1

]W Cg~ Z !

 - ] W Cg~ Z !

a^g hZ m
Zz s W^k XZ y *

0
Y 2012 #:
)
Z

a^g hZ m
Zz s W^k XZ y 0*

: *
*
J
&

0*
_
H
5

.
G
& XL 001-K Z
V
-c Zg z
+
(92-21) 36350345-7 : y
(92-21) 36350354 : c
piler@cyber.net.pk :~ Z
www.piler.org.pk: V
$ d
$z

X
HH 
yz DZ rzgzZ (Tdh) '
~ }^
Ht

&z

4 ..................................................................................7
8 .................................................................................. sg

: :z
9 ........................................................ F
,
KZ :Z !
11 ............................... { ] W CggzZ ~p C 1j :Z !

]W Cg~ Z ! :z Zuz
17 ...................................................... VZg ] W Cg

j Zzgg ! Z 6
,] W Cg :z Z
35 ........................... yz a ~ } ] W Cg
44 ................................... J e 0*
gzZ CY {g Z Z ~ ug
55 .......................................................................... _
q
56 ............................................................................. bg "Z
58 .............................................................................] Y!Zj

 - ] W Cg~ Z !

7
gzZ y" Z
Z hzz ~ T c*
W[ c+F,
$+ g @*
y 0*
~ Y 2010
% iKg o
w z
Hhg ~ !*
',Z LZ [ c kZ X
HW[ WLG
x ZgzZ w+ C
CF,Vzi 0*
i W kZ ~ !*
W { W,O
bz gzZ F,yi Z ) { 2 ~p C1j J
- [Z VMc*
hf
|
) ~ gzZ Y 2010 X 7 w Zz i Z0
+Z W,
Z6
,w
{% izg { } (, ~ !*
WgzZ Z wq g [c Y 2011 ( ~
t
KZgzZ( ug izgg z!*
X
H Z ~ b) 0
+
i
X a yZ g J
-Vp~
C
]W Cg~ Z ! i%z+
$Y kZ [c Y 2011 gzZ Y 2010
t kZ X @*
Hg Vzg Z Z ~ ZZ gzZ gzZ VgzZ
CW i Z0
+Z
( yzi i
+g ) Zz } ~p C1j Z ! Wt ]!*
v { c*
i [g Z | l
,e V ~ kZ X g e z ]q lz$ Z zz
& zt ~ !*

WX
gg Z
/0
+
in "
$
Z
Z hz 60 n
Tg
y
KZ c*
zz ]W Cg {z e @*
W~ i n { c*
i
& gzZ
X y ]W Cg nC
Z ! @*
C
t g @*
X { Za
a ]WgzZ
K A
$%]Z W,Z t6
,F,
~ Z ! ]W Cg
]W Cg Z ] !*
t X H W,O
A & Zzgg ! Z V

[7Zi e yWugz *
ug {z e ~gz Z Zzgg ~ [Z
s W^k XZ y 0*
X ~ ]gx OZ CY {g Z Z j

 c*
j

z gzZ c*
~ ^
J
) a^g hZ m Zz
*%
` (MI) DZ rzgzZ ( Tdh) x ~ e } ( & 0*
] W Cg T H qzx Z
/z6
,! &q
-Z z ]gzx yz
Zzgg ~ [ Z ngzZ ~z)) bz F,**
0
+ : ~p C1j
Z t X **

/YZ b) ~ g W,
) Vzg Z Z Zz
Dq ~ ( Z ) :~ _ kZ ]F,L8X X zq
-Z lz
HHy V-gz$ ~ Vn ( [)

H1 {^
,Y Vn gz
] Vzg Z Z Zz Zzgg ~ [Z n6
,RgzZ ( ` ) gzZ
X  y
]Z W,Z ] W Cg6
,x ( z CgzZ F, kZ yZ
]q u z ]WgzZ ] Z W,Z Vn6
,R z 2 Z ~

X
/YZ Z Vzg Z Z Zz Zzgg ! Z a 0*
16
,V-gz$

 - ] W Cg~ Z !

sg
kZ V', X g Y f(,] gzZ Z ] W Cg ~ Z !
v d
$ V zz T Z 7
,**
o Vn
y.6
,V; g **
~ VZ F,
KZ gzZ  g T
$r
X  W~i gzZ V V1cVi {n
kZ O ;g | (,{g CF,
gzZ { c*
i ~ !*
W
!g Z
D
C1j X g 7
,**
4z]
.h
+a q ( MDGs) s Z@Z F,
V-g {n X ;gC
~ ^ ]W Cg y W Z k(,~p
**
x PZ x ( ]i ~
/c X  g bZi Z
+Z g
F,
KZ "
$ ~ Vza
%gzZ yZh !
7 ] }
.W,
Zx
Cg  D Z Z
+Z x **Z', Y ~ V; FX  b 5 Zg
X  c*
yZ ] W
! X
H1 {^
,Y ]Z W,Z yZ 6
, Z gzZ ]W Cg~ m
,z* kZ
g " ]6
,]4 d
$ } ^
,Y ]W Cg ~ Z
! W Y 3g 7 |kZ
/Z X CWt ] Z W,Z
@*
{ i Z0
+Z o ] Z W,Z C1j Pgz Vzuu 7Z gzZ  bz
gm{ X Yg (
Z Z { c*
i ~ V',{W]gz J (,yz6
,R

sg

X Y
i0 :
L ~ !*
',z n h
+ ~ w ;g | (,{ ~p C1j ,
6
4$x
5G
VyZ i
Z gzZ Z !
z F
~ ',C
b } C1j
Z ~!X o ]Z +F, ~p C1j H &
~
g izg ~ !*
W ~(, ~ yZ X {h
+a bz !W D
u w{
CgzZ @ y 0*
]g c*
g Zz D X 6
,bz ! Wg Z
I
4 DO X
D ~
2kG
/]g}gzZ
a Z {VzJ.G
yz Vn Zz W zz ]1j X V ]Z( z C
X @*
Y ~gzgzZ
!Z ]W Cg Zj Vzg Z Z gzZ 0*
+
$Y VZ~ m
,z* kZ

X c6
,yz uggzZ
H1 {^
,Y Zzgg

 - ] W Cg~ Z !

:z

F,
KZ :Z !

F,
KZ :Z !
$ ~ !*
"
WM F,{ c*
i X ~ !*
WZ
+Zi * ~ Z !
F,
KZ X
g D V- g 
Z **
F,
KZ gzZ 0
+Zp b
139 127 K
M n!*
x ]
d~ugzZ y 0*
yN*
w {
C@ ]g ~ bg 
Z
y 0*
gzZ @ ]g S x "
$X VZz 93 gzZ 135 134 136
% kZ gzZ ~ !*
$ 75 xOLE
d
W 70 n Z ! X ~ V
$ Zuz * Z ! X 6
d
,
) Zgi {g Z
/ F,{ c*
igzZ
Tg ~ V v
w 0*
X
g66
,g Z
/0
+
in "
$L8Ev 38.6 V +,
F
Vc*
]Zz) x @~ C
X
yiz wa 50 /
Z ! p
/Z X 49 bt ~ VY
yiz 46 6
,g wV
14 z y Z ~ &Zp * @
*

Sg 'g a q
-Z * ~

~ !*
WgzZ ~ Vj+ F,
~ * b u~ kZ X
O X g Zl ~g Z  @*
7wEZ- }g Zw 2200 { c*
i

& Zuz * ( i
Z yg
& ) ! WZ Z~ i
Z t
; 6
,}uz ~ * ]ZZ bV~ Z ! bZ X
V ]ZZ b V X1 D Y% {D ,v0*
KZ a { c*
i 7
~ 100,000 C
~ Y 2005) 6
,}uz ~ * ! Zg
Y
7i x X ( 490
~ *  C V; g C
S W ~ V G3F

 - ] W Cg~ Z ! 10

X b+F,
$ 40 n * z!*
d
22 z Z ! ~ ~ !*
W *
& ~ !*
W - Z e q
-Z W Z
Z [g Z X
Tg Dv
Vp [W L\ ~ !*
WZ
+Zi 62 X @*
g
/~ - Z e 2 a
w 0*
gzZ
{0
+Zp **
'g 55 $
7| 7
,~ !*
W !*
42 7g J
2

X
g D Zgp a 46 /

V9 * ] ~ Z ! X **
x OZ bz Cg~
%O 6.4 sV X ( 14.1 g

p ~d 1.6 gzZ ~E
Fi )
d~ugzZ ( 17) w{
]
C( 28) yN*
@*
X

~ Vj +F,- *
%OgzZ ~d { c*
] ~ kZ O X c*
pV ~E
i ( 14.5)
iz u ~ !*
W
KZ g| (, W
{n # ] **
Z 7]!*
Z ~(, ]**
Z~ T g
& { c*
i R kZ 6
,}igzZ
}0
+
, 4 Z ! }
6
.~ d
$
w
X g e z } zn
X3 N Y xznhD 14 gzZ
u u **
b8{ ] ~ Z !yxg Y 2005 gzZ Y 1990
1.9 gzZ 1.3 1.9 2.7 K
M n!*
~ w{
CgzZ ]
d~u y 0*
y j
jZ X | (,J
4

X wC
]

11

{ ] W CggzZ ~p C1j :Z !

