures Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln (VSBK) is a vertical type kiln as against the traditional Bull Trench Brick Kiln (BTKs), which has horizontal kiln. The kiln is a natural draft system and uses no electricity for operation. Dry green bricks are loaded manually at the top of the kiln and `measured quantity' of crushed coal of specified size (5-20 mm) is sprinkled over the brick layers, Loading is done in batches after unloading, and each batch consists of 4 layers of bricks. The entire brick batches are supported by support by bars provided at the bottom. Normal cycle for brick production varies between 26-30 hrs. During unloading, the entire brick load is transferred to a screw jack system over which a trolly is rested one batch of brick is brought down to facilitate unloading. The support bars are put back to transfer the load back to them and the trolly is brought down. The production capacity of Vertical shaft brick kiln depends on shaft size and number of shafts. About 20 VSBKs are in operation in different regions of the country. The Ministry of Environment and Forests based on recommendations of the Central Pollution Control Board has introduced emission standards for bull trench kiln during 1996. The standards also envisaged phasing out of moving chimney from BTKs. The Central Board took up the work of evolving emission standards stack height regulations vis-a-vis pollution control measures with active support of TERI, New Delhi. The performance of VSBKs was monitored during the year 2002. The SPM concentration in the stack was measured between 77-372 mg/Nm3. Some of the advantages of the VSBK technology include 1) lower energy consumption (30-60% energy saving); 2) low SPM emissions; 3) less floor area requirement for construction of kilns; 4) flexibility in operation; 5) uniform quality of fired bricks; and 6) ability to operate throughout the year, as against BTKs. Keeping these factors in view, VSBK may offer as an alternate viable technology for moving chimney BTKs low capacity and also for clamps. The energy performance of the VSBKs shows the average specific energy consumption of VSBKs is 0.9 MJ/kg fired bricks lower than the traditional firing technologies used in the country. The VSBK technology has lower emission levels, thus having good potential in the market. Development of Comprehensive Industry Document Development of Comprehensive Industry Document and Environment Standards for Refractory Industry Refractories are materials, which can withstand high temperature. Their essential function is to serve as structural materials in kilns and thus, their usefulness depends on their ability to maintain mechanical properties at high temperature. In fact refractories are indispensable at almost all ferrous and non-ferrous industries, where high temperature furnaces or kilns are being used. The steel and metallurgical industries greatly depend on refractories involving high temperature application. Refractories are basically heat and corrosion resistant materials used in furnaces. The refractories find application in steel industry, cement, aluminum and glass industry. The steel industry accounts for nearly 75 percent of the consumption of refractories, whereas cement industry accounts around 11 percent. The aluminum and glass industry consumes around six and four percent of refractory products respectively. All other industries consume only four percent of refractory products. Today the refractory production capacity in India is sufficient to cater the national requirement quantitatively but for the quality imports are necessary, especially for steel industry. In India small refractory plants are mostly in unorganised sector, whereas, there are few large and medium capacity refractory plants producing various types of export quality refractory products. Broadly, the refractory can be categorized based on the installed capacity. On the basis of plant capacity (Thousand Tonnes per Annum, TPA), the refractory plants are categorized as very small scale (up to 5000 TPA), small scale (5001-15000 TPA), medium (15001-50000 TPA) and large capacity (above 50000 TPA) refractory

plant. There are about 6 large, 17 medium scale and 63 refractory plants in the category of small or very small scale sector in the country. Because of sluggish demand from end-user industry and competition from quality imports, some of the refractory manufacturers are facing tough situation while few are on the verge of closure or have been closed. The use of high quality refractories has improved the lining life of furnaces and brought down the specific consumption per tonne of liquid steel resulting in a lower per tonne usage of refractories, which has adverse impact on traditional refractory manufacturing. The primary pollutant of concern in refractory plant is particulate matter or dust in air emission apart from water pollution, solid wastes and noise pollution. Particulate matter in terms of fugitive dust generation takes place during crushing, grinding and screening operation in plant. During the study, the present status of pollution in refractory industry and their control, different technologies adopted by Indian refractory industry to combat pollution and finally to develop norms for pollution control. The study has been undertaken in collaboration with National Council for Cement & Building Materials. Ambient air quality, fugitive dust, stack emission, trade effluent, noise pollution & solid waste were monitored during the course of study. Development of Comprehensive Industry Document and Emission Standards for Hot Mix Plants Construction of roads play a vital role in Socio-economic development of the country. Ever since the Government of India declared infrastructure developmentas the thrust area, there has been predominant boom in the road construction sector. The construction and maintenance of major portion of the road network is undertaken using conventional hot bitumen-mixes. The hot bitumen mixes are prepared in hot mix plants, which emits significant emission containing particulate matter, sulphur dioxide besides carcinogenic poly-aromatic hydrocarbons. There are more than 1000 hot mix plants of different categories operating in different parts of the country. As per the survey undertaken by Central Building Research Institute (CBRI), Roorkee, plants are of stationary, drumcontinuous type. The rated production capacity varies from 6-10 tphr to 10-120 tphr. The locations of these plants keep on changing. Burning of fuel, feeding of aggregates, heating of bitumen from large number of plants are bound to create environmental hazard because of emission of dust and volatile organic compounds like BTX, PAH and PCB's. Central Pollution Control Board has initiated preparation of Comprehensive Industry Document (COINDS) on Hot Mix Plants in an effort to minimize the adverse environmental impacts by regulating emissions. Information on plant, process details, pollution control technology, emissions, plant location, etc. was collected through extensive field visits as well as questionnaire surveys. The COINDS includes development of environmental standards, suitable techno-economic pollution control device and guidelines for its operation and maintenance. Development of Environmental Standards for Wheat Processing, Flour Mills, Pulse Grinding and Milling, Dry Rice Grinding and Rice Mills There are a large number of units spread across the country engaged in pulse milling, dry rice and besan grinding, wheat processing and flour making mills and rice mills. These units mostly use conventional production technologies, which are not oriented towards minimising pollution by incorporation of in-plant control measures. These units give rise to substantial pollution of air, water, noise etc. The Central Board desires to evolve environmental standards for these mills with the help of the National Productivity Council, New Delhi. The objective of the project is to study the problem of noise, emission and effluent disposal, best available technology not involving excessive cost to prevent, abate and control water, air and noise pollution and to develop standards for noise, emission and effluent including storm water disposal for wheat flour mills, pulses making mills, dry rice, pulses grinding mills and emission standards for rice mills. The scope of work for this project is:

Literature survey/review of State-of-the art technologies; and Information collection from State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs), Industry, etc.

About 20 plants (e.g., five in each category - wheat flour, wheat process, rice mill, rice & pulse grinding, pulse making units) have to be studied in depth by conducting monitoring for the following: Characteristics Characteristics Characteristics of of of effluent storm emission streams water and and run the the of; quantity; quantity; and

Identification

of

source

of

noise

pollution

and

noise

measurement.

Technologies are being reviewed for abatement, prevention and control of water pollution, abatement, prevention and control of air pollution, handling of storm water within plant area, control of noise pollution at source, and assessment of adaptability of technologies in Indian context. Development of COINDS for Tea Processing Industries India is one of the major exporters of black tea. Tea is grown in certain districts of Assam, West Bengal, Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu and to some extent in Tripura, Uttar Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh. The average yield of tea was approximately 1670 kg/hectare during the year 2000 and total area under tea cultivation was about 5,00,000 hectares. Source of air emission in the tea industry is basically the D.G. set which is operated only during the power shutdown period. The following efforts are needed from the management towards controlling the air emission.

Use of low sulphur fuel for combustion purpose in D.G. sets. Use of tall stack. Avoiding frequent start-up and shut-down of D.G. sets.

Source of wastewater in the tea industry is the domestic sector, since the industrial process is basically dry in nature. It is recommended that the generated domestic waste be treated in simple treatment system prior to its final disposal. The wastewater so generated may be treated in Septic Tank. Partially treated effluent from the septic tank should either be disposed of in soak pits or to be further treated in up-flow anaerobic filter (UFAF) treatment unit. The treated effluent from the UFAF could be discharged into any inland surface water or can be used for gardening purpose. Apart from such treatment the management should also practice the following : (1) Reduced wastage of water, (2) Reduced volume of water use, (3) Use of treated water for gardening purpose. The tea plants provide some green manure from leaf-fall; where shade trees are planted their leaves also form green manure. The waste from factories amounting to about 2% of total production may either be recycled in the process, returned to the field as fertilizer or may be reprocessed for by-product recovery. -Tea industry produces solid waste, which amounts to about 2.0% of the black tea production. 0.3% of this waste is recycled using some special technique. The balance 1.7% of the solid waste does not have any use value to the black tea producers and is normally sold to selected reprocessing units, where some chemical byproducts are recovered from this waste. National Emission Standards for Petrochemical Plants Air emissions from a petrochemical complex are crucial with respect to pollution control as some emissions are hazardous in nature. Fugitive air emissions from pumps, valves, flanges, storage tanks, loading and unloading operations, and wastewater treatment accounts for 85 to 95 % of total hydro carbon emissions and are of major concern, due to its volume and carcinogenic nature. Therefore, in order to prioritise the pollution control programme, air pollutants from petrochemical industries have been classified into high, medium, and just priority pollutants. Besides the control technologies, in respect of combustion, process, fugitive, emissions, and flare management have been reviewed for their suitability. The technical inputs from the expatriate experts is also being taken to strengthen the process development of techno-economically feasible standards. National Emission Standards for Pesticides Manufacturing Industry In pesticides industry, pollution generates in all forms i.e. emissions, wastewater and solid/hazardous waste due to thermodynamic limitations, incomplete reaction, failure of stoichiometric requirement of raw material in the process operation, impurities present in raw materials, etc. Gaseous emissions could be channelized i.e. coming out through vent/stack from specific production process or fugitive in nature (leaks spills etc.), containing several gaseous pollutants. Handling of emissions being sensitive with respect to impact, the emphasis is often given to adopt appropriate pollution control technologies. Pesticides industry is critical in terms of nature of raw material usage and final products/by-products, thus demands special care/attention. It is well established that the process of development of industry-specificstandards considers techno-economic feasibility as the criteria. This criteria demands the review of technologies for control of pollutants emanating from the industries and cost implications due to such pollution control

