Sound Source Model

Topics: Introduction Types of sound sources Types of sound fields Sound pressure
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Power

measurement

from

sound

Introduction to Vibrations
Most noise sources that are of concern to engineers e.g.
vehicles, construction equipment, machinery in industry, Appliances, Flow duct systems etc

Can be modeled in terms of simple sources such as spheres, pistons in infinite bafflers, cylinders or combinations of these.
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Types of simple acoustic models

Monopoles Dipoles Monopoles near a rigid, reflecting, ground plane Quadrupoles
Lateral and Longitudinal

Cylindrical line sound sources

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Monopoles simple spherical sound waves

Introduction
o (Pulsating sphere) radiating sound waves that are only a function of the radial distance from the source Examples
Combustion process in a furnace, Small electric motors, pumps Certain type of traffic noise (at medium distances away from a simple vehicle; at large distance. the source sometimes can appear as dipole.
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Monopoles Mathematical model

One dimensional spherical wave equation :
(r,t):VelocityPotential ua :instantaneoussurfacevelocity

Considering and oscillating sphere of radius a

Monopoles Mathematical model

Substitutingr=aand

continues

Monopoles Mathematical model

continues

Resistive term

Reactive term

Monopoles impedance properties

When the resistive component dominates,
o the pressure fluctuations are in phase with particle velocity and

When reactive component dominates,

o they are out of phase with each other.

One would expect the in-phase components of sound waves dominate the radiated sound power and the out of phase component produce some rear field reactive exchange of sound energy. The phase relationships are basis of the far field/ near field concepts.

Dipole
Definition : o compose of two monopoles in close proximity to each other, are of equal strength and oscillated 180 deg out of the phase with each other.

Dipole
o A net fluctuating force is produced because oscillation. o It can be considered as a space derivative of the monopole velocity potential function. o The velocity potential function is a function (polar angle , radius r). of this out of phase

Dipole
Many sound sources including aerodynamic dipole sources can be modeled as point dipoles.

Assuming the dimensions of the dipole source are very small (Ka<<1). Special case of far field sound radiation from point dipole sound sources.

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Dipole Mathematical model

Polar dipole model: two monopoles in free space separated by small distance 2d

Consider two point monopole in free space separated by a small distance 2d.
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Dipole Mathematical model

continues

The total velocity potential at any distance say at point X in space is the sum of two separate velocity potentials is

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Dipole Mathematical model

continues

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Dipole Mathematical model

continues

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Monopoles near a rigid, reflecting ground plane

Practical model :
Machines mounted on hard ground plane. Although at far field they can be approximated as point sources,
o effect of at far field they can be approximated as point sources, effect of ground plane have to be accounted for though.

These effects are particularly pronounced when

o the sound sources is less than one acoustic wavelength (lambda) from the ground plane.

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Monopoles near a rigid, reflecting ground plane

o Ultimate effect: Sound power of the monopole is doubled. o The actual effect will not be doubling of source power as the found will be partially reflecting.

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Monopoles near a rigid, reflecting ground plane

When d << , Kd <<1

Above velocity potential is double the monopole far field velocity potential. (hard reflecting ground plane has resulted in a doubling of velocity potential) Doubling of velocity potential results in o four fold increase in the sound intensity o two fold increase in the radiated sound power

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Sound radiation from a vibrating piston mounted in a rigid baffle

The vibrating piston can be either a vibrating surface or a vibrating layer of air.
Assumption: - All parts of the piston vibrate in phase and with same amplitude. o This analysis severs as an introduction to sound radiation from different types of surface of loudspeaker, open ends of flanged pipes, plates, shells etc. 19

Sound radiation from a vibrating piston mounted in a rigid baffle

Consider a flat circular piston of radius Z which is mounted in an infinite, rigid baffle. The noise radiated by the vibrating piston can be modeled in terms of numerous point monopoles (monopoles where Ka <<1 )[ radiating together].

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Sound radiation from a vibrating piston mounted in a rigid baffle

Each of the monopole is however, radiating from a rigid reflecting ground plane and not from free space. The sound pressure due to any of the point baffled monopole is therefore twice that of an equivalent monopole in free surface. It is

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Sound radiation from a vibrating piston mounted in a rigid baffle

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Sound radiation from a vibrating piston mounted in a rigid baffle

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Quadrupole

Quadrupole
Sound power radiated by lateral quadrupole is Lateral Quadrupole Longitudinal Quadrupole Qrms is source strength of one of the four monopoles

So, the sound radiation effective of lateral quadrupole is very poor at lower frequency. 25

Cylindrical line sound sources Practical importance in that long lengths of pipeline, trains and traffic noise.