{ ]W CggzZ ~p C1j :Z !
]W Cg {t ~C
* X { {7 q
-Z a ng Z ~p C1j
Z ~ ]g Zw 0<Eg ng Z ` Zy
%Z Z k(, 0g X Z C
~ ^
-[Z i W [zZ QX
D Za ]Zp~ wj T ;g 0
J
) !*
(parts per

280 ~ Y 1780 b ` Zy
%Z W Z e 0g

~ c zz kZ X 380 ~ Y 2005 | (, million-ppm)

~ W Z e 0g Z kZ X
Hyi Z Cg W Z e 0g
T CY ~ c p
f
e[_
.{)z ] gzZ g ng Z
E
5Z k ; +
X @*
Y Z ~ ]g Zwzg c kZ X @*
Za HG
/
~ T ;g 0
) !*
]uZz Z ]gZwzg Z k(, ngZ
|(,i
+
/vzg 0.74 ]gZwzg }i ~ k',q
-Z X
g ]W CgZ
x
/ggzZ
g ,ge s', zz "(,]gZw 0<Eg }i RX
H

aB 20 10 RgyZgz ~,~ kZ X
g
?
10 J
-[Z ; Y 1960 ,ge s', zz
Z gzZ
7 VZ0X ~! {c*
i zZ @ ge s',~ <gWX

\
X 7s',~
/L ~ <gWg0
+Z ~q
-Z gggt
Z
g g t',gzZ ~ !*
WM @* 7z Z (, Z ! ~ J (,` Zy
%Z 0g p
/Z

 - ] W Cg~ Z ! 12

% X ]gz ~! **
Z { c*
iZ
) !*
%
J
-Z 6
,bz **
Z @*
{ "
$ zz
kZ Y 1990 X !*
: 5.4 zZ T Z Z ! ~ % ( 8 ~ e Y) g ZzZa ~
5 ~ b "
$J
-[ Z Y 1990 ]g : W{ ~ "
$X
y 0*
Z Vc*
Cg Cg ~ "
$~ V}uz X 10
V',Dq yDg kZ % X5 gY k0*
k W 33 "
$V
~ ` Zy
%Z Vuk ; +
/B kZ gzZ  sbz { c*
i **
Z ~
J (, b: 3.3 ` Zy
%Z zZ Vu0g J
-[ Z Y 1990 X ZZ
W Z e 0g ` Zy
%Z X { c*
i Vx $ Z z t
g Z Z ` Zy
%Z ~ @*
X izI Vu~z) H[g Z 2.5
6

X VCc*
F,
Z [Z

W Z ! J
-Y 2050 ykZ
Y [g Z 2.2 | (, [g Z 1.5 { ~ !*
V g {g Z
/~ - Z e Z Z
Z { c*
i hz 60 Z
# ~ ]gkZ X
v Vzhz T Y
ig (
Z ^+Z n ~(, Zz q
-Z s ~p C1j
X N Y
/~
/ q$+gzZ "
$
~ ]W C1j ~ ; Y 1990 ._ f
$e- *Z ~Z e7Zie DZ
40 ~!*
W V{W,
O W,
OZ
Z Z
+Zi [gZ z ~ k
,5
+,
F
z
/X Y
igD n ~(,{c*
i Z !~ ~p C1j X7 n
X W,
O
W Cgq
-Z iZ Z
Z {c*
i hz 75 kZ ~ Vz
Cg~ kZ |Z q
-Z ~ ]
d~uK w ~ ug ~ Y 2011 #
7g z ZZ @ VrZ X H 7 {z }@ ug 6
,Zzgg ! Z ~g 6
,]W
[ g D ]W Cg 1333 Z ! yZgz w :e c*
C D

13

{ ] W CggzZ ~p C1j :Z !

105 N W
,O V
H0
+
i Z
Z [g Z 2.4 gzZ VZ
Z 980,000~ X
! Z

[Z ~ ] W Zz W~ V 5Z' Zyvt X PU*

Z Z e [g Z
8

X Z (,
&J

yy~ x D X zz D {
Z ~! { Z (,q
-Z

rg w ~A | l
,g a wY V c*
g ~ x t X @*
~
/]g
Z X
D zg ]Z W,Z } kZ 6
,0
+
i gzZ g izg
pz d
$ ugzZ
( r Z ) x C1j D yZy !W OgzZ |
I Z ',
V c*
g
c*
g I sX
Zg V70
+
i Z
Z Z
+Zi [g Z | l
,e gzZ
{0
+
i
4~ F,
2kI
G
qX y V hz 60 k
{
Z
0* IJ.G
kZ Y 1780 gzZ @*
4
2kI
G
Y 1975 X !g g
Z kZ V', X ;g Y @*
w J.G
4t zz
2kI
G
H?
{ c*
i a
850 J.G
Z yxg Y 1999
Y 1996
I
4 D X Z
2kG
b a
60 10 w
a
76 yxg Y 1999
C J.G
4Lg gzZ
g ?
2kI
G
!*
(

a ,% 0.2  ) J.G

I
4yZgz k',k X
` T
2kG
$
eg kg
~J
-a
100 VzJ.G
I
4 D
2kG
D ~kZ X9
0
) !*
} (,a kZ J.G
4 D X
M
2kI
G
h
L kZ X
g ?
:
~! { c*
i zZ @ J.G
4~ w{
2kI
G
CgzZ yN*
S
gzZ V* Zz
W zz
Z ~! J.G
I
4

I
J
4
h
4X ;g | (,{ [c (
2kG
& ',^ W= 5GG ) Y }g ) yZ
iJ.G
GG
54h!B
Z
it ~ V', @*
Y
Y| (,{ V1c~ d
$
L E
I
4 zz
2kG
Z X Y xz bz ! W LZ

0 VzJ.G
14 0*
: Zz W~ Z ',J
-Y 2050 X $
WVc*
~ 0*
B

~ VyZ * Z ! 10X ykZ Y 27 ~ | c*

g gzZ
a bz ! W kZ D gzZ }
. 0*
V
)

 - ] W Cg~ Z ! 14

~ !*
W * 5 ]
d~ugzZ y 0*
w {
Cx
$ ]g yN*
@ X {
u zz kZ 11X
DwEZ 8.3 o bz ! W * {z p
21
%i
&gi 0*X @*
Y Z Z a Z ! ;
M x OZ LG
H
F2 Z ',gzZ | c*
g V c*
g Z z {g ) D -O#F!
Xs
a 1550 X
D
/ Y ~ I gzZ **
V c*
g Z $
l~ Z @*
/ W~| c*

g y 0*
%s !*
y
Z @*
g
/ ]g 
X C Rg~ s', 12X @*
qz Z F,Z ! h N
R f(,g
],
Zb
%K~ kZ X !*
WyRgzZ s ~ Z !
~ TgzZ D
a 12,000 Tt X
~ i } zz
}h
+ R f(,ggzZ V**
V Ve
],
Zb
%
g ( ],
Zb
% @ gzZ ]
d~ux
$ ) ],
Zb
%KX g e z
~ {)z `gzZ ~G
0 c Z O Vz Z X h { R C
;g | (,{ yegzZ **
( sea intrusion) Wg g }]W C1j
} Wg g ; &gi Z3,
gzZ ~k,z |c*
g bZ X
| c*
g X
$
Vp~ x C1j ui **
y Z T
g D
}i
& .
gzZ W 0*
Fi X _ Y ~g}i Z ;

V ; c*
g gzZ Y
i Za Dx Z 6
, e } (, h
+g
X o } ye y 0*gzZ ]g @ X $
k
yZ p D W ye g e zZ ~ ~ q
-Z 6
,i | ._ VIg7g
13

X
` Wye 14 yxg Y 2001 Y 1971 ; | (,k

HF]gzZ Z

X
gD { c*
i
& ]Z C1j Z
Z gzZ V' &Zp } ]4 xz
wVX
C { c*
i Vz%Qh Vg~ ]W Cg @*
C
gz ZZ
XN eVY 'g 90 ~ yeZz W~ @ ~ Y 1991 6
,g

15

{ ] W CggzZ ~p C1j :Z !