equipment and bearing on health & environment. Therefore, looking at the complexity, the findings of the study, have been reviewed through a foreign consultant to suggest the best practices being followed in advanced countries, and options for improvement in terms of technologies (best available & best practicable) suitable to Indian pesticides industries. The Central Board has identified priority pollutants, control technologies, efficiency of control and presently achievable standards. Besides studying the existing technologies, a review of best available technologies has been made through an expatriate consultant considering the best practicable technologies, while considering the economic feasibility for the purpose of arriving at suitable emission standards. The standards proposed will be finalised through consultation process. Development of Rationale for Prescribing Location Specific Standards The Central Pollution Control Board took up a project to study the existing practices in prescribing stringent location specific standards by various State Pollution Control Boards and to develop a rationale for the same. For application of the strategy for location specific standards in the field, two sites In Andhra Pradesh have been chosen i.e. one at Rajahmundry, where plenty of dilution available in the river (Godavary) and the other at Patancheru, where limited dilution available in the river (Manjeera) and large number of industries are situated. Under this programme, emphasis has been given to assess the assimilative capacity of the environment with respect to air and water pollution. Several models have been reviewed for their suitability and a compilation of the above studies coupled with choice of control technologies, affordability is being considered to formulate rationale. In this process, the experiences of developed countries are being taken through Wisconsin University, USA. These studies will suggest rationale to be followed in areas where the ambient requirements demand stricter standards. Control of Volatile Organic Compounds in Industrial Emissions The Central Board has identified Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), as one of the parameters in industrial emissions, which needs to be controlled to protect the quality of the receiving environment. Considering usage of various solvents and other raw materials in chemical and other specific industries, there is a need to specify control parameters, to govern the volatile compounds. The selected industrial sectors such as oil refineries, petrochemicals, drugs & pharmaceuticals, pesticides and electronic industries are being studied for existing control measures for VOCs in order to suggest choice of better control technologies/practices to evolve common minimum programme. Besides, with respect to hazardous air pollutants, there is a need to change the fittings such as valves, pumps, joints, etc which eliminates fugitive emissions due to leakages. A Leak detection and repair (LDAR) programme is required to be introduced. With this understanding, guidelines/norms are being developed. Review of Environmental Statements The Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India issued notification for submission of 'Environmental Statements' (ES) by the industries to the respective State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) in April, 1992 and further amended in April, 1993. ES is a pro-active tool for self-examination of the industry itself to reduce/minimise pollution by adopting process modifications, recycling and reuse of the resources. The regular submission of ES will indicate the systematic improvement in conservation of resources and environmental pollution control being achieved by the industry. ES can also be used as a set of environmental performance indicators for relative comparison, implementation and to promote better practices. In order to assess the ES, a project has been taken-up by the Ministry of Environment & Forests for "Review of Environmental Statements Submitted by the industries" and this is being undertaken by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). CPCB, in turn, has included Experts with respect to eleven sectors: i) tanneries ii) bulkdrug industries iii) thermal power stations iv) sugar industries v) cement industries vi) iron & steel plants vii) textile industries viii) pesticides industries ix) petrochemical plants x) pulp & paper industries and xi) oil refineries. The review for sugar industry has been completed and others are in the process of finalisation. The outcome of the exercise has been utilised for setting environmental benchmarks for attainment by all the industries. A similar exercise is being done in other sectors also, to promote systematic improvement. Status of Water Treatment Technologies including Consumption of Chemicals/ Disinfectants in Water

Treatment Plants and Management of Wastewater/ Sludge The municipalities and corporations are under stress to provide adequate basic amenities such as water supply, sanitation and infrastructure to cope-up with pace of urbanisation. Urban activities do have a negative influence on quality of intake water. Besides the rejects from water treatment plants i.e. filter back-wash water and sludge generated from treatment units require proper disposal. The quantity of the backwash water varies with the influent quality, which ranges from 3 to 5% i.e. a plant of 100 MGD capacity will generate 3 to 5 MGD back wash water. The amount of chemical consumption varies from plant to plant and often there is a lack of control on chemical consumption. With this background, the Central Pollution Control Board has taken-up the project to study the chemical consumption and waste management patterns in the water treatment plants. Under the study, many treatment plants have been visited for dry and wet studies. Some specific field studies at fluorosis and arsenic affected areas are also under the progress. The broad observations on the treatment plants indicate that there is a need for rationalising the process and disposal mechanism, which may require, administrative and operational measures. Development of Toxicity Factor as a Governing Parameter The cumulative governing parameters are preferred in environmental sampling such as AOx for all halides. Synergistic and Antagonistic effects of different combinations of pollutants will not be addressed, if individual standards are prescribed for each pollutant, thus The governing parameters indicate the necessity of having detailed analysis of each constituent and as such represents the cumulative effects. Thus, such parameters are encouraged for regulatory purpose for ease in checking the compliance. Therefore, with the same perception, a common parameter to represent the toxicity has been developed by the Central Pollution Control Board i.e. Toxicity Factor. It is defined as the dilution factor of the effluent at which 100% survival of Zebra fish (Brachidanio rerio - Halilton Buchanan) ensured for 48 hours. Means, toxicity factor 1 represents the effluent sample without dilution with water, Toxicity factor 2 represents addition of same amount of water with the effluent (1:1); Toxicity Factor 4 represents (1:3 - one part effluent and 3 parts of water) etc. The tests for Toxicity factor have been carried out with respect to wastewaters arising from pesticides, bulk-drugs, dye & dye intermediates, textiles and tanneries. The results have been processed statistically to assess the present percent level of achievement by the respective industrial sectors. Standards for Generator Sets Noise Limits for Diesel Generator Sets Revised noise limits for Diesel Generator sets (upto 1000 KVA) were notified, vide GSR 371(E), May 17, 2002. This regulation requires mandatory provision of acoustic enclosure at the manufacturing stage for all new diesel generator sets, effective from July 1, 2003. The maximum permissible sound pressure level for new generator sets (upto 1000 KVA) run on diesel, according to this new regulation shall be 75 dB(A) at 1 m from the enclosure surface. For existing diesel generator sets, the noise from the DG set shall be controlled by providing an acoustic enclosure or acoustic treatment of the room for DG sets. Such acoustic enclosures/acoustically treated rooms, shall be so designed for minimum 25 dB(A) insertion loss or for meeting the ambient noise standards, whichever is on higher side. Compliance Procedure for Noise Limits for Generator Sets Petrol/Kerosene Generator Sets Compliance procedure for noise limits for generator sets run on petrol/kerosene has been finalised. The implementation of the standards has commenced with effect from September 1, 2002.

Diesel Generator Sets (upto 1000 KVA) Compliance procedure for noise limits for generator sets run on diesel has been finalised and will be circulated to the concerned testing agencies. New Diesel Generator Sets (upto 800 KW)

Compliance procedure for emission limits for new diesel engines (upto 800 KW) for genset applications is being developed. Generator Set Emissions Emission limits for new diesel engines (upto 800 KW) for generator sets applications were notified. This regulation specifies the emission limits for different ratings. Emission standards for diesel engines rating more than 800 KW for power plant, generator set applications and other requirements were notified. Development of Guidelines for Environmental Clearance to Proposed Distilleries A group of experts was constituted for recommending criteria/technology for environmental clearance to the distilleries. Experts and officers of CPCB & MoEF had discussion on various issues and based on detailed discussion, the the following is recommended; The Expert Group has classified distilleries in two groups based on their capacity of alcohol production : Class Class For I II class I : : Distilleries having capacity having distillery of capacity having less more capacity than 45 than less than kld; 45 45 and kld. kld

Distilleries distilleries, i.e.

Following alternative technologies are recommended to be adopted for treatment and disposal of spent wash for allowing new distilleries : i. ii. iii. iv. Bio-methanation Composting Evaporation Bio-methanation and followed followed of drying/incineration by of evaporation by spentwash spent and wash; composting; directly; and

drying/incineration

Distilleries may also be allowed to adopt evaporation followed by composting of concentrated liquor. This will have a beneficial effect of reducing press mud requirement. A minimum storage capacity to store spent wash of one months production will have to be created by the distillery so that spent wash can be stored during rainy season For Class-II distilleries; i.e. distilleries having capacity more than 45 kld

The Expert Group recommended that distilleries having capacity more than 45 kld may be allowed to operate with evaporation and drying/incineration technology for the treatment and disposal of spent wash. This may be alongwith or without bio-methanation process. Alternatively, the industry may also opt for evaporation and composting of the concentrated spent wash. Quantity of Spent wash from Distillery Plant :

The generation of spent wash should be limited to 8-10 kl/kl of Rectified Spirit(RS). This may be achieved either by adoption of the continuous fermentation technology or by providing reboiler. In the case of incineration preceded by bio-methanation system, spentwash generation upto 15 kl per kl of RS production may be allowed. In case, the distillery is situated near the coastal area, its disposal with proper treatment will have to be analysed in detail considering marine biological aspect of the area as well as other considerations, i.e. dilution effect of the seawater etc. Development of requirement for Compost plant in Distilleries

The 3- Member Committee constituted by the Hon'ble Supreme Court in the matter of Distilleries in Haryana State had taken assistance of technical experts, consultants, officers form Central Pollution Control Board and Haryana State Pollution Control Board to decide the requirements/specification for surface compost process utilizing distillery spent wash and press mud. The general requirements/specification for surface compost process by

utilizing spent wash and press mud were evolved.