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Cylindrical line sound sources

continues

Important feature of cylindrical radiation, sound intensity varies with r-1 (r-2 for monopole and r-4 for dipole. Infinite long cylinder of radius a,

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Sound Source Model

Topics: Introduction Types of noise sources Types of sound fields Sound Power measurement from sound pressure
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Types of sound fields

Measurements made in semi-reverberant and free field conditions are in 29 29 error of 2dB

Estimation of sound power From pressure sound fields measurement for various

1.Free field technique 2.Reverberant field technique 3.Semi reverberant technique

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Free Field techniques

Anechoic Chamber

Used for measuring the sound power of any m/c producing sound
o that contains prominent discreet frequency component or narrow band spectra.

Can also be used when directional nature of the sound radiation are required. 31 31

Free Field techniques

The measurement can be made in a large anechoic chamber or can made in a free field above a reflecting plane.

Findingsoundpower(ISO3745)

Test procedure involves making number of SPL measurements on the surface of an imaginary average sphere/hemisphere distance from the source is found. Continues

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Free Field techniques

continues

Sound power of the source is then computed using the following equations

= I 4 r 2
10 log 1012 = 10 log I 10 10 log 4 + 10 log r 2 12

L = LI + 11 + 20 log r

L = LP + 20 log r + 11dB
For hemispherical surface

with _ LI LP

L = LI + 20 log r + 8dB

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Reverberant Field Techniques

In a completely reverberant (diffused) field, o sound waves are continuously being reflected from bounding surfaces. o sound pressure field is essentially independent of distance from source. o the flow of the energy is uniform in all directions and the sound energy density is uniform. Reverberant Chamber The sound power of a source is reverberant sound field can be obtained from o The acoustic characteristics of the room and o Sound pressure level in the room.
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Reverberant Field Techniques

Considerations o the source does not produce any prominent discrete frequency component or narrow band spectra o If such sound field exits, a rotating diffuser should be used and o The lowest discrete frequency which can be reliably is measured about 200 Hz. The free field techniques is recommended for discrete noise source bellow 200 Hz . Consider a directional source (total sound power ) placed in the centre of the reverberation room. The contribution of the direct (un reflected) field to the sound intensity in the room is

p2 Q = 0C 4 r 2

Where

Q =

I ; and _ I s = ; I = 4 r 2 0C Is
p2
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Reverberant Field Techniques

The sound field produced by the reflected sound has now got to be determined. For the purpose we needed to introduce the concept sound absorption IT = Sound Transmission Co-eff Ii I = a Sound Absorption Co-eff Ii

i = R + T + D
Ia Ii
Where

Absorbed sound intensity Incident sound intensity Reflected sound energy Transmitted sound energy Dissipated within the surface.
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R T D

Reverberant Field Techniques

Now all the energy which is not reflected is absorbed. (its either transmitted through material or dissipated in the material as heat via flow constriction and vibrational motion of the fibers in the material. )

Hence the absorbed sound energy is given equation

A = D + T
Open Window has = ?
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Semi-Reverberant Field Techniques

When sound field is neither free nor complete diffuse. Use calibrated sound source with known power spectrum. No. of microphones position
Q 1 2 4 8 N 20 12 6 3

When sound field is neither free nor complete diffuse.

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Semi-Reverberant Field Techniques

o For semi reverberant field, small t of room, room size be large so that measurement are made in free field. o Make no. of measurements(Lpi) or spherical on hemi spherical area at radius r1.

Let Then
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Semi-Reverberant Field Techniques

o For reverberant field measurement b/g noise < 10dB of the sound source level. o No valid measurements if b/g noise difference < 4 dB o When large room size can not exist. Near field measurements may be necessary. o Test surface should be within 1m from radiating surface. o After averaging out SPL measurements
S : Surface area of measuring surface
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Semi-Reverberant Field Techniques

A correction factor to account for absorption and reflection from nearby areas.
Roomtype Roomwithouthighly reflectingsurface Roomwithhighly reflectingsurface 20 50 50100 3 V/S(m) 50 90 100 200 2 90 3000 200600 1 >3000 >600 0

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Assignments
1. A spherical sound source with an effective radius of 0.10 m and a r.m.s. vibrational velocity of 0.004 ms-1 is mounted on a concrete floor. Estimate the radiated sound power if the sound radiates at (i) 300Hz and (ii) 30 kHz. 2. A very long straight run of gas pipeline with a normal 0.5m diameter has a uniform pulsating harmonic surface velocity amplitude of 0.067 ms-1 at 140 Hz. Estimate the sound power radiated per unit length. 3. Consider a stream of traffic flow on a major highway as comprising a row of point sources, each of sound power L = 104 dB under free field conditions. The point sources are 5m apart. Estimate the sound pressure levels at a position 12m away from the road. What would be the decay rate of the sound pressure level at this distance from the traffic flow? What would be the sound pressure level at a position of 24m away from the road? If a 2m brick wall were erected at a distance of 12m from the road, what would the sound pressure level be at the second position (i.e. 24 m away from the source)? Assume that the dominant frequencies are in the 500 Hz octave band.
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