{ c*
i
& ]W Cga kZ 6
,
) Zgi gZ V- !*
Wd
$ F,{ c*
ia
W Z
Z ~ * X @*
4Z yv
n hz 10 ~ !*
X { c*
i { g D ]W Cg~ !*
WkZO X Tg ~ Z ! Z
Z
! L h
e {^
,Y wj @ ( UNEP) x Z
/z6
,C1j {x Z Z
ug ~ e ~g ( 2009 zZ ~ Z } Z Z ) Y 2009 )**
C1j Z
V Z |Z ~f $ gzZ V Z !t X H uZZ
kZ g ^g7g  ~ kZ X
HH ]gzx F,Wz B +C
gzZ
0*c }i ~ kZ X
Hc*
C ~ }g !*
]**
Dg gzZ wj ~
! WD Z ~p C1j
HHq Z b) Z 0*
;
)
q C
* Z !
H~ ^g7g XgZ k s VzgzZ D **
Z D
Fi
~ !*
W 20 * V p K q Z 5 n S
a & Z ! X Z 25 ~ kZ J
- Y 2025 X Sg
g D ( Z e q
-Z W-) "
$ Z q
-Z gzZ Sg ~ V ~ !*
W
~ ^g7g X {h
+a  W Z g0
+Z ygzZ q
-Z X
C1j X g e z } ~p C1j Z !
HH
/YZ |kZ
I
I
4t ...
A ~ ^
4~ D ]Z W,Z ~p
2kG
2kG
iJ.G
VzJ.G

D Z 
0*
Z ',gzZ I|
} V c*
g g Z
{f q
-Z
0
+
i Z
Z Vzhz~ ( y 0*
gzZ w{
C]g yN*
@) Z !
| (,b) g J
- 0*
s
W gzZ ~ "
$ kZ X

14

X
s Z@Z Z z F,
!g ZD
 N Y

 - ] W Cg~ Z ! 16

:z Zuz
l^ oi 6n ^nm] oeq

17

VZg ] W Cg

VZg ]W Cg
+Zi 900 J
Z
-[ Z Y 1970 sX g D }h
+ ]W Cg Z !
g D ] W Cg Z
Z hz 75 yxg Y 2008 gzZ Y 1990 X
_ W]W
15

X Z yv Z e [g Z 45 gzZ ] ZZ 230,000 ~ T

z [ c ~ ] W Cgx y xg ] Y 2008 Y 1970

Z + W,O Z V Zz W,O yZ p~ ^ ] W
{ ~ V 4gzZ y 0*
gzZ ]g yj
jZ X Z
+Zi 50
n6
, e } (, kZ : gzZ ' 7 3Y X C
) Zgi {g Z

/ X~ V- !*
Wy Z S @*
W,Z V c*
kZ 6
,g izg p

CY xz 0*
Fi gzZ g izg LZ V c*

!*
Wd
$ V X 6
, !*
gz Z
0*
X C 7
,**
k s V Zz 0*
[ W7Z 6
, T
V- !*
W Zz g ~ V , k,i gzZ !*
c*
g kZ C Za
VgzZ ~ V Zg0
+Z V ] i t X
f
e ] i y xg
g 0*
uugzZ CW] ~ ] i Vz [ cgzZ X
D Y y xg
X C Y| (,]gz ] OZ yz
g J szz ~(, T W ~!~ ]W Cg yZgz V',Dq ~ Z !
X
[ cgzZ /g !*

 - ] W Cg~ Z ! 18

: :
L Z (, T 2 ~ b) ZZ
KZ yj
jZ : yj
jZ
( yj
jZ yxg Y 2002 gzZ Y 1991 X
]i zg0
+Z gzZ ( Zz
yj
jZ J
-[Z bZzZ ; Y 1980 X |]W Cg ~(, {z ]i
Cg 16X
` y" 75 gzZ uh Z
Z 19,000 ? ]W Cg~
w C

/} ',gzZ i
/3" [c w ]W
~ ~gz

p u +p {z c*
Wy ', ~ Y 2008 X
D W,OyjZ 400,000
~h N gzZ
H
/n 30 t]g Zwzg Z
# y ',h eg kg Zz W
zz Vh
+ X eVY Z
Z 926 T~7
,s',
av 180 ~ V
~g 16 ~ Y 2009 17X I% 315,000 gzZ Vc*
100,000
{ZC

q
-Z Z
# { t X uh Z
Z k i Z
/{ s',d
$

.

:e 18X H
`
8B LZ V0 Zz U s', uvgzZ V c*
h {g !*
c*
Z
yj
jZ ~ bZzZ Y 2009 ~gX i 11 ~ X X yY Z
Z
E
s',gzZ ~g E
5',{ C " g D ~uh
+ wgzZ Vz
) !*

Z ~
Z s',gzZ Vg !*
+ ~ ag z VZi Z X}
h
/}
,gX c*
W ( HE4 ) [c 7
W,O ( Z
Z 57906) yZ0
+{ 9651 6
-e Z
, e } (,yZgz
6
/gzZ g Y 2010 X i 130 gzZ uh { c*
i 80
-e Z ~ Y 2001 ~gz
7
19X W,O Z
Z 500,000 ~ yj
jZ [c
E
gzZ uh Z
Z 25 ~ V Z yj
jZ ~g E
5',
& ',i gzZ V1c
_(, +F,{ i @*
] W CgX yv]**
kd
$

3000
Z gzZ "
$ T 60
+Z yvgi ~ T g WB ] 

.
}
20

X Y F,
$+wg Dx

~ yZ X I eg kg ] W Cg 84 ~ Z ! ~ V', :]g
~ V',Dq X 
y 3 gzZ , 4 ]g Zw 0<Eg Z i 8 [c 69

19

VZg ] W Cg

0<Eg ZgzZ 3 ~ Vi k 64 ~ V1c 69 X ]g :

K{ c*
i
&
6 ]g ~ Y 2004 Zt Z'
, kZ X N W~ ]g ,Vzg e ]g Zw

Cg X W [c {, {, ~ Y 2006 gzZ Y 2005 T V1c

**
]uZz
/3" Ve V1c 7
-eZ V1c w ]W
{)z ]uZz v W~ k Vz /
/~u ] uZz
/} ,
'
X  { nu5Z Z
Z V gzZ Z yv Y ~g ~ ]g
10,136 ._ V ~g uX
W+F,u +p **
Y 2004 ~ V',

 )  6
,],Z %
b 572 g !*
gzZ yZ&
+Z X y" V gzZ uh Z
Z
yZ X  !*
W 38 ~ X (  .~ V L gzZ g Z x x
Zz ~ w
/
% i ],
Zb
%t X bDgzZ  v C } ~
uh 6
,g ~g uX VJ
-a
15 ~ Vz **
~ ],
Zb
%g !*
! X 
Z ]ZZ 6
,g ~g u)X Z
Z 5,600 C 1,310 Z y
21

X
Hc*
7000 (
H1n
{%7Z gzZ  
Z
Z {z ~ X)(

yy~ wX ! f~ Y 2007 
k gzZ uh Z
Z 660 [ cgzZ Vg !*
W[c~ c*
g g
& c*
g ~ Y 2008 mX y" Z
+Zi
ZuW" 0*
X y" Z
+Zi gzZ g D ] Z
Z 75 i Z
[ G
0Y 2009 # 25 22X Z 7
,xg ~ V ~ ZZ }n Z Z gzZ
E
"
E
57
e zR,) (,
/ {g q = ~
& g (
Z ^ yh
+ ( 4G
-Y 2009 # 27 X
Hc*
x **
Wye
i Z gzZ uh Z
Z 330 V; WJ
15,000 ~ ] JWX y" d
$

k ` 8,208
~
& c*
g wX ! f}g7 X
' p ~ ZZ zz [ ch
+ Z
Z Z
+Zi
23 i Z
Hc*
(X yv 132,000 gzZ {n y 40,000 ?

 - ] W Cg~ Z ! 20

270,000 {z yZ gzZ { n y 175,000 Y W

,O zz y Z
Z

yJ gzZ H6
,]g h
+Z
# ~h
+'

z kZ wgX yv
~rg ZG0*
**
G
5_IZ Z 6
, ]

. Vu gzZ T c*
}
yvVR
X
%~
gzZ VeY c*
h
e : yj ]q ~ Y 2010 X Z Za { !Zy
s6
,Z 13 X c*
yvJVzy V gzZ 3gKx0
+
i V h
+
+?E
Z 500,000
Zz W ~ y L ~ Y 2010 # kZ X y " Z
!gzZ ]g ~ Y 2010 y X y" 10,000 gzZ uh Z
Z 10 bLye
-i
J
+
/vzg 53 ]g Zwzg ~ TWh
+
/~ V}uz Z
3Y 46 Vg !*
+ ~Zg'
h
& c*
g B X uh Z
Z VzgzZ
HV
125 ~u~ ]g X g ~g Y ~ Y 2011 t ] W CgX B

9 ~ X W,O Z
Z V [c~ ]g gzZ X uh Z
Z
X
H x ~ ZZ gzZ
HW6
,Vv 0* c*
g }Y } 7
, hg y
~ x WgzZ g 6
,F,Z Vg!*
y
%W yy ._ V.g ~ ZZ
6
,F,Z
& c*
g ]g wX N Qh 158 W,O Z
Z 52
[cX W,O n gzZ VZ
Z 125 V W,O { c*
i &

! Z
X C u]q~ 10 ~ q HZ 29 Zz W,O
~ ]g X $
| (, Z V {i [ c Z ! ~ ~p C1j
-Z ~ Y 1953 X
q
H| (, u { W,O [ cyxg Y 2003 Y 1953
54Xhz 4 | (,~ Y 2003 Z W,O H
54X90 hz
.G
.G
]g t [Z gzZ
H H
X ( Y 2007 J @) 11 g
P V @*
g7 I { i Z0
+Z lz$ V ]g
YE4$
C)gzZ C yZgz Vz
( ] ) zz5G zz !*

 VZg ] W Cg

21

K ~ 3 h Z X
HW~ i V gzZ Ve }i ~ T
67 R~g ZzZa zz [ c~ p
y
%
@*
C
} ^
,Y Vzy

- 0*
J
s
W gzZ g**
y**
yZgz V1cX
/
Vc*
g F Zz 0*
,gm{
D Y nZ%Z
6
) !*
yZh g
: y
W 3 @*