Development

of

requirements

for

Treatment

&

Disposal

of

Distillery

effluent

The 3 - member Committee Constituted by the Hon'ble Supreme Court in the matter of Distilleries of Haryana State had taken assistance of technical experts and officers of CPCB to decide requirements for treatment & disposal of distillery effluents. The requirements for treatment & disposal of distillery effluent have been prepared in detail. Colour Removal from Black Liquor of Agro-Based Pulp & Paper Mills Colour in the effluent from agro-based pulp & paper mills is caused by discharge of black liquor containing lignin. A study has been undertaken on removal of colour from the black liquor by removing lignin using electro-flocculation process. The study in the laboratory has been undertaken on black liquor generated as well as on black liquor collected from the mills manufacturing unbleached as well as bleached grade of paper. The results of analysis shows that iron electrode has been found effective in removal of colour, lignin and COD. Removal to the extent of 98%(lignin) and 86%(colour) achieved at a 6.0 pH and temperature of 400C. The optimum time requirement was 40 min for complete electro-flocculation process. The process was carried out at different total solid concentration ranging between 0.5% to 2% and optimum results were at 1.5% concentration. The trial was also done with the black liquor sample collected from paper mill manufacturing bleached and unbleached grade of paper. The black liquor was subjected to electro-flocculation using different volumes i.e. 2 l, 5 l and 7 l under optimum conditions. Pollution Control in Slaughter House The slaughter houses are mainly water polluting units. They also cause air pollution by way of foul smell and generate substantial quantity of solid wastes. It is therefore, necessary that these units should install proper treatment systems. The Central Pollution Control Board has asked the State Pollution Control Boards and Pollution Control Committees to take action against slaughter houses and related units which are not complying with the pollution control requirements. In order to speed up pollution control implementation, directions have been issued to the State Boards under Section 18(1)(b) of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 for taking action in case of such slaughter houses and related industries. The State Boards have been directed to issue following directions to slaughter houses/ meat processing industries, which don't have requisite effluent treatment plants:

To submit a time schedule for installation of effluent treatment plant to State Pollution Control Board within one month from the date of issue of the direction; To install requisite effluent treatment plant as per the time schedule agreed by State Pollution Control Board; and To submit quarterly progress report on installation of the effluent treatment plant to State Pollution Control Board. Pollution Pollution Control Control in in Ginning Industries Industries

Cotton ginning is an interface between farming and industrial sectors from cotton to textile production, and engaged in the process of separation of cotton fibres from Cotton balls. Ginning industries are mostly small units located in semi-rural and small towns. During the ginning process, dust fibres and lint are generated which cause air pollution. Studies were carried out in ginning industries to identify pollution problems and suggest remedial measures. Prospects and Status of Natural Dyes To assess the prospects and status of natural dyes, the study has been initiated which includes availability of raw materials, process technologies, current demand, usage and problems in development/manufacture of natural dyes.

Review of Standards for Oil Refineries The standards for discharge of effluent and emissions from oil refineries were notified in the years 1986 and 1990 respectively. There is need to include additional parameters such as oxides of nitrogen, volatile organic compounds etc. Since developments has taken place in the refining technology and pollution control. New process units are also being added to meet the improved fuel quality standards. The project has been taken up for the revision of the standards for oil refineries based on performance as well as technology based approach and include mass based and concentration-based standards for various process operations of refineries. A leak detection and repair (LDAR) programme and specific requirements for minimizing vapour losses from storage tanks and product loading/unloading facilities are being considered to regulate the fugitive emissions of volatile organic compounds. Control of acid mist from Sulphuric Acid Plants Sulphuric Acid plants emit oxides of sulphur and acid mist in the atmosphere. Presently emission limits are prescribed as 4.0 kg/tonne of concentrated acid produced for SOx and 50 mg/nm3 for acid mist. A study was undertaken to study the possibilities of technology upgradation in existing sulphuric acid plants and use of state-ofthe-art technology in new plants to further reduce and control oxides of sulphur and acid mists.

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL AUTHORITY ACTIVITIES

The Central Pollution Control Board provides technical and administrative support to the Environmental Pollution (Prevention & Control) Authority for National Capital Region (EPCA). Adulteration of Fuels The Hon'ble Supreme Court while hearing I.A. No. 151 of the Writ Petition No. 13029/1985 filed by Delhi Petrol Dealers Association gave the following directive in its order dated November 22, 2001: "Copy of this application be also forwarded to Shri Bhure Lal who should constitute an agency which would independently carry out random inspection at the petrol pumps, oil depots and tank lorries in Delhi and give a report with regard to the quality of petrol and diesel available there. It will not be necessary for such an agency to give advance notice before lifting samples as it will be helpful if there is an element of surprise". To ascertain the existing procedures for checking adulteration of fuel and to formulate a work plan for conducting surprise checks and independent fuel testing, EPCA discussed the matter with the representatives of the AntiAdulteration Wing of the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoP&NG), Department of Food and Civil Supplies, Govt. of NCT Delhi, Society for Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM) and the Society for Fuel Testing Laboratory (FTL) Noida. EPCA submitted an interim report to the Honble Supreme Court and Subsequently, EPCA authorized the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) as an agency to carry out random inspection of petrol pumps, oil depots and tank lorries. CSE carried out inspection of fuel quality at fuel dispensing stations, oil depots and tank lorries independently from December 20, 2001 to January 18, 2002 in the National Capital Territory of Delhi and in the National Capital Region. During the inspection, the State Level Coordinator and Regional Level Coordinator of the Oil Companies provided logistic support for sampling. The petrol and diesel samples collected from various locations were analyzed at the Fuel Testing Laboratory at NOIDA. At the instance of EPCA, the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) collected 192 samples and handed over 145 samples to the Fuel Testing Laboratory (FTL) NOIDA for analysis. For accurate detection, alternative testing methods and protocols should be adopted for surveillance. It is possible to create a library of different refinery samples of automotive fuels and possible adulterants. With the help of the standard library chromatogram it will be much easier to detect fuel adulteration. Pricing of CNG The Hon'ble Supreme Court while hearing affidavit filed by the Indra Prastha Gas Ltd. on May 9, 2002, passed the following order: "Bhure Lal Committee is requested to investigate the prices of CNG as done by the IGL and give report to this Court whether there is any justification for the figure of Rs. 16.83 per kg. In giving this report, the Bhure Lal Committee should take into consideration the price at which petrol, diesel and kerosene are sold in Delhi. It will also indicate as to what is the extent of the subsidy or cross subsidization, if any given by the Central Government in respect of petrol, diesel and kerosene as compared to CNG. In order to implement the order, EPCA decided to call for submissions from the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas (MoP&NG), Indraprashtha Gas Ltd.(IGL), Gas Authority of India Ltd.(GAIL), Mahanagar Gas Limited, Mumbai, Gujarat Gas Limited, Oil and Natural Gas Commission, Petronet LNG Limited, British Gas Co., Ministry of Finance and Ministry of Environment & Forests. Besides written submission, EPCA held discussion with the concerned agencies. IGL, GAIL and MoP&NG also made presentations before the Authority. Based on these inputs, a report titled "Getting the Price Right: Promoting Environmentally Acceptable Fuels Through Fiscal Measures" was prepared for submission to the Hon'ble Supreme Court.

Fiscal policy for promoting environmentally acceptable fuels i. It is clear from the review of the fuel taxation policies around the world that "favourable" taxation is an important instrument to maintain the price differential to encourage environmentally acceptable fuels. EPCA recommends that the Indian government must also frame a fiscal policy to allow for higher price competitiveness for environmentally acceptable fuels with competing conventional fuels. In the context of Delhi and other critically polluted cities of India it is important to remember that CNG will directly compete with diesel more than petrol. As a result, the taxation policy should be designed in a manner that an appropriate and effective price differential is maintained with diesel. Therefore, in order to address the CNG taxation it is also important to address diesel taxation. In Delhi today the percentage difference between petrol and CNG prices is as high as 42 per cent in contrast to a meagre difference of 6 per cent between diesel and CNG. While tax on CNG should be lowered, tax on city diesel should be increased simultaneously. It must be noted that the government is already using fiscal measures, such as tax adjustment in the excise duty, to manage the volatility in the diesel and petrol prices. For instance, given the high current prices of diesel and petrol, it has reduced the excise duty from 16 per cent to 14 per cent on diesel and 32 percent to 30 percent on petrol, to reduce the burden on the consumers. EPCA recommended that the government should also provide a tax break on CNG for a certain period of time. Amount of gas that is coming in for transport and city distribution is a very small fraction of the total gas market in the country - less than 2 per cent. The excise duty, which has been increased from 8 per cent to 16 percent, will earn a mere Rs 42 crore from the Delhi CNG market during 2002-2003 and can therefore be waived off till the time the market is established. This will not affect revenue generation of the government to any appreciable level. But this will amount to a decrease in the price of CNG by Rs. 2.32 per kg. Subsequently, differential taxation should be phased in. This should be further complimented with vehicle based incentive programmes as already directed by the Honorable Supreme Court. The government is already poised towards deregulating the gas prices and gas sector reforms. But such moves will have to be examined carefully in the context of CNG as an autofuel. It is not within the purview of our report to look into these issues though we understand that there is need for an appropriate fiscal instrument that will enable natural gas and CNG to remain competitive in a market driven scenario. It is important that the government reviews the gas pricing system, status of gas sector reforms and practices in other countries to implement favourable taxation policy to promote environmentally acceptable fuels. With deregulation and reforms underway, there is little elaboration of the issue of CNG as an autofuel in official policies. The current focus of the pricing system is on industrial and power uses of gas, where it is competing with fuel oil and naphtha. But there is no discussion on policy intervention needed to make CNG competitive vis a vis its competing fuels especially when price deregulation happens. If pricing and market reforms are not synchronized with appropriate regulatory support it may lead to steep escalation in gas prices after deregulation and may make it difficult to sustain favourable taxation policy especially vis a vis competing fuels like diesel that are likely to remain cheaper. This requires immediate scrutiny. The government must urgently formulate a policy for CNG and other environmentally acceptable fuels for the transportation sector. The issue is not the price per se, but the comparative price of the fuel it is replacing. In the deregulated scenario if the price of diesel keeps fluctuating and remains too close or even lower than CNG it will have a negative impact on the CNG programme. Therefore, the government must urgently formulate a policy to promote environmentally acceptable fuels like CNG by using economic instruments to maintain the critical differential between clean and dirty fuels.

ii.

iii.

iv.

v.

vi.

vii.