~ Z v yZgz [cX kwZ
23

X
ay
%g { c*
ia V ZzgzZ( uO Z vX

yZ *t gzZ

g
/! WZ
+Zi 230 V o K@ :@
% i }i {gG zZ o kZ wC
LG
X
CW{ C " ]W CgV 
~
- 34 bt ~ Y 2004 X CW [ W
-Z gzZ V1c z ~ Y 2007 gzZ VJ
q
Y 2007 z X c*
yv Z e [g Z 3 gzZ B 3Y 4,000 ye
3,500 ._ ^g7g {x Z Z gzZ n g ye ~ @ ! ~
40 ~ q H Z ! 30 zz V ~g 24X c*
y" VgzZ uh Z
Z

gzZ y 0*
yN*
w {
C]g  V1c Y 2007 X W,O Z
Z Z
+Zi
T c*
yv6
, e Wz ~ V n,zeb b @ W~ @
T W ye X 500 ( Z ]ZZ y" Z
Z k
~
gzZ
) !*
n ~(,~ @ c*
yv~g ~ ]g ~ Y 2009
% i V
gc*
] X {g
' Z
Z Z
+Zi 400,000 W[WLG

% i Vc*
!*
W T ^I c V c*
g FX { n c* [ze ~ 0*,
6
[W LG

,Z 13 X y" Z
Z Z
+Zi 50,000 ~ q
-Z sX IW
@ Y 2010 s6
]**
k Vzg ZD
gzZ i 200 uh Z
Z 0*
T c*
Wyh
+~ V

/3" zz Vg !*
g J s~ @ [Y 2010 y 25X { n
kZ ~ q
-Z ]uZz t
/3" X eVY Z
Z 47 i Z
Y 2011 #26X {0
+
i ~ Vzy LZ v 9 g v Z
#
z

 - ] W Cg~ Z ! 22

E
A+
E
gzZ i Z
Z 50 i Z T W~ i yh
+ ] g e x
$ ~
27

X y v6
, e Wz V~9~ X e ] **
k g e &

9 @ gzZ B 3Y 16 ~u ~ Y 2011 ~g kZ
Y 1988 Y 1962 X c*
2 ~ V- g F $ ~ugzZ g g 3*% ~ !*
W
zZ o  Z yv wze H 0*
wC
@ zz [ c yZgz
Zz g ~g Y J
-s~ Y 1998 28X 30 ]ZW', ` **
Z Z :
29

X Z yv~z) 1.5 g ZzZa ~ [c

@ w {z kZ X Lg ~ i [ c 60 o ~ @
-e Z L~ bZzZ w [Z V
Dq X H {@x ( HE4) [ c 7
30

X ~ Y 2004 gzZ Y 2003 S

H Vc*
{ c*
i W,Zt ~ V,
'

Y 2005 X ;g g D ] W Cg y 0*
b }uz : y 0*
y 0*
yZgz ;
/X Z e VZ Z
Z 73,000 T c*
W!i { nq
-Z ~
T c*
Wye~ Y 1999 ~|"! X ;g Vn V1cgzZ V
Z 6 B 3Y 168 gzZ , S Vc*
!*
W 73
7 11000 gzZ W,O Z
T yv ~zb
% V 642 I { n VV ~(,Kg 1800 X %
75 ( yv Zz x V p~
CX Z yv 9 zg hz 38 6
,g

~ yh
+ ~ c Z Z
Z Z
+Zi 200 ~ Y 2007 y X
Hc*
9 zg hz
#L * ye 6
,A 31X uh
Tc*
Z V y EG
W,O 15 y" Z
Z 350,000 gzZ B 3Y 730 V1c 7
-e Z ~
yyJ
-Y 2008 ~Z bZzZ  32X 7Z
+Zi gzZ
uh Z
Z 40 N W,O Vc*
!*
W~ y 0*
}g7 [ c~ kZ gzZ Vg !*
Z
Z Zz y" 175,000 ~ "{Z J6~ X W,O 241,000gzZ

23

VZg ] W Cg

Vp~
CX yv7Z c* { n ] **
k 12,000 V1c X

V',Mc Z~ Y 2009 33X {z kZ yvZz }i gigzZ V

% i zz Vg !*
26 i Z ~ ] uZz Z6
+F,
$+ Zz ~
, T
HW[ WLG
+Zi 150 gzZ uh Z
Z
Zz ~ o ~ Y 2010 ~gX i Z
G
0 VZ 0* Z
Z 20
H ~ c*
g {E ] **
k 40 B LZ  Z
/{ ~ V !*
W
c*
g gzZ 0 ~(,q
-Z T c*
3 Zg c*
g W } X
% i W
20,000 J
- y 6
,g X
H Za { W[ WLG
X} 7
, hg y LZ Z
Z
gzZ g izg u5Z VMW[ c~ o }g7 ~ Y 2010 Zz { n kZ
Vzg e y 0*
- Y 2010 ~Z z  z X c*
J
yvh
+Vp~
TZ 7
,.
Z 0*
V*gzZ c*
g * egzZ W,Oh
+ Vg !*
yy"
X W,O Z
Z 30 hz 2 gzZ i 2,500 gzZ uh Z
Z 1,750 i Z ~
z V Zi WgzZ V1Vzg e T @*
Y [c +F,
$+ g @*
y 0*
Z
g J s 76
,g}g7 n w Z o X W,O v
% iz ! | Vg !*
90 kZ X Z W
,Z h
+ kZ 6
,~ !*
WX
HW[WLG
-u : q H Z 23x "gzZ Z
Z
| ~ Y 2011 X
W,OJ
200 zZ Vg !*
~ | ,k,i X
HW~ i Vg !*
h eg kg ,k
,i

N /g !*
~m @*
w kZ X
C ~ ~Z  
aB 250
lg !*
aB 640 gzZ 680 810 K

M n!*
~ q H Z !*
Wn" LgzZ +$+m{g7gzZ
~Z 12 11 y z s~ +$+I X { c*
i } zZ w
{C " ~ kZ X
aB 150 zZ : lg !*
V;z lg !*
aB 297

uh Z
Z 466 yZgz [c ._ Kg Z [7Zi e DX # n
+Zi 90 ~ T yvVzy 16 gzZ W,O] 34,000
Z

 - ] W Cg~ Z ! 24

6
,g Z
+Zi Z 21 Y { n u "X W,O Z
Z
~(, v [ c Y 2010 X 7 116,000 gzZ yvV
50 J
-Y 2009 ._ x Z
/z6
,Z @ X  `g D Dx Z ~ Z

38 bt ~ Y 2003  g D Dx Z Z
Z 30 hz 8 c*
~ !*
W
34

X VJ
-hz 9 | (, Zt [Z { i Z0
+Z [cX

4[c 7
2kI
G
- e Z [ c
/} gzZ 3" ~ wC
{ : wC
{
}g ) J.G
I
4

5kG ) Y ^ I
D W,O Z
Z Vzg ZD
wC
] W{)z(
& ',^ W= G
300 gzZ  D Y uh vZ
+Zi 1,000 wC
]W Cg~ w{
CX 

/} gzZ V1cs] ZZ
V1ch
+~ V',/
35X  C
V Z F, w{
C[~g
7X  W,O yZ0
+{ Vz~ wC
{
W,O Z yZ
+Zi 50,000 Vg !*
+~ Y 2007 V;z  D W[ c { c*
h
i
Y 2007 X { n ]**
k { c*
i 3,500 gzZ y" Z
Z 8,300 n
X y" yZ0
+{ 9,700 gzZ I3Y Z
Z 84 ~ w{
C V1c Z !
36

X W,O 28 ~ q H Z 75 o

/{ ~ ^`
%Y I!fZ ~ Y 2008
X uh /v k i Z
Z gzZ [fz w{
C~ Y 2008 m37X

Z
Z b yZ0
+{ q
-Z ~
" Z
Z 180,000 T c*
W[ c h
+ ~ Vg !*
g J s~ ! f
zz h
+~ q HZ ~h N ! fz gzZ ! fZ wC
{ 38X y
X W,O Z
Z 300,000 gzZ Za wg Z u**
Tv Q:
@*
C
} zuq
-Z(UNEP) 8 ~ Z +Z - gzZ (ICIMOD) ~ e zZ * Z WW
4
5kI
G
gZ
u**
zz ( GLOFs) V1c
V* 26 w{
C
& ',^ W= G
I
4 zz wj $+._ ( Y 2001) 8 W 39X
2kG
Z iJ.G

Hc*

 VZg ] W Cg

25

0*
~
/J
-V; ~ V c*
g T !
4Z
2kI
G
# kZ gzZ Y | (,
X Y V T
$ J.G
+
/vzg q
-Z ~ ]g Zwz
a
5000 B Z i
!g Z ._ V_
4gzZ s', ~ 20 g { Vz JG
46
.2kI
.2kI
G
G
,~ { c*
i
JG
I
4gzZ s', 70 58 Z i
2kG
+
/vzg 4 3 bZ X N Y
} J.G
4
G$
5kI
G
( Y 2003) {)z -oG
T
>X Za { V1c
& ',^ W= G
Z V g @*
]uZz !cgzZ Z V V1c~ w{
C H s Z
G&
4!* D x
2kI
G
Z
gzZ zy ( Y 2006) {)z G
X Z Z ~
C
J.G
5kI4G
^_g a {@x [cgzZ ~p~ ^
,gzZ Z V*( supra-glacial)
YE
& YEkE
4G
5E
4G
5_
5 4G
CX XwEZ G
] W Cg~ cg Zi !*
E
C&( w{
: yZgz V',zz kZ @*
C
yDg _(, ]**
v
40