Infrastructure for CNG Supply As per the Hon'ble Supreme Court order dated April 5, 2002, IGL is to make available 16.1 lacs kg of CNG per day in NCT of Delhi by 30.6.2002. As on 12.4.2002, IGL has installed 79 compressors comprising of 30 mother, 23 online and 26 daughter booster compressors. The total capacity of mother and online compressors is 33573 kg per hour, considering 18 hours working in a day. The daily capacity of compressors to fill up CNG works out as 604,314 kg against which sales is around 5 lacs kg per day. There are 94 CNG compressors in operation which include 17 mother station on IGL land, 9 mother stations on DTC land, 13 on-line stations, 26 daughter booster stations and 29 daughter stations. As on March 31, 2002, 57240 CNG vehicles were in operation which consists of 2120 DTC buses, 2111 private buses, 35678 three wheelers, 2165 RTV/Mini buses, 10350 private cars and 4816 taxies. In March 2001, the number of CNG vehicles were 26350 only with 200 DTC buses, 200 private buses, 250 RTVs, 14000 three wheelers, 2200 taxis and 9500 cars. Environmental Impact Due to Mines In the matter of IA No. 1785 in W.P.(C) No.4677 of 1985; M.C. Mehta v/s UOI & others the Hon'ble Supreme Court has given the following direction to the Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority (EPCA) on

September 23, 2002: "Pursuant to the report dated 9th August, 2002 of the Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority for the National Capital Region, counsel for the mine owners have filed particulars as to the mines which they say have not been inspected. Each applicant shall deposit in the Registry of this Court within three days a sum of Rs 10,000 for the expenses and the Bhure Lal committee is requested to carry out the inspection of the areas/mines indicated in the statement filed by Mr Kailash Vasudev, Sr Advocate in Court today, the statement being from pages 1 to 5 and the second concerned mines at serial no 1 to 25. The committee is requested to give a report as soon as possible, preferably within a period of three weeks. It is open to Bhure Lal committee to associate such other organisation or persons as it may deem fit and proper for the purpose of inspection." On the basis of study, field visits as well as the report of CGWB, EPCA submitted an interim report on "Haryana Ridge and Aravalli hills: Environmental impact" to the Hon'ble Supreme Court on August 9, 2002. As per the Hon'ble Supreme Court Order dated September 23,2003, EPCA further examined the issue and held discussions with the concerned officials from different departments on October 5, 2002. Inspection was made to 26 Mining sites on October 6, 2002 and October 13, 2002 along with the officials from concerned departments of the Haryana state government and mine owners. The overall assessment of the environmental impact of the mining activities in the area especially its implication for ground water level in the region made the following recommendations : i. ii. The ban on the mining activities and pumping of groundwater from up to 5 kms area from the DelhiHaryana border in the Haryana side of the ridge and also in the Aravalli hill must be maintained. Not only further degradation be halted, but all efforts must be made to ensure that the local economy is rejuvenated, with the use of plantations and local water harvesting based opportunities. It is indeed sad to note the plight of people living in these hills who are caught between losing their water dependent livelihood and between losing their only desperate livelihood to break stones in the quarries. It is essential that the Government of Haryana seriously implement programmes to enhance the land-based livelihood of people - agriculture, animal care and forestry.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH

Impact of Idols immersion in river Yamuna in Delhi The impact of immersion of worship idols in Yamuna River after Dushehra festival has been studied at Delhi stretch from upstream Wazirabad to downstream Okhla barrage. It was estimated that as many as 1600 idols were immersed in Delhi stretch of River Yamuna. The impact on water quality of river with respect to levels of Conductivity, Total and Dissolved solids, Bio-chemical oxygen demand have been observed. River bed sludge analysis reflects elevated levels of iron, arsenic and mercury. Based on the study the following measures are suggested to reduce the pollution load from idols immersion activities.

The offerings like flowers & leaves may be collected in separate containers or in pits for composting. After immersion, the recyclable articles like jari, clothes, plastics aluminium foil, wood and bamboo may be taken out from the water bodies. The civic authorities may engage agencies/persons for doing the job. Areas may earmarked for immersion & such other activities to prevent indiscriminate disposal and to help retrieval of recoverable materials. Environment friendly practices such as use of bio-degradable dyes and paints may be encouraged.

Spore Testing Methodology for Efficiency Testing of Autoclaves used for Bio-Medical Waste Treatment Bio-medical waste treatment and its safe disposal has become a matter of serious concern in recent years. The Bio-medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998 notified by Govt. of India has stipulated rules for proper collection, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of bio-medical waste. For treatment of bio-medical waste, the nursing homes and hospitals have to install the treatment facilities for bio-medical waste like incinerators, autoclaves etc. and it is necessary that these treatment facilities should operate at designed efficiency level. For assessment of efficiency of autoclaves, spore testing methodology has been undertaken by using the spores of Bacillus Stereothermophilus, which act as biological indicator. The assessment of efficiency of autoclaves installed at various hospitals of NCT Delhi and Hydroclave installed at Bhaunti, Kanpur was undertaken regularly. The observations and findings indicate that the bio-medical waste treatment by autoclaves/Hydroclave was satisfactory with respect to waste sterilization undertaken at various hospitals monitored. Determination of Effluent Toxicity from Pulp and Paper Industries For the development of toxicity based Minimal National Standards in Agro based or mixed type of pulp & paper industries, the collaborative project study had been carried out in collaboration with four prominent laboratories viz. National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad; Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhi Nagar; and CPCB Zonal Laboratories at Kanpur and Delhi. The analytical results indicate that the toxicity factor (TF) in the untreated effluent ranged between 1 to 16 whereas in treated effluent, its value ranged between 1 to 4. The range of percent toxicity reduction after treatment varied from 0 to 100%. In few cases, increase in the level of toxicity after treatment was also observed. On the basis of studies, the toxicity standard for pulp and paper industries under Minimal National Standards (MINAS) has been recommended as TF 2. The standard indicates that the treated effluent should not cause any fish mortality, if exposed in the effluents diluted two times with specified dilution water, for a period of 48 hours. Development of Trihalomethanes (THM's) Analysis Facilities for Environmental Samples (Drinking Water) The halomethanes include all one carbon compounds with substituted chlorine or bromine. The sources of these compounds are industrial discharges and the synthesis during disinfection with chlorine. Trihalomethanes (THM's) occur in drinking water principally as a product of reaction of chlorine with naturally occurring material and bromide

that may also be present. With respect to drinking water contamination, four members of THM's viz. chloroform, dichlorobromomethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform are important. World Health Organisation (WHO, 1993) has already enacted the health related guidelines values in drinking water. In order to monitor the presence of these compounds in drinking water, the infrastructure facilities are being developed at CPCB Laboratories. Geo-accumulation and Bio-accumulation of Heavy Metals and Pesticides With increasing paucity of fresh water untreated/partially treated sewage water is increasingly utilized for irrigation of soil and growing of crops. The sewage wastewater generation from urban areas has been constantly increasing, while the wastewater treatment capacity is quite less than the total wastewater generation. The treated/untreated wastewater is increasingly utilized for irrigation of crops, vegetation etc. To study the impact of wastewater on geoaccumulation and bio-accumulation on irrigated soil and crop vegetation in Delhi, a project has been undertaken. The survey has been conducted at Najafgarh drain basin and dry cultivated areas in river bed of Yamuna after confluence of various drains, where sewage water is being used for irrigation of soil and growing crops vegetation. Water, soil, plants and vegetables such as Brinjal, Spinach, Bitter gourd, Lady's finger etc. have been collected and analyzed for trace metals and pesticides during consecutive random sampling rounds. From the analytical data, it has been derived that sewage irrigated soil and vegetables may contain elevated level of selective metallic content, which may be the cause of one or the other disorder. Detection of Pesticides and Metals in Fish in West Bengal With the increasing influx of industrial effluents in rivers, ponds and sea, there is possibility of contamination of metals in fishes. Keeping this in view, a study was carried out to ascertain the level of metal content in edible fishes, consumed by human, from different sources. Fishes from two locations (Digha and Diamond harbour fish landing stations) from the coast of West Bengal were collected for the analysis of heavy metals. Results indicate that the concentrations of all metals analysed were within the prescribed limits for human consumption. Assimilative capacity studies of different rivers Wastewater of industrial and domestic origin is ultimately discharged into the rivers. The natural assimilation capacity can take care of these pollutants to some extent, though discharge of excess pollutants may upset such system. Capacity of assimilation of pollutants generally varies from river to river. If capacity of assimilation can be ascertained the fate of the pollutants can be predicted. A study has been undertaken to assess the fate of chemicals added to the limited quantity (20 lits) of river water with aeration. Different type of carbohydrates, metal, urea etc were added to the water and samples were collected at 2 hours interval for analysis of pH, BOD, COD, TKN, NO3, ammonia, total coliform and metals. The results obtained using river water collected from Hugli revealed that decreasing trend was observed for BOD, COD and alkalinity whereas increasing trend was observed for pH, nitrate, and total coliform along with lowering of biodegradability. The metals like iron, zinc, manganese were removed sharply due to co-precipitation. Pollution potential of leachates from SW & BMW dump sites at Dhapa - Bantala, West Bengal Recycling of solid waste is of two types, namely (i) Vegetable cultivation and (ii) picking from the disposal ground. Nutrient recycling by way of growing vegetables on such solid waste dump provides a very effective route for solid waste management. However, such dumping may lead to soil and groundwater pollution due to, among others, its high content of toxic compound. To study the 'Pollution potential of leachates from solid waste' an active dumping site is chosen at Dhapa, where newly developed Bio-medical waste treatment facility has been build up and the other site which is chosen is the old dumping site marked as Bantala area, a site selected for promotion of Hotels and Resort (P.C Chandra Green Project) situated opposite to the Science City. Lysimeters of 10 ft. have been installed at both the sites. In the present study quality of leachates from 10-ft depth of active dump has been examined by way of assessing the relevant physical, chemical and even biological properties of the same. For this purpose leachates are being collected at regular interval from the month of August.