X y Vv
& o**
gzZ VZy! c Z ~ lg !*
s

" +&
5H
3G
+Z V Y  Tg D Wi V Zz 6
, ~h N D w{
C
P7H
H
"
5 g3G
V. yZ x i X u wn kZ gzZ +
$Y P 7H
,Z Ig wC
~ o kZ X xg d
$

g g Y ~ :W
5 26

rg eg kg s Vi {n w{
CX  D Wi { c*
i gZD
q
-Z ]
}(, ~ w 700 ~ w{
C._ @Z ]g@*
X @*
YJ
- Y 1255 ~
41

X uh v { c*
i 23,000 Vig !*
g!*
~ ~,X `Wi

kZ W ]W Cg ~ Z ! ~ V',k n : ]
d~u

/} gzZ y **
[ c Z ot X Z hg W,Z Vc*
6
,]
d~u
~ Y 2011
W Cg +F,{ i @*
X Lg ~ i Vn Z ]uZz
Z
Z 19 i Z gzZ c*
w1 ZzJ 6
,]
d~u ! yg7 V0
+W! Z X W

 - ] W Cg~ Z ! 26

y { { n LZ Z
Z Z
+Zi 53,000 ~ ! o X c*
43gzZ uh
, hg
/g !*
+F,
$+~ ]
d~u~ Y 2011 ~gX yvVzy 5,700 X} 7
]
d~u ~p C1j r X W,O Z
Z k X N
d~uX N Y Vzi**
]
a Z e J
-Y 2050 Zz
& e
gzZ Y 1992 Y 1989 Y 1978 Y 1968 Y 1967 Y 1957 Y 1947 Y 1940 Y 1913 ~
bZ X yv~g u5Z gzZ 0
+
i
KZ X W[ch
+~ Y 2003
Y 2001-02 1993-94 Y 1981-83 Y 1974-77 Y 1953-56 Y 1947-49 Y 1935-37
~ Y 2000 gzZ Y 1978 Y 1964 Y 1922 Y 1907 X g h
+ ~ Y 2003-04 gzZ
Z 62 ]
d~u J
- Y 2010 Y 1980 X ,7
,Vn ye ]
d~u
yh
+ & b [ cm 45 ~ X H o ]W Cg
X yv6
, e Wz Vp~gzZ u5Z {z 0
+
i
KZ ~ XW
30,186 ~ ^g7g ~g uX
W+F,
$+**
Y 2004 c ~ g @*
Dq ]
d~u

& V gzZ ! X Z

Z gzZ !*
y uh 9 X & ] ZZ
uh 1,200 ~ tX ~ Vzy LZ Z
Z {gG X yv { c*
i
Iz7
,sX N ]ZZ 800 J
-g0
+Z { c*
i **
V ~ twX
% i { e Z ~d R,
X q :Z ]ZZ Z
+Zi 5000 ~ Zg LZ
cZ%Z Zz X
HW[WLG
Vz
) 1700 i Z ~ s W +R,
} 7; X uh Z
Z 1,000 ~ Z
Z gzW **
d
$

V @*
Z6
,kZ ;g^yxg gzZ K
X Z W,OJ%gi X uh 
)x Z q
-Z P ~ T
,i Z {z X { nZg Z
a ,% 259
& yJ ~ ! fgzZ !

.
& h
+'
{z zz T Za h
+g~ }i yJ 6
, e Wz
**
gzZ ,1gzZ  { n ]WgzZ Vc*
h gi ~ Z ~(,X g 7
gzZ uh Z
Z 20 T
HW [c ~ o Vg !*
~ Y 2008 42X 

27

VZg ] W Cg

TZ 7
,**
o [c{ngzZ q
-Z o ~ Y 2011 ~gX y" 400,000
g {n ~!i ]
d~u 43X y" 400,000 gzZ W,
O Z
Z k
yZ Z Y Z ~ R g ._ V X

/Z ._ XY yi ZyDgt zz WB 0*

V ]
av 100

/Z gzZ a
30 @*
Z
av 30 ~ Rg
F,{ c*
i ]
d~u Z
aq
-Z ~ R~gX a
100 Z
X 7g V  {gzZ q
-Z **
Wg 0*
X $
t}i
54X15,000 ~ I Wg *
.G
X
g W,OE yJ H
0
46
2kI
G

,Vka ~h N ~ }i !*
x ~ yN*
: yN*
q 0*
s',*
c J.G
I
4 ~ lg !*
2kG
c*
Z ~ ]g Zw 0<Eg X
Zz

VzJ.G
gzZ
M
hW[ c7
-e Z ~ kZ 44X Y| (,w V*yZgzZ W~!~
hZ Ys W"g 0*
e X Y
i yv x Vp~
CgzZ Y ~ ~ Zz
~ yN*
._ Dq q
-Z Zz
' Z ~ e zZ * Z W W
I
I
4 24 ~ kZ X VzJ.G
4 562 ~ X J.G
4 2,674
2kG
2kG
2kI
G
J.G
4
5kI
G
~d
$
w X
Hc*
gZ
u **
6
,g kZ LV*
^ W= G
I
4q
2kG
&,
'
-Z ~ **
**
~ Y 1994 45X { V1c
^ I}g ) J.G
% i qC
~ V- Zz V ,k
,i kZ gzZ 3 C Y
X yvJgzZ W[WLG
W CggzZ q
-Z ~ o kZ i
Y 1897 i eg kg X
Wi } (,g e ] { c*
i 8 6
,Z Ig ~ Y 1950 gzZ Y 1934 Y 1905
X ` W i 10 ] { c*
i 7.5 ~ D ~ k', {z yZ
(

G
46
.
3
Y 2009 X n Vi} (,&~ #yAgzZ zg 0*
F ~ V',
P c*
0*7i ~g {n i q
-Z  yN*
~ # ~y
%W
gzZ v W { n ~8
-zg x Zz V S0
+W
HW~ i ]W Cg F}$

 - ] W Cg~ Z ! 28

12 [ cX N W
/} gzZ [c Zz W zz Wye

, e Wz ~ q H Z {, ~ o S0
6
+W! B N 3Y
' ~ !*

W !*
{ W,O X,
/3" 6
,] Vg !*
X Z yv
XZ7
,~ Zzgg =Z ~ !*
W{ W,OgzZ ZZ z zz kZ X {g
47

X
Hc*
Z e 70 hzq
-Z ( yv6
,g

kZ X o N*
g
& Z !x
$ p g gzZ ~ !*
W :x
$
o
& ng Z t X ( Z 11
4) a
1.5 gR
Fi zZ
~
/X a
2.3  x +F,

& * ~ o kZ X
48

X {z kZ Z ( Z 8)
av 20 ~ RgyZgz

+Zi 80 x
Z
$ X X C1j +F,7g ],
Zb
%x
$ { i
zz ~ Z X
aq
-Z R~gzZ
Fi
% i ],
Zb
% x
$
],
Zb
% !*
Wx wZ X 7g { 8{ igzZ W[WLG
8{ i~ Vg Z~ 45 ~ ] gzZ 50 ~
Z gzZ Z ~ Rg~
C6
,V X ~g Y
zz !*
~ !*
WgzZ
(q AgzZ 5Z' ],Z b
%yZ X  ~ i ]Z W,
Z ]uZz
wj X  Zz d
$
i ~
C Z gzZ Vc*
!*
W
KZ x
]Zg q~ Z
+Zi 73 ~ ],
Zb
% !*
W ._ ^g7g Y 2004 x
$ :
 ~96
,i ]Zg q z ~ ],Z b
%yZ X  6
,A
i
49

X 6
,A
50 i]Zg q~ ],
Zb
% 55 gzZ

~ !*
W q
-Z T c*
W **
~ x
$ 6
,4 # Y 2004 c 26
% i ],Z b
%x Z gzZ Z W,Oh
+o Zg7
WkZ X
H {ng izggzZ V
H0
+
i
[WLG
X aZ { !*],
Zb
%{ X W
gzZ Z
Z 26 N Qh 82 **

 VZg ] W Cg

29

gzZ ]**
k wX U*
Z A9 o ~ **
X y" Z
+Zi 15,000
GL!}
]& Z^gZR,wjZ w
7Z }g Z Z )
.Vc*
!*
W ~g7 ~g7
gzZ yvJV Z s
# ( gzZ ~ X { ng izg gzZ g !*
zg x
~ e Y) Wo( yvX !*
',F,
gzZ ~g tu Vzz
50

X
Hc*
62 ( 8

X N zg
'
' ]W CgyZgz k',~ Z ! 1wz.
]

51

 - ] W Cg~ Z ! 30

$ Z ! :1wz.
( Y 2000-2009 ) ] W Cg~ G
]
5kIG
Z

/n
W Cg

]g

[c

2000

]g

!i

2001

]g

]g Zw 0<Eg h
+

2002

yj
jZ

!i

]g

]g Zw 0<Eg h
+

2003

d~u
]

!i

2004

]g

!i

]g

[c

[c

y *
0

!i

]g

!i

17

]g

[c

17

]g

[c

2006

2007

]g

[c

16

]g

[c

yj
jZ

2008

]g

[c

2009

2005

31

VZg ] W Cg

V XZ 7
,**
o ]W Cg ~(, Z !yZgz Y 2008 Y 1990
X
Hc*
]W Zz W~kZ ~ 3 gzZ 2 wz]
.X N W,OV
H0
+
i Z
Z
1

( Y 1990-2008) ]Z W,Z ]W Cg~ Z ! :2wz.