The results of analysis reveals that microbial contamination is very high as well as the presence of toxic metals like manganese, iron, lead, zinc, chromium, Sodium and potassium concentrations are also found above the recommended standard for drinking water and irrigation water quality criteria. Pollution Potential of Leachates from Solid Waste Dump During the study, quality of leachates from different depths of active dump/soil is examined by way of assessing the relevant physical, chemical and biological properties. For this purpose, leachates from designated depths are collected at regular intervals with the help of soil sampler (or lysimeter). Transport of solution down a profile plays a significant role in determining the accumulation at any particular depth and often bears relationship to the potential for contamination of groundwater reservoir. The ability to predict the mobility of dissolved solutes in the soil solution (i.e. leachate) is of considerable value in managing and disposal of solid waste. Indeed salt concentration gradient may greatly affect water movement in soils. The study of these processes is relevant with regard to modes of leaching solute accumulation nutrient movement, evaporation, as well as ground water pollution. The present study has been concentrated with the parameter such as reflection coefficient (d) mechanical filtration capacity (Lp), solute permeability. In addition, column studies may also be undertaken in the laboratory under conditions simulating those existing in the field/dump. Attempts may be made to relate the findings to the Darcy's hydraulic conductivity, solute accumulation and relative hold-up of solutes by the given perineating media, as represented by the breakthrough curves. This could be of interest for a better understanding of the deposition as well as concentration of the dissolved solutes down the soil profile. Coastal Aquaculture in India There are about 1.2 million hectares of brackish water area of which about 0.14 million hectares is used for shrimp farming. This rapid expansion is likely to lead to a number of social and environmental problems. A study is being carried out to assess the pollution potential of the coastal aquaculture. Some of the observations made during the study are unlike other industrial processes, as it is not a continuous process and it runs twice annually. Therefore, the discharge of effluent is one time during the season in which huge quantity of wastewater is discharged in a short span of time in specific area.

IMPORTANT LEGAL MATTERS

Pollution by Chemical Industries in Gajraula Area in Uttar Pradesh Writ Petition (Civil) No.418/1998, Imtiaz Ahamad Vs Union of India & Ors. The Petition was filed one by Shri Imtiaz Ahmad, Advocate regarding pollution caused by the Chemical Industries operating in Jyotiba Phule Nagar in Gajraula area in Uttar Pradesh. In pursuance of the Hon'ble Supreme Court, the Central Pollution Control Board has made several inspection of each unit operating in the area and submitted various reports to the Supreme Court. On the basis of the CPCB reports, the Hon'ble Supreme Court on 28.2.2002 passed the orders that the industry should complied with the prescribed norms and recommendations of the Central Board. Keeping in view of the pollution impact part on the area, the Hon'ble Court has directed the U.P. Pollution Control Board to take affective measures in terms of the recommendations of the Central Pollution Control Board. The U. P. State Industrial Development Corporation (UPSIDC) to draw an environmental management plan so that no new large or medium polluting industry should be allowed to establish or no existing unit should be allowed any expansion without the consent of the appropriate authority. In view of these directions the Writ Petition has been disposed of. Ganga Pollution Matter Writ Petition (Civil) No. 3727/1885, M.C.Mehta Vs Union of India & Ors. In the matter of Interlocutory Application filed by the Central Pollution Control Board before the Supreme Court of India. The Central Board has submitted the report in pursuance of Hon'ble Supreme Court's orders. In its report the Central Board has informed the Hon'ble Court the polluting sources of different municipalities which functions on the Ganga Basin. The Hon'ble Court on 23.9.2002 issued notices to all the 122 Municipal Councils as well as the concerned seven State Governments of Uttar Pradesh, Uttranchal, Bihar, Jharkhand, M.P., Rajasthan and West Bengal to explain why they have not erected the oxidation ponds and identify the land for the purpose. The mater is pending for consideration for the responses submitted by the Municipalities and the concerned State Governments. Noise Pollution by Fire-Crackers Matter Writ Petition (C) No.72/1998, In Re: - Noise Pollution - Implementation of the Laws for Restricting use of Loud Speakers and High Volume Producing Sound Systems Vs Union of India & Ors. This writ petition is relating to noise pollution and is treated as public interest litigation. In order to minimize noise pollution various orders or directions have been passed by the Hon'ble Supreme Court for the implementation of the Laws or prescribed standards for restricting the use of loud speakers and high volume producing sound systems. The Hon'ble Supreme Court has also taken issues of the noise pollution by fire-crackers. It was observed that noise pollution causing health hazards. To control noise pollution and also to prevent accidents due to use of fire-crackers, the Hon'ble Supreme Court issued following directions to the Central Government all the State Governments and the Union Territories for implementation: 1. 2. 3. 4. To take steps to strictly comply with the rules related to the noise standards for fire-crackers. The use of fireworks or fire-crackers should not be permitted except between 6.00 p.m. and 10.00 p.m. No fireworks or firecrackers should be used between 10.00 p.m. and 6.00 a.m. Fire-crackers should not be used at any time in silence zone. The State Education Resource Centres in all the States and the Union Territories should take appropriate steps to educate students about the ill effects of air and noise pollution.

Now, the Central Board in the process for submitting its suggestions before the Hon'ble Supreme Court for their consideration for the effective implementation of the Noise Standards for fire-crackers.

BIO-MEDICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT

Bio-Medical Waste Management in North-Zone The hospitals and bio medical facilities meant to ensure better health have unfortunately become a potential health risk due to mismanagement of the infectious waste. Realizing this, Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India notified the rules, called Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998, which has come into force since July 27,1998. Bio-medical waste from hospitals, nursing home and other health centers composed of variety of wastes like hypodermic needles, scalpels blades, surgical cottons, gloves bandages, clothes, discarded medicine, blood and body fluids, human tissues and organs, radio-active substances and chemicals etc. This area of waste management is grossly neglected. The situation of bio medical waste management in entire north zone is pathetic. In Punjab a common facility has been developed to cater to the cities of Ludhiana,Jallandhur,Patiala and Amritsar. In Haryana clearance have been given for a common facilities, which however is yet to be developed. In H.P out of total 10 incinerators installed one each at Shimla and Paonta Sahib is also working as common incinerators for the hospitals in that region. In U.P. only 5 common facilities have been so far developed and few more are in process. The common facilities at Ludhiana in Punjab and in Kanpur are comprehensive as stipulated in the Act but at other places common facilities are mainly having incinerators as treatment facility. Segregation is the most neglected aspect and progress on this part paint dismal picture. In order to effectively implement the bio-medical waste management rules a comprehensive survey and monitoring was undertaken at various hospitals in Uttar Pradesh. In all thirty-three medical establishments were inspected and monitoring conducted for incinerators which are installed as per norms. Status of incinerators in individual medical establishments and common facilities are as below: Single Double Incinerators chambered installed chamber incinerators but with incinerators Inadequate not stack commissioned : height : : 10 07 04

Bhatti type facilities : 04 Observations

The segregation of waste in almost all hospitals is not satisfactory. Colour coding for various categories of waste is not followed. The storage of bio-medical waste is not in isolated area and proper hygiene is not maintained. Personal protective equipment and accessories are not provided. Most of the hospitals do not have proper waste treatment and disposal facilities. In the cities where common treatment facilities have come up, many medical establishments are yet to join the common facility. Emission monitoring of five incinerators indicated that they do not meet the emission norms. Most of the incinerators are not properly operated and maintained, resulting in poor performance. Sometimes plastics are also incinerated leading to possible emission of harmful gases. Several hospitals have not applied to State Pollution Control Board for authorization under the rules. General awareness among the hospital staff regarding bio-medical waste is lacking.

Recommendations and Follow-up

All health care facilities generating Bio-medical waste shall strictly ensure segregation, colour coding and other provisions of Bio-medical waste (Management & Handling) rules, 1998 and amendments thereof. Hospitals should apply to state Pollution Control Board for authorization to handle and treat the waste. Incinerators, which do not conform the design & emission norms as per rules, must be modified and air pollution control system may be retrofitted to minimize the emission level. The operator should ensure proper O&M of incinerator through attainment of required temperature in both the chambers, regular operation of the incinerator, proper maintenance of the logbook and storage of the waste in isolated area, plastic incineration should not be undertaken. Proper training and personal safety equipment / accessories should be provided to waste handling staff. Records of waste generation, treatment and disposal should be maintained by the hospital. Steps should be taken to set up common bio waste treatment facility in each city/town with strict monitoring of these facilities by regulatory agency and individual facilities should be discouraged. This is on account of the fact that improper operation may lead to increase in air pollution problem. Better siting, management and monitoring is possible in common facilities only. The amounts changeable for the waste in most of the common facilities are for below the minimum O&M cost. This needs to be rationalized else it may lead to non-operation of facilities. Various regulatory agencies, Hospitals, Medical Association & Municipal Corporation should work together for proper management of Bio-medical waste in the cities/towns.

Action has been initiated against 3 medical colleges (KGMC, Lucknow, GSVM, Kanpur and JLN Medical College, Aligarh) having bed capacities more than 1000 that do not manage the bio-medical waste as per rules. Steps are also being taken against other hospitals, which do not follow the rules and operate the incinerators, to meet the emission norms. A project on 'Model Segregation Practices' was also completed in Vivekanand Polyclinic, Lucknow and in Govt. Medical College Jammu for practical demonstration of segregation of bio-medical waste in bio-medical waste management. Bio-medical Waste Management in Himachal Pradesh The Himachal Pradesh State Environment Protection & Pollution Control Board has conducted study in major hospitals. It has been decided to set up the demonstration model named Dr. Rajinder Prasad Govt. Medical college & Hospital at Dharmshala with following objectives;

Assessment of existing waste management practices. Classification, quantification & characterization of waste streams. The hospital is having 258 beds and equipped with all the medical facilities like Emergency, Maternity, Gynecology & Child wards, ENT Deptt., Surgical, Orthopaediatric, OPD, Blood Bank and other radiological facilities. The quantity of bio-medical waste generation is estimated to be 100 kg/day. Besides this 30 lit./day of liquid waste is being generated from washing of laboratories and kitchen. As per the data, per bed waste generation is estimated as 380 gm/day. Major contribution is from disposable, waste sharp and soiled waste. The following methods are adopted in the hospital; Provisions of needle destroyer in some wards. Discarded needles and syringes are rarely destroyed and disinfected. The transportation of waste by hand lifting in the bins or gunny bags. Final treatment of waste by incineration.

Lack of awareness amongst the hospital staff including doctors towards the segregation of infectious waste is one of the main reasons for mismanagement of Bio-medical waste in the hospital. Mass awareness programme for management of bio-medical waste should be carried out at regular interval.

HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT

Identification of Hazardous Waste Streams, their Characterisation and Waste Minimisation Options in various Industrial Sectors. Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) has undertaken studies on "Identification of hazardous waste streams, their characterisation and waste management options" in various industrial sectors like, Petrochemicals, Pesticides, Dye & Dye Intermediate and Bulk Drugs & Pharmaceutical sectors. The basic aim of the project is to identify industrial sector-wise identification of waste generation streams & stream-wise characterisation of hazardous waste for implementation of Hazardous Waste Management Rules. The study for Pesticides, Petrochemicals and Dyes & Dye Intermediates has been completed. The report constitutes information pertaining to various waste streams, quantification of hazardous waste generation per tonne of product, characteristics of waste, suitable recovery/reuse options for minimisation of waste generation. Inventorisation of Hazardous Waste Generation in Orissa The study for Inventorisation of hazardous waste generation in Orissa has been undertaken in accordance with Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000. The findings of the study include number of hazardous waste generating units and quantification of hazardous waste. District-wise distribution of hazardous waste generating units in Orissa S.No. District Large Medium Small Total 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. Angul 15 -- 01 16 Balasore 07 06 06 19 Bargarh 03 02 01 06 Bhadrak 01 -- 01 02 Bolangir 03 -- -- 03 Cuttack 05 07 14 26 Dhenkanal 07 -- 01 08 Ganjam 03 02 01 06 Jagatsingpur 04 02 -- 06 Jaipur 05 -- -- 05 Jharsuguda 10 -- -- 10 Kalahandi -- -- 02 02 Keonjhar 13 02 -- 15 Khurda 06 -- 03 09 Koraput 05 01 -- 06 Mayurbhanj 02 01 02 05 Nabarangapur 01 -- -- 01 Puri 01 -- -- 01 Rayagada 02 -- -- 02 Sambalpur 02 01 02 05 Sundargarh Total 112 29 50 191 Number of Industries

17

05

16

38

Criteria for Disposal of Hazardous Waste in Secure Landfill & Guidelines for Collection, Treatment & Disposal of Leachate According to the Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Amendment Rules, 2000, the Central Pollution Control Board is to suggest leachate treatment standards. Accordingly the study on "Disposal criteria for hazardous waste disposal" & "Guidelines for collection, treatment & disposal of leachate & its standards" has been taken up. The hazardous waste generated from different processes have to be managed in environmentally sound

manner, therefore, the waste should be disposed off scientifically either through incineration or in secured land filling, depending upon the characteristic and nature of the waste, the disposal of hazardous waste through secure land filling has to be carried out through collection, transportation and treatment. Waste disposal criteria have been discussed in a Sub-Committee constituted by CPCB, which are as follow:

Waste, is a fluid, slurry or paste. Waste, which fails paint filter liquid test (PFT). Waste, which reacts with moisture to produce considerable amount of heat or gases. Waste, which is highly inflammable (flash point < 60O C). Waste, which contains shock sensitive substances (e.g. acelylides, azides, organic nitrites, nitro compounds and peroxides etc). Waste, which contains very strong oxidizing agents (e.g. bleach, chlorates, ozanates, peroxides, mineral acids etc). Waste, which contains volatile substances of significant toxicity (e.g. hazardous air pollutants as per 40 CFR Part 60, USEPA). Waste, which falls below a pH value of 14 and exceeds the value of 12, if leached with distilled water in the ratio of 1/10. Waste, which possess a calorific value of more than 2500 KCal/kg. These wastes have to go for authorized energy recovery or for hazardous waste incineration.

The Sub-Committee finalised the criteria for disposal of hazardous waste in SLF & code of practice for leachate collection & removal system and suggested approach for leachate treatment and its safe disposal. Following standards for disposal of leachate to STP, CETP, Inland surface water or marine coastal areas have been recommended apart from the standards suggested as per part-A, Schedule VI of Environment (Protection) Rules, following additional parameters has been suggested as the leachate standards: S.No. Parameters Standards for disposal of leachate (mg/l) Inland surface water STP CETP Marine coastal 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Aox 0.5 - - 0.5 PAH (each) 0.059 - - 0.059 Benzene 0.14 - - 0.14 Toluene .08 - - 0.08 Xylene (Sum of O,M,P - Xylene) 0.32 - - 0.32

Laboratory Manual on Sampling, Analysis and Characterisation of Hazardous Waste According to the Schedule 2 & 3 of Hazardous Waste Management Rules 2000, the wastes are classified based on the waste substances, concentration limits and characteristics. In order to improve the infrastructure capability of SPCBs with regard to analysis and characterisation of hazardous waste, CPCB has prepared a manual on "Sampling, analysis and characterisation of hazardous waste". The manual entails sampling approaches using various sampling equipments, sample processing techniques and methods of analysis and characterisation procedures of hazardous wastes. Registration as Recycler/Reprocessor with Environmentally Sound Management Facilities In order to regulate the reuse/reprocessing of recyclable hazardous waste like waste oil/used lead acid batteries/non-ferrous metal wastes in an environmentally sound manner, the Ministry has forwarded applications to CPCB for scrutiny and to carryout verification of the units for assessment of environmental compliance and environmentally sound management facilities provided by the applicants. The visit reports were scrutinised and submitted to Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF). CPCB also provided inputs as a member of technical committee set up by MoEF on various aspects pertaining to hazardous waste management rules. Guidelines for Disposal of Drill Cuttings & Drilling Fluids for On-shore/Off-shore Oil Drilling Operation In view of the representation submitted to MoEF by oil drilling operators for review of existing guidelines with respect to disposal of drill cuttings & drilling fluids which are already notified by MoEF during the year 1996. CPCB has reviewed the existing guidelines and placed in the meeting with expert members and oil drilling operators. The revised guidelines for safe disposal of drill cuttings/drilling fluids being generated from on-shore and off-shore oil drilling operations have been sent to MoEF for further notification.

SPATIAL ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING

District-wise Zoning Atlas The district-wise zoning atlas for siting of industries, zones and classifies the environment in a district and presents the pollution receiving potential of various sites/zones in the district and the possible alternate sites for industries, through easy-to-read maps (1:250,000 scale). Work for 63 districts have been completed and for 73 districts zoning atlas is under progress. These districts cover 21 States and an Union Territory. Industrial Estate Planning The industrial estate planning studies have been taken up at micro-level (1:50,000 and lower) to identify the sites for industrial estates and to suggest waste disposal sites. So far, the studies have been completed for twelve sites. In respect of the sites of Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Meghalaya; the reports have been sent to respective State Pollution Control Boards for follow-up with the concerned departments for identifying the exact location of the sites and pollution abatement infrastructure. State-wise Mapping of Sensitive Zones and Industrial Sites

The activity on mapping of environmentally sensitive zones and industrial sites aims at presenting the information on environmentally sensitive zones, like national parks, reserved forests and protected forests; and industrial sites in the form of maps (1:1 M scale). The work has been completed for 12 states and is in progress for 6 other states (Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Tamil Nadu). Regional/State Planning Pilot studies on regional planning were taken up for Jalpaiguri District of West Bengal and the entire State of Tripura. These studies are for demonstrating the utility of environmental planning tools for achieving overall developmet of the District/Region/State in a sustainable Manner. The studies for Jalpaiguri and Tripura have been completed and the reports are under finalisation. Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Urban Areas The overall objective of the study is to identify measures for improvement of environmental quality in cities and ensure that the environmental risks from various developmental activities are minimized and the development/siting of further activities takes place in environmentally sound manner. Subsequent to Kanpur study, the EMP study on Agra has been completed and priority projects have been identified. Preparation of EMPs is in progress for Indore, Vadodara, Taj Trapezium Zone, Bhubaneshwar, Patna, Chennai and Agartala. The following recommendations has been made in the EMP for Agra, which have been incorporated in the new Mater Plan of Agra City.