]
]**
v
~ !*
W{W,O
(~Ze O%Z) ( )
&

W,
O
Z
Z Zz

]ZZ
Zz W,O
(~gZD
) ( ~g ZD
) ~ !*
W

69,060

23.9

5,410

6.1

22,615

12,984,000

101.2

145,713

155.3

143,990

3,500

11

66

0.2

602

25,743,100

82.6

885,244

53.4

1,071,608

500,100

0.7

279

245,100

11.1

2,796

4.6

25,278

3,573,054

17.2

27,943

9.4

162,662

1,670,070

32.9

6,331

0.5

19,258

44,787,984

78.5

1,073,504

229.5

1,368,327

o
yj
jZ
@
y N*

]g
$
x
wC
{
y *
0
d~u
]

52

( Y 1990-2009) ]] W CgP ~ Z ! 3:wz.

]
n
y
+
h
zg
!
]g Zw
[c

[c

o
@
y *
0
d~u
]
]g
yj
jZ
]g

]g

( Z Z
Z) ]ZZ

1991

138,987

2005

73,338

2004

35,399

2004

16,389

1998

7,023

1998

2,641

2002

1,930

2003

1,610

1998

2,131

2005

2,129

2007

2,051

2008

1,590

2009

1,197

X ;g Z ~ Vh Zz zz yZ gzZ Z] W Cg Y 1991

 - ] W Cg~ Z ! 32
53

Qh Zz ~ yZ gzZ ]W Cg

Z] W Cg

Z ]W Cg~ Z ! :1^

Z]ZZ

Qh Zz zz ]W Cg~ Z ! :2^

]ZZ

33

VZg ] W Cg

Z] W Cg

x lZ p Z] W Cg~ Z ! :4^

!i

]g Zw 0<Eg h
+ [ c

n
W Cg

Z] W Cg

]ZZ Zz ]W Cg Z~ Z ! :5^

!i

]gZw 0<Eg h
+ [ c

n
W Cg

 - ] W Cg~ Z ! 34

:z Z
o]^ oe]q l^ oi
1m 1

35

yz a ~ } ] W Cg

yz a ~ } ]W Cg
yz Z !N ]gzZ Z f(, ]W Cg~
]Z ] W Cg ~ V',
/X
{ W6
,}@
! ] Z Z t X
K ] Z Z F ^ Vzg Z Z yz a
X
K xg ( ug ) yz Z',^Z
]g yN*
@ ~ g kZ X c*
W~ Y 1985 c 8 x ug
X Z 
~ ^~ Y 2005 yj
jZ X

]
d~u gzZ y 0*w{
Cx
$
gzZ ]W Cg ~ g ~ VZ Z',
u ug J
- Y 2004 Y 1985
gzZ F,
g ZG0*

HHtt gzZ |
# }gzZ ]Z W,Z { n VZy
%~ wj
Cg6
,R @*
X ]gz V0*
gzZV<Za ~ "
$
I
4gzZ V c*
2kG
g ug X 7
g 7 m{ 6
,Z ]W
i J.G
O
g 0*g W Vzuu # ]**
ZgzZ
u Zg f
X i ZC
yz

( SDMC)[7Zi e ug
[7Zi e s W^k XZ D 5~ Y 2006 ',
Z [7Zi e ug
@ yj
jZ g JW ug k0*
/
% kZ X
HH ~ ]g q
(f
$) g (
Z x Z ] }
.~ ]
d~ugzZ y 0*
w {
Cx
$ ]g yN*

 - ] W Cg~ Z ! 36

gzZ I ) liW7Z N Yb }gt0*

a S ~g Z ft X
~ ~g ZZ a n ] gzZ Cze
M F, ( 2
4 ] WgzZ n Y H { ]W Cg~ Z ! @*
Y Z

(
XnY 6
,g
yZ gzZ { ] W Cg~  {g Z Z g z!*
-Z + C
q
gz&
/
%t
Z7 g * Z ~ e Z X
gx 6
,V ZjZ
!*
C
gzZ g0
+Z #
gzZ F 'g Ziz Z~ X K *Zzg
yZ gzZ { ] W Cg

}g Z Z dgzZ },Z
X
gx 6
,V U Z
ggzZ @*

g7g KZ @*
ZxZ
/z6
,m
F,
gzZ :gz @*

/
%t
54

X @*
Z

] }
.0*
Z

6
,D wj gzZ }z [Z ]W Cg

"
5G
4G
5E
-Z ~ Y 1992
q
~ VgzZ wj @* ~ wj Z',w G
} z [Z ]W CgL }K ] Z Z Z ug XnY H o1%yz
{Z',
u ug ~~ zjI kZ X Z ug 6
,D wj gzZ
Z qz q
-Z 6
,}z [Z ]W CggzZ D wj yZgz
Y 1991 T
Hc*
\z
/q
-Z +C
ug x O X
HH
yZ ~ #
y;Z',
u Zz ~ Y 1991 ~ KgzZ ~

:I~ ]

g \ V Zjsfzgq~ X }]

g \ \z/

] ZZ ', Z gzZ D wj X 1
x Z
/z6
,gzZ ] ZZ 4
A & ] W CgX 2
j Wg 6
,] ZZ `g ~ X 3

37

yz a ~ } ] W Cg

E
5Z k ; +/

ug0 ]ZW,
Z kZ6
, gzZ HG
]W Cg~ { Z',
u ug a Zz ~ Y 1988 ~ !*
WxsZ
+
/
Z t Z 6
,] !*
kZ X
Hc*
gzi 6
, J (,yz a 4
A&
E
5Z k ;
g @*Y i Z q
-Z 0 ]Z W,Z kZ 6
, gzZ HG
zgq Z b
%Z Xn Z

Ca " i yz p!*
yxg
: sf
! n ] gzZ qZ ]!*
0 ~p C1j X i
gzZ ] Z Z
gzZ Y (
]W Cg Z ~ RgD } ^
,Y ]1j X ii
X yz@ 6
,{)z ]1

ug 6
,wj
ug 6
,wj ~ kZ } wj Zgiz Zz ~ Y 1997 ~
kZ gzZ F
F6
,]

g \ V_ !*
{g z t X
HHg
b) g 6
,R@ gzZ "Y wg yz ug ~ wj
X **
g ; ia Z ~ yzgzZ **

x Z
/z6
,wj ug
/! Z xZ
gzZ
g 76
,xZ
/
z6
,kZ G
/
z6
,wj K ~g Y ~K
xZ
/
z6
,X ~ ~g x Z
/
z6
,wj ug ~ kZ a wj Zgiz
wj !Zj 2ZgzZ Vz@ ZZ Z ~ }g!*
wj ~
Z J (,yza n ]~ { rz

xOZ W,

 - ] W Cg~ Z ! 38

c_ Wgc6
,wj Z', ug~ xZ
/
z6
,wjX
/YZ
~ K
M F,~I],
Ze Vzg Z Z }gzZ ~ wj lg \ {z
XY g^g7g ~g +F,
+]
h
.6
, (

& z wj gzZ Y

yz a ~ n! c~ D zy
R X yz a ~ n ! c~ Dzy x Z Z Z gzZ q
-Z
gzZ w{
Cyj
jZ V c*
g Y M
h 7 Z

ig ZG0* ] ZZ K ,
6
W,Oy 0*
gzZ V 9 ]g z @ gzZ s V ]g
!*
a &
+
e i0^ c*
g gzZ 0*
[ WwzN 0*
!cX ;g
w{
CgzZ @ ]g ~ e 0*
O X g g yz Zz
]g b Z X Y
i Z

i] s ~ V1c yzg 0*
uu yxg
55

X Z
+Z bZ yz! Wyxg yj
jZ y 0*
gzZ y *
0

( HKH-FRIEND) ugz ,
M a^g zg; ~ w{
Czj~ Y 2000 s6
,Z
yz Zj V
/
u zg; ~ kZ }uz w8
-Z
' Z ~ e zZ * Z W W~ [ Z kZ X

HHg Z ~ }g !*
x 6
," ] sq
-Z [Z
' Z ( WMO) ^CA @ gzZ Vzg Z
**
x i ] 0 [ c~ Z Z T c*
qz
zg { O%Z ^CA@ gzZ ~ e zZ * Z WW
Hc*
VZt x X
E
H
kb
4
5
DZ e gzZ Z 7Zi e yg g ~W O%Z ( C1j Z ! )
E
Hkb
dZ q
-Z ~ zj~ Y 2001 # yz ( DANIDA) 45 Z Cze
gzZ 7 [ c ~ DzyL q T H x Z kZ Cgzx
y 0*
gzZ w{
C]g uyN*
@ X x a n ]
X Z t Z 6
, ZZ q
-Z a ] ! c! n Z',yz L

39

yz a ~ } ] W Cg

b rz

yz a n ] CA z ! W " kZ
c*
X w z yY V gzZ nY H } [c {k
CZ xgzZ
z', *
@
[ cgzZ F ] AgzZ Yzg; 'g Ziz bz ! W q
-XnY
56

X V V Z Z " kZ .
$- Zz V7

J e Y ]W Cg~ Z !
+
Zgiz ug ~ Y 2005 y 25 **
y L? E~ Y 2004 c
~ T Hg Z 6
,x !
Z kZ Zgiz X Z kZ S ]1j
x uzg yZ gzZ ]W Cg)g Zz ZZ
HHt {z gZ $
@ kZ \z
/q
-Z +C
g a J e Y q
-Z
X ~ J e I kZ Cg Ziz ,Zz 6
,wj ~
Cg ~ Z ! ~ T Z Y 2006 ~gz