Integration of all sectoral development plans Relocation of certain activities Improvement of identified areas Improvement of road network Protection of environmental resources Conceptualization of Taj Ecocity

In continuation to the EMP Agra City, a similar report is being prepared for Firozabad City. To improve the environmental quality of the "Glass City", a comprehensive plan is being chalked out.

Environmental Management Plans for Mining Areas/Tourism areas/ Environmentally fragile areas The EMP studies for mining areas have been taken up for intensive coal mining areas of Korba and Dhanbad and limestone belt of Satna. EMP studies for tourism areas have been taken up for Bakel Fort (Kerala) and Macleodganj (Himachal Pradesh). Panchmarhi Biosphere Reserve located in Madhya Pradesh has been taken up for EMP for environmentally fragile area. Eco-city Project To bring in visible environmental improvement through comprehensive urban improvement system, the pilot project on "Kottayam-Kumarakom Ecocities" project was commenced. The Central Pollution Control Board has provided the needed technical inputs for launching the project. To protect Taj Mahal and to ensure sustainable development of the area, it is contemplated to develop "Taj Ecocity" in an area of about 25 sq.km., around Taj Mahal in Agra. The project to be implemented in the Ist phase had been identified by the Uttar Pradesh Government and the Ministry of Environment & Forests. The concept of Ecocity has emerged from the EMP Agra City. The major thrust areas are- heritage corridor, industry zone, hotel zone, trade and commerce zone, agriculture and horticultural zone encompassing Taj Mahal and river Yamuna. Imprtant recommendations are as follows:

Aesthetics - urban design elements Amenities and facilities in the neighbourhood Efficient public transport system Safety from hazards Adequate water supply Enhancement of electric supply

Under the 10th Five Year Plan, the Ecocities project is being extended to small and medium towns in the country. The work has commenced for launching the project in Mathura (Uttar Pradesh), Ujjain (Madhya Pradesh), Puri (Orissa), Vapi (Gujarat), Thanjavour (Tamil Nadu), Rishikesh (Uttaranchal), Tirupati (Andhra Pradesh), Shillong (Meghalaya), Kottayam (Kerala) and Vrindavan (Uttar Pradesh). Urban Environmental Information System The urban environmental information system (Urb-Envis) is targeted to provide information in the form of a local environmental report to be prepared by the municipality on the status of socio-economic aspects, environment and development. The municipalities/Corporations of Indore, Bhubaneshwar, Chennai, Agartala, Vadodara, Guntur, Agra, Kanpur, Kottayam, Delhi and Patna have been included in the Ist phase of the programme. Under the programme, a bi-annual public report will be brought out detailing the status of the environment and also the information will be placed on website, maintained and updated by respective municipalities/Corporations.

STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT

Bangalore In-depth monitoring of sewage treatment plants and effluent treatment plants of some major industries was carried out. Monitoring of ambient air in respect of routine parameters and noise was also completed. Dry data of some major industries were collected to update the available information. Drain monitoring of some major drains was also completed. Lote-Parshuram Industrial Area Lote-Parashuram industrial area, developed by Maharastra Industrial Development Corporation (MICD) in Ratnagiri district of Maharastra State, has been taken up for in-depth pollution assessment, due to a large number of chemical industries located in the area. The water pollution was found as critical problem to the nearby villagers. Diu Diu is an island with an area of about 40 square kilometers, which is located in the southern coast of Gujarat Kathiawar peninsula and separated by a narrow swampy creek. The coastline covers tidal marshes, salt pans, limestone cliffs, rocky covers and sandy beaches. The beaches and the cultural heritage of Diu are attracted by inland and foreign tourists. About one lakh tourists visit this small area annually. An intensive study has been initiated to assess the present environmental status of Diu, which will bring out the environmental status of this island and also some recommendations to improve the quality of environment as a whole. Tripura A study for preparation of status of Environment in Tripura has been carried out with aim to monitor environmental quality and updating the status report. Environment monitoring has been conducted with respect to air quality, water quality bio-medical waste management, hazardous waste management at various part of Tripura.. Ground water samples were collected from 19 locations distributed in four zones/district (North: 4, Dhalai:1, West: 11, and South: 3). Analyses have been carried out for physical characteristics, mineral constituent, toxic metals and organic pollutants. Results indicate that TDS, TSS, chloride, Fluoride, sulfates are within permissible limits. Toxic heavy metals such as As, Pb, Cd and Cr have been found within permissible limit. No faecal coliform was found in any samples. Samples were collected from 12 points from 8 rivers namely, Howrah, Deo, Manu, Dhalai, Juri, Feni, Khowai and Muhri and from 2 lakes namely Amarsagar and Jagannathdihi. The water quality with respect to the parameters such as TDS, TSS , Chloride, Fluoride, Sulfate, Calcium, Magnisium, Sodium, Arsenic, Cadmium, Copper and lead were found within permissible water quality limits. Total coliform, Fecal coliform were observed to be higher at all locations. Oil and Grease was higher in Howrah river and in Chandrapur stream at Chandrapur because of automobile Garages in the area. Bacteriological quality of ponds with respect to total coliform and fecal coliform are observed to higher and unsuitable for drinking. The air quality monitoring have been carried out at various locations. The major health establishment in Tripura is depicted below; Health West State District Sub-divi. Rural Defense Care Hospital Hospital Hospital Hospital Hospital Center South 4 2 11 9 3 No. 1054 205 120 87 150 150 80 Bed North 150 60 60 capacity 100 Total Dhalai 1054 300 515 260 87

Homeopathic Private Total 2266

Hospital nursing home

1 10

20 130

--

20 130

Considering specific waste generation factor, the quantity of bio-medical waste is estimated as 763 Kg/day. Currently no appropriate system is available for treatment and disposal of bio-medical waste. Leh & it's adjoining areas Leh town is the only `urban pocket' in the Ladakh region. The areas surveyed was Leh town, the three brackish water lakes and the Nubra Valley. This area was chosen for survey since CPCB has no background data of this region. This region is watered extensively by the mighty river Indus which is joined by equally important rivers namely River Zanskar and River Shyok. The region is bereft of any natural vegetation and existing tree vegetation are due to the sheer effort of the Forest Department under J & K PCB. The main thrust of growing trees was to meet the demand both for firewood and timber (construction). Semblance of a water supply system is restricted only to Leh town which is catered exclusively by groundwater without any pre-treatment. The entire Ladakh region offers enormous scope for tapping renewable energy sources - mainly hydel and solar. Despite the presence of abundant water resource water is neither abstracted for water supply nor the hydel power projects reassuring, mainly due to the high silt load. The Notified Area Committee (NAC) under the Ladakh Autonomous Hill Development Council (LAHDC) supervises solid waste management. The bright spots on this front are firstly, the use of polybags are banned secondly a shop in Leh town offers refilling facility of mineral water bottles, thus stemming piling up of plastic waste in this fragile region. The entire Leh district has a formidable health care infrastructure. The health department is not aware of the Biomedical Waste Rules. CPCB's general water quality criteria for raw water used for community water supplies (surface & groundwater) were adopted for ascertaining water quality. The salient observations indicate that the river water are suitable for human consumption except high suspended solids and dissolved iron. Leh town is getting water supply from tubewells which are meeting the stipulated standards without any disinfection / treatment. Detailed report of the survey being published. Digha. A study on the environmental status of Digha, a renowned tourist resort in the coastal fringe of east Midnapore District, West Bengal, has been undertaken by CPCB Zonal Office- Kolkata with a view to understand the extent of environmental impacts emerging from busy human activities. The study was conducted covering major aspects like air quality, quality of waste waters that discharged into the coastal sea, status of ground water and coastal water quality besides management of municipal solid waste, drinking water quality, beach condition etc. The air quality, in terms of particulate matters, exhibited near critical value while other parameters remained within the national ambient air quality standards recommended for residential/rural area. The status of untreated waste water from the tourist town discharged into the coastal sea, in terms of some indicative parameters, have been found critical that may bring about some deleterious effect on the coastal water quality. Singrauli In order to promote NGOs in monitoring of environmental quality, CPCB has sponsored the project to Banwasi Sewa Asram, an NGO based at Singrauli. The project under reference is continuing since Jan 2002 and is slated to generate data for surface water and ambient air through a network of monitoring locations in different representative areas. The quarterly reports as submitted by the project authorities brings out following status:

Three drain monitored include Ballia nala, Dongia nala and Murdhwa nala. It has been reported that high fluoride concentration has been found in Ballia nala and Murdhawa nala. Mercury is reported from all the three drains. The maximum concentration has been reported from Dongia nala. The concentration of fluoride and mercury is reported from all the three Bawadis monitored. The content of mercury and fluoride has been reported from location d/s of the confluence of reservoir with Ballia nala, Dongia nala as well as the river Rihand before confluence with Obra reservoir. The obra reservoir too has reported content of mercury. Ambient air has been monitored at four locations for RSPM, SPM, SO2, NOx and mercury. While the location at village Kewal is identified for baseline data, the other three locations at Bijpur, Renukoot and Dalla were identified to record the impact of Rihand Thermal Power Plant, industries at Renukoot and

Stone Crushers respectively. Excessively low concentration of gaseous pollutants and RSPM observed at Kewal has validated the location as baseline SO2 and NOx has been found within limits for residential areas. High fluoride (1.2 to 5 g/m3) is reported at Renukoot RSPM and SPM concentration has been found high at Dalla and Renukoot A significant observation has been high concentration of gaseous as well as particulate mercury reported from all the three impact locations.