7-9 ~ J e kZ \z
/ +C

( HFA) Z g ugz *

LJ et X
Hc*
J e Y q
-Z 6
, ]W
}W **
Za qZ ]W Cg ~ V-g Z',gzZ x Z Z :Y 2005-15
5 { Z',
u ug ,a gzZ Y 2006  30 Cg Ziz ug X
57

X ~ ~gJ e kZ Y 2007 s6
,Z 3-4 ~

]W Cg yz a ~ } ] W CgLg0
+Z ugz *

ug
zgq s@ ugz *

kZ X
g 7 Z +
$Y yz a ]
r{
: ] Z Z sf
a 4 ( )g Zz g Z ) x q :Z kZ
W Cg X 1
' Z

g ; ii~g a ZZ b!*
z ] W{ n Z X 2

 - ] W Cg~ Z ! 40

& z bz 0 ]W Cg~ Z ! X 3

a ] W CgX 4
G
(
3.
~ Y 2010 s6
,Z
q ~p C1j {Z',
u Zz ~ yN*
F
N gzZ! L Z ~g Y6
,
,  g| ug  yZ X [
]l!6
K g6
,~p C1j { Z',
uX H
yZ
g 7 +
$Y Z !
(

G
.
3
kZ gzZ h
e {^
,Y Wgc6
, ug 6
,~p C1j LgzZ J e Z ~ y F
q
-Z +C
6
,~p C1j Z t Z 6
,]!*
kZ X c*
gzi6
,Wgc
z',,
6
g
8{^
,Y z Wgc6
,y {g }kZ g !*
z i Z ~ w \z
/|Z
x ug 2 } 7 ] 

g \ a ~ WgcgzZ
58

X}7^g7g KZ wj Zgiz ug
(

G
.
3
~ kZY ~ 7 **
kZ W~ y F Z xV`g ~ KkZ X Y 3g ~g Y Vz ~g Z p Y
HHC
xt
: Kg] sf
gzZ Y
:] Z C1j ~ L Y e
$Z@ w ~ ( i)
7~ {Z',
u ug ,,6
,j 6
,g Y b) C1j
X N Z qz q
-Z a
Y (

& z wj @*
N Y Zx Z
/
z6
, WgzZ ]gzx6
,~p C1j ( ii)
g+4 rz

F,C5
g ZG 0*
F6
F
,` Zy
%Z 0g ~ gzZ wEZ
XnY H Zg Vh
.2$ug (Z ~ T Y Z q z q
G
-Z ( iii)
] **
kZ i xEE
r z

**
Z h
+ gzZ Y (
F
F6
,` Zy
%Z 0g  Y 1 { ^
,Y

41

yz a ~ } ] W Cg

x ^k XZ Cz e hZ a^g 0g L~ ;gE- Z B 2 V1
X } Z

t ua
]Z W,Z t ~p C1j gzZ b @*
Y H
Z~ [ ( ( iv)
XnY c*
r z

4
Z ._ VZ
/z6
, g gzZ ]F, ` !*
k ( v)
X N Y |
# g hzq
-Z yZgz ( Y 2010-2015) V',*
0
X ]Z W,Z t ~p C1j Vg q ]g @*
gzZ `U*
W Z ! ( vi)
X N Y " VziV gzZ " a
~p C1j @*
N YK *Zzg CY {g Z Z yxg Vzg Z Z ~ ( vii)
XnY H! n VZ
/
z6
, ~g ZZ gzZ ] z D~ V0
g Z Z yZ ~ 0
+
i g ZG0*
gzZ bz ! WgzZ Vzg ( viii)
d Z +|Z ug Lq
/I
G
-Z [yzi 9ug a 4
X Y Hi W W
Z
XY c*
gzi6
,]gzD bz ~gzZ q C wj Vzh N (ix)
4SV C1j Vzh N ~7g ug ( x)
2kI
G
g ZG0*
gzZ VzJ.G
d Z Q |Z ug Lq
Hi W W
Z /GI
-Z Zj g ZyZ ~ g izg gzZ ,
F
X Y
CA ug a iY b) Zz Za
) !*
~p C1j ( xi)
Z yy|Z ug Lq
-Z ~ }g !*
x k,5
+g Z yy
/
%

 - ] W Cg~ Z ! 42

I
X Y Hi W W
Z /Gd
Z ]W Cg C1j |Z ug Lq
-Z [7Zi e ug ( xii)
I
~ } ] W CgLgzZ W ~p C1j L~ TY H qz W
Z /Gd
X Y i%z6
,}W
kZ @* Y H } . ug 0 yz 6
,wj ( xiii )
X n f

{@ Zzgg ~g 6
,]W Cg
~ (Addu) z Z x
$ Y 2011 10-11 t
g 7 +F,{ i *
@
gzZ o zZ C1j g ~ z Z yZ X { Z',
u ,, ug
X H g Z W KZ ~ }g !*
V- gz$ m Zj ~p C1j
59

X
HHxl \ 6
,}@ Zzgg ~g 6
,]W Cg~ yZ

K6
,}z }@ ug Zzgg ~g 6
,]W Cg~ Y 2011 #,i Z I
~ Y 2011 {@ t X Z t Z F,Wz ~ kZ |Z { ~ ]
d~u
g x gzZ Y ~uu ~g UpX Z g~ ( x
$ ) {Z',
u ug ,,
~g 6
,] W Cg~ }z }@ F
F6
,wZ x Z Z Z
C Y ]W Cg @*
]!*
**
x W,
Zzgg ! Z
XnY Vc*
~ yv VN U*
Z C1j gzZ
-1EZ 6
\z
/v^Z e E
,V2c*
g g ] t
g 7W lp { c*
i gzZ q
-Z
g kZ  g Z
' Z V c*
g ] Zz
3 D
/yg Z T
I
4~ T w kZ ,
2kG
6
q
-Z a ]Z W,Z
Z VzJ.G

43

yz a ~ } ] W Cg

,w{
6
CgzZ ]g uyN*
@ yj
jZ y 0*
X Y ~ ~g x Z Z
-1EZ \z
/t
$z~ V
/
u kZ ~ X
HH ~ Y 2006 ~ E
X 
~ kZ } zg **
gzZ 7 W6',a
w k a 4 7Z gzZ nz : V c*
g 1 \z
/t
-g c*
J
g @*}
' ZF
F6
,DgzZ yzb!*
g0
+Z
Xn ~g ZG0*
C1j gzZ W YgzZ Z p
, !*
6
~ V ; c*
g gzZ VZy ! cgzZ ]q s$+~ ! W J @
H \z
/X ~ qz ~ J (,Wz a i%z
~ : z 6
,]i c*
V c*
g m @*Y g (
Z
' Z g)gzZ {)
"@6
,bz ! W Z Z O kZ X: ]gz Zg t Z gzZ Y
~ e zZ * Z WWX Y c*
VZ {Z
+ t Z ~y6
,b) Z gzZ Y i%z ,
6
kZ  H Z Vzg Z Z d wzZ #Z
+Zi 50~ \z
/kZ yz
X Fz
Ht Z 6
, z x CA! W q
-Z q
- }gt J @
2$q
.G
-Z gzZ nY c*
0*
16
,Z g z ZZ x @*

kZ J @ X xEE

~e
K 
uX q uU +F,
Z xZ Z kZ 60X } Z

X : ib) ]W CA! W Z ! %

 - ] W Cg~ Z ! 44

J e 0*
gzZ CY {g Z Z ~ ug
]W Cg ] Z g Z ]Z W,Z 6
,R gzZ Z0
+{ ~ ug
gzZ V0*
~ yZ gzZ x uzg ] W Cg {z c*
g6V
]W Cg g 9 ug X , kC]gz u Vh
Z 6
,V0*yZ @* V0* ~ n gzZ x uzg ~g
% {z nY ~ ^iV0*
yZ X!
7 Vhyz yZ gzZ Wgc
**
- Z ZZ V ]W Cg X ]gz h
J
e {^
,Y T
Z a ~g7 6
,gW,
gzZ
z',] c*
gz ~g ~ !*
W{ W,O zz T
X C ~
# q yy j

MgzZz
( DDP) / e \ ~6
,7Zi e s W"g 0*
en ] W Cg : y j
jZ
GL!~ Y 2003 ~gX
yj
jZ
HH ~ Y 1971  @*
W~ } ],Z
[7Z i e Dy j
jZ 8 ~ e ~ e X H ugz *

[7 Zi e q
-Z
] Zz q Z V1x y j
jZ ~ T ( ANDMA) Kg Z
%i
] W Cg X { ^
,Y LG
Z ugz *

[7Z i e X  
F,
~ T
HH [7Z i e y WzDgzZ g 0*
q
-Z 6
,
+ Y 6
$
,zZ n a ] W Cg 8 ~ e ~ e 61X  
'g Ziz 20