CPCB PUBLICATIONS

Following publications have been brought out during the year 2002. Reports/Documents 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. Water Quality in India - Status and Trends 1990-2001; MINARS/20 Water Quality Status and Statistics 2000; MINARS/21 National Ambient Air Quality Status 1999; NAAQMS/21 National Ambient Air Quality Status 2000; NAAQMS/22 Performance Evaluation Study of Biochemical Oxidation & Dephenolisation Plants; PROBES/84 Pollution Control in Small Scale Industries - Status and Needs; PROBES/85 Performance Evaluation of Common Effluent Treatment Plants; PROBES/86 Evaluation of Clean Coal Technologies; PROBES/87 Spatial Distribution of Hourly Mixing Depth over Indian Region; PROBES/88 Studies on Rain and Surface Runoff Storm Water in Gujarat, Maharashtra and Daman; PROBES/89 Effluent Toxicity Status in Water Polluting Industries (Part I - Dyes and Dye Intermediate, Bulk Drugs and Textile Industries); PROBES/91 A Report on State of Environment - Lucknow; CUPS/52 Municipal Solid Waste Processing Technologies Review and Guidelines for Local Bodies; CUPS/53 Environmental Status of Andaman Islands; COPOCS/24 Oil Pollution and the Marine Environment; COPOCS/26 Municipal Sewage Pollution Along Indian Coastal Waters; COPOCS/27 Zoning Atlas - Rangareddy District (Andhra Pradesh); EMAPS/15 Zoning Atlas - Medak District (Andhra Pradesh); EMAPS/16 Zoning Atlas - Sambalpur District, Orrisa); EMAPS/17 Zoning Atlas - Sirmaur District, Himachal Pradesh; EMAPS/18 Inventorisation and Management of Hazardous Waste in West Bengal; HAZWAMS/18 Manual of Design, Construction and quality control liners and cover for Hazardous Waste Landfills; HAZWAMS/20 Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater and its Control; IMPACTS/4 Environmental Atlas of India Save the Environment - Make less Waste

Parivesh Newsletter 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Highlights 2001 Biomonitoring of Water Bodies, Part II Bio-diesel as Automobile Fuel Benzene in Air and its Effects on Human Health Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) - Persistent Pollutant Climate Change Public Interest Litigations

e-GOVERNANCE

Software Development for e-Governance An application software has been developed for shifting towards e-governance. The software includes modules on public complaints, legal matter, parliament matter, activities of Environmental Surveillance Squad for creating database to help quick analysis and retrieval of information. These modules, after testing and verification, will be made operational. Besides, development of software on budget monitoring and finance & accounts is under progress. Creation of Environmental Data Bank Necessary software for creating Environmental Data Bank has been developed. The software is under testing & verification and will be, used for building up database on various environmental components. This would not only make useful information/data available at one place but also on-line for quick & easy access. Up-gradation of Web Site CPCB's website is being continuously upgraded and updated. In order to make present website more interactive, informative and user-friendly, it has been redesigned and will be launched shortly. Local Area Networking Internet services alongwith CPCB's website are made available round the clock. Network and mail services have been made available to all users of CPCB HQ. Use of stationeries viz. paper, floppies etc. has been considerably reduced by making optimum utilization of Local Area Network. Software Upgradation Software related to Ambient Air Quality Data Management has been upgraded to accommodate new air quality parameter (RSPM).

TRAINING/WORKSHOPS

National Workshop on Air Toxics in Environment (BTX, VOC, PAH)

Workshop on Air Toxics in Environment (BTX, VOC, PAH) was organised by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in collaboration with Indo-German Bilateral Project during March 7-8, 2002 in Delhi. Objective of the workshop was to provide an opportunity to officials of CPCB/SPCB's & other Organisations to share their experiences, harmonising methodology of sampling & analysis for BTX and PAH's, quality assurance and setting up of air quality standards for these air toxics. During the workshop participants shared their views. The officials from National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL)- Research & Development, Centre for Occupational & Environmental Health, Lok Nayak Hospital, Patel Chest Institute, Indian Toxicological Research Centre (ITRC), Tata Energy Research Institute(TERI), National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC), Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), Hindustan Organic Chemicals Limited (HOCL), Indo-German Bilateral Project, State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs) and Central Pollution Control Board participated in the workshop and numbers of research papers were presented. From the discussion held during presentations the following issues emerged:

Identification of Air Toxics to be monitored (BTX, VOC, PAH, Dioxin & Furans). Sampling (strategy and techniques), methodology for monitoring and analysis Preparation of manual for sampling and analysis. Standardisation / Validation of selected method involving various labs/ organisations. Sampling programme : Frequency, Location and Duration of sampling /monitoring. Quality Assurance/ Quality Control Programme (Internal/External) Data management Strengthening of SPCB's/ PCC's laboratories with respect to Instrumentation and infrastructure facilities and training. Short term (24 hrly) and Long term (annual mean, running annual mean) Ambient Air quality standards (Present, For the year 2005, For the year 2010) Methodology for preparation of inventory of air toxics and Prevention and control option of air toxics

The issues were deliberated by the panel group comprising experts from CPCB, Indo-German Bilateral Project, SES-JNU, New Delhi; BARC, Mumbai; NEERI, Nagpur; SAILR&D, HOCL, Vadodara. Three inter - organisational working group of experts have been constituted to work and formulate the various guidelines. Workshop on Issues related to Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Instruments and Analysers A workshop cum symposium was organised by CPCB on `Issues Related with Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Instruments and Analysers' at India International Centre, New Delhi on 6 and 7th June 2002. The workshop was attended by representatives from State Pollution Control Boards, Public Sector Undertakings, R&D Institutes, Manufactures & Suppliers of Instruments and Non-Governmental Organizations. The primary objective of conducting this workshop was to bring together all those working in the field of air quality monitoring for sharing their experiences. Many papers were presented on issues related to Calibration of instruments, Methodology, Availabilty of gas standards and Quality assurance and quality control aspects. Some of the manufacturers also displayed their latest and state-of-the-art instruments. Participants of the workshop felt the need for conducting such workshops on a regular basis. Some of the important recommendations of the workshop were: To develop zonal centers for calibration and certification of air monitoring instruments, Initiate monitoring of additional parameters such as PM2.5, PAH and BTX and Networking of continuous monitoring stations being operated by Pollution Control Boards and Industries.

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Sub - Component of the World Bank Aided EMCBTA Project The Ambient Air Quality Monitoring sub component of Environmental Management Capacity Building Technical Assistance Project has been prepared by the Ministry of Environment & Forests to utilize the support of World Bank for strengthening of Ambient air quality monitoring & enforcement capability through training of concerned officers & staff members of various Pollution Control Boards/Committees. Air pollution monitoring & control being an interdisciplinary and specialized subject, it is very essential that the concerned officers and staff members are adequately trained & kept up-to date with the state of the art practice. Their services are called in the field of instrumentation, analysis, sampling procedures, enforcement, design, operation & maintenance of air pollution control device, project management and legal provisions. In order to achieve better quality of output in such diverse subject, it is essential to train the concerned officers and staff members. Incorporating the key issues from the above stated areas of expertise like policies and strategies for air quality management, project management including financial appraisal of development projects, technological advancement in instrumentation and air pollution control systems, clean technology and policy to be adopted in air polluting industries courses are being conducted for executives/senior level staff. TRAINING CALENDAR (March - May, 2003) S. No. Programme Title Participant Profile Dates Venue Training Centre March, 2003 13. AS4+AS7: Air quality lab management including quality assurance JL/ML 3 to 7 New Delhi JNU 14. AE2: Preparation of emission inventories ML/JL 17 to 22 Nagpur NEERI 15. AS6: Determination of impact on health and vegetation due to air pollution JL/ML 10 to 14 Lucknow ITRC 16. AS6: Determination of impact on health and vegetation due to air pollution JL/ML 10 to 14 Ahmedabad NIOH 17. AE8: Accident and emergency management ML 24 to 28 Bhopal DMI 18. AS1+AS3A+AS5: Sampling and analysis methods of ambient air pollutants and source emission including site selection guideline and statistical analysis and interpretation of air quality data JL/ML March 24 to April 4, 2003 Nagpur NEERI April, 2003 19. AE5: Reviewing plans for air pollution control devices ML 7 to 11 Bombay IIT 20. AS2: Continuous (automatic) and manual sampling of ambient air JL/ML 14 to 18 Chennai NPC 21. AM3: Air pollution form Mobile sources ML 14 to 18 Nagpur NEERI 22. Polices and strategies for air quality management SL 14 to 18 Bombay IIT 23. AM4: Preparation of Air quality management plan ML 21 to 25 Bombay IIT 24. EIA of industrial project SL April 28 to May 2, 2003 Nagpur NEERI May, 2003 25. AM4: Preparation of Air quality management plan ML 5 to 9 Nagpur NEERI 26. AS1+AS3A+AS5: Sampling and analysis methods of ambient air pollutants and source emission including site selection guideline and statistical analysis and interpretation of air quality data JL/ML 12 to 23 Chennai ETI, TNPCB 27. AM3: Air pollution form Mobile sources ML 19 to 23 Faridabad IOC 28. AE10: Review of EIA reports ML 26 to 30 Nagpur NEERI HL: Higher Level (Member Secretary and one level below) ML: Middle Level (AEE, Scientist 'B' and above) JL: Below AEE and Scientist 'B'