2.Gwo g w
.H
g 7Z i e ~ T H g (
Zg T 6
,Vg &
E
G

H
.2.Gwog w
g \Z zZ6
, ( DRC)

g \Z DgzZ ( PERC) E
G

45

J e 0*
gzZ CY {g Z Z ~ ug

~ e C W
W Cg 6
,RV
/Z X

( NERC) wC D~ f
$Z z
~ ZZ g W ~ e
/Z X q :Z g W ~ Z 8 gzZ C u bz LZ g W
] W F
/Z @* } 7 Z ~ yZ g W ~ Z 8 sz^~ VZzgg
Z X @*
YW~ g ],Z g W ~ Z 8 n $
: g W ~ e gzZ N YW
c6
,W\Z D ~ ZZ g W ~ Z 8 {],Z VZzgg ~ ZZ
/Z b
H i Z V Zz i z uh gzZ ]
W Cg s ( NEOC)
a ~ !*
W{ W,O zZ ~ Z + Z Z 6
,R w g
/Z @*
X @*
Y
Zzgg ! Z gzZ ~g a ] W Cg 62X @*
Z Zg Z~~ ZZ
gzZ
M F, ] W ] Z6
,R :

Z b
%Z t ~ x ~g u
H
+AE
X q~ y2DY  }7Z Cze Dy j
jZ ] W Cg
~ ZZ y Zgz
W Cg ~ y j
jZ izZ Y + Z 6
,R Z Z gzZ
W Cg V- !*

W }g Z Z C F,, i Z { z X
C q
- ~ V
/
u
~g ZZ V Z 6
,RVz !*
o
A &
gzZ 
~ J e 0*
] !*
x B V- !*
W
y y gzZ
& c*
g Zz : ~g7 V c*
g Z )f KZ ._ Z g ugz *

Y 2005  / ! k q
-Z Z g ugz *

) X
sz^~ [ Z
**
F,
p ] W Cg * kZ Hg g 168 {x Z Z ~
X(
gzZ ~ ZZ Zj ] W Cg #
@ ~ : @
$+~ ; Y 1990 wgt X g CC
g t6
,V
/
u ~g !*
W
a ] W Cg { c*
i % e ] 5 n Z
# q z
7Zi e hZ e X Wt Zz ]gz w d { c*
i ~ e X gzZ ~g
V
/
u x Zj ] W Cgg0
+Z o ( MoFDM) ]g Z iz [

 - ] W Cg~ Z ! 46

8 ~ e + Z - gzZ ~ e Wp
Z ~ e ]g Ziz kZ ~ Y 2003 X B
bgg (
Z o1%
/z6
, Y q
-Z ] W Cg
' Z
8 g- ~ Y 2006 mX H q zx Z
@ t x Z
/z6
,X
H0 Zz ZZ + F, Z Z x Z
/z6
,kZ z
H ] Z wJ **
@*Y 4 qZ x ] W Cg
/ gzZ 0*yz gzZ Y ~4 ~ V
/
u b gzZ Zzgg ! Z n Y
Y q
-Z ] W Cg k0*
@ [ Z X N Y ] q & Z 0 ~
DX ; g ` ( ~ e g W * Z ~ e ) y n,ze g hZ [7Z i e & J e
Hc*

~ e g W * Z ~ e Z gzZ
HH i
+g g7Zi e g xg P
VIZ ~ ZZ V wVzg Z Z ~g u) #
~ xg P kZ X
] W Cg~ @ t gzZ  
+ C
gz& Vzg Z Z m
F,
gzZ dgzZ }
7Zi e D~ Y 2011 X ; g x 6
,g xg q
-Z a {
V g Z iz ~ T K g7Z i e y W ig eg W 8
-Z { U* [
gzZ ] W Cga V- gzZ Vzg Z Z ~g u) VwVV Z
~ Y 2010 X
Hc*
{ V- g Z)f gzZ Z

Zj ] Z C1j
J
HG3.' @ ~ ( Y 2010-2015) [7Zi e g y D Zz YK g
+H
w z X
HHg ( BCCSAP 2009) y Z hZ AE}7Z 8
x g a W ~p C1j gzZ ~ ] Z C1j gzZ ] W Cg~ P
x  ~ wq
-Z a WgzZ ~g a i X I
gzZ ( BDMERT) ugz ,
M R,hZ a^g mZ 7Z i e @ X g
K g W ~ Z * Z ~ e ! X  w d b xg gzZ ugz ,
M xg 7Zi e
F,
] Y z ~g uZ
{z kZ X 6
,+ C
244 Vzg Z Z gzZ m
+ Z gzZ izZ Y + Z W F,{ c*
i   ugz ,
M z xg 7Z i e gzZ ~ e } Z 8 } Z g W W+ Z
gzZ V ( DMIC) g Z hZ [7Z i e 63X  6
,Vz izZ Y
E
"
I4G
5
 xq
-Z n ] t X
HH 6
,R
w E Z Y (
EjG

47

J e 0*
gzZ CY {g Z Z ~ ug

a yz b!*a zgg ! Z u gzZ ~ } D

X @*
ZZg ~ V Z Z Z gzZ izZ Y + Z Vzg Z Z
V X  D W { c*
i i V Zz ~ ,Z * yN*
: yN*

s W "g 0*
e ~ Y 2008 #

yN*
7 ]q CA g Z
@*
g " u @*
o1% Zzgg ! Z V Z Z H [7Zi e
V- z a VZzgg X gzZ lgzZ @*
Za W~ x Z
ugz *
Y q
-Z a } ] W CgX @*
Z
] Wz
M,
F
ZgzZ ]W Cg6
,R ]g Ziz gZ DpgzZ Z X
Hc*

Hc*
gZ
Z ~
/
%a o1%V@ ~ ZZ V- OZ
]W Cg6
,R ( kzgzZ z7 38
- 38
-zi ) .
$- OZ
TZ', ` Z Z bZ X  g Z f V Zzgg }
 Wt BV+Z P X  gZ f x ~g !*
WgzZ ZZ
z ]gz
64

X 1z~ VZzgg ~g !*
WgzZ ZZ V- !*
W{ W,O6
,g C Z f {

!*
#
Z

x ] W Cg
HH b Z ( DMIS) g Z [7Zi e ~ Y 2010
eg kg ] ~ }g !*
]W Cgx kZ X e ]uZz
]Z Cg~ V Z#
@*
Zj ]Z W,Z yZ S **

gzZ Z W*Z ~ e Kg Z [7Zi e DXn YgzZ e 9

Se **
] }
.C gzZ Cc*
Z CAgzZ
/Z% c6
,W\Z V
Xn0*
io1%gzZ Y q
-Z ]Z ] W Cg @*

~g !*
WgzZ ZZ Zzgg ! Z 6
,]W Cg ~ Zi W~ ]g :]g
.2$0*
G
gzZ CY {g Z Z
]W Cg ]gzZ ~!T @*
6
,Vz
CoxEE
.2$0*gzZ CY {g Z Z 7 kZ  g W
G
Cgp
/Z X ]gz U*
6
,xEE

 - ] W Cg~ Z ! 48

] W Cg ~(, @* V4c*
g ~g Z f ~
C ]W
~
/
% x gzZ C ~ V z gzZ ]1 #
~
/
% ~ ]g
Z',w6
,R+F,dZ X Co1%V@ Vzg Z ZVVVg Ziz
% iz X
Hc*
x ** ]W Cg Z',w Z gzZ

) Zgi LG

#
4c*
g - u ]W LwdZ q
-Z Pgiz ~ ]
,RVX : g [
6
7 - g w C ebZ
ZZ
&6
,R bZ X
V[7Zi e
'7e
/u gzZ 9n,ze
ZZ
[7Zi e ~ ] X
~ V[7Zi e
6
,g W,
[cX g Y Z

M F,gZ gzZ =Z X gzZ l ZZ

x +Z
' Z z8 g- gzZ i
+Z Z - 8 ~ e +Z - Z Z ]g Ziz a

& c*
g X H qzx Z
/z6
,[g7Zi e D
D W[cV ~ V2c*
g
V2c*
g a " ]W Cg6
,R V gzZ/u I
]Z W,Z kZ gzZ ~g [cVh

X g Y Z

&
:
4) X { W ]gz
Vzg Z gzZ Vz x Z
/z6
,kZ X
~g Y G

/} gzZ ye i b Z X g Y ~
M F, n [c
X
HH qzxZ
/z6
,Y q
-Z a n Zz
yZ gzZ }
8
-bZ i 
HH \z
/gDq
-Z a ~ } i
gzZ ia ]Z W,Z Vi \z
/gX 6
,gzZ +C

gzZ ]gzxV2c*
g6
,V U Z ~ ]Z W,Z i gzZ g
yZ
D W ye ~ V2c*
g XX { ~g Z f Z
g
' 9 zg hz 1,050 Ui Z0

+Z 6
,T)/q
-Z ~ ]Z W,Z ye }gt
~ V Zz yy Vzye~ " kZ X
HHg ( W
~ /X

{)z gzZ
M F,**
4)g Zz **
Z |
# g ~
]!*
a ZZ J @ [Z gzZ ~ } ~gZ z6
,kZ z

49

J e 0*
gzZ CY {g Z Z ~ ug

kZ &
Hc*
\z
/gq
-Z a ]Z W,Z
/} X g Y
A
Z ~ ] Z W,Z
/} gzZ g gzZ i Zj
~ ]uZz
/} Z
g gzZ ]gzx V2c*
g6
,V U

/} gzZ V lz$w h
e {^
,Y V
/
u Zj
#
X { ~g Z f g

)g Zz g Z 26 a ~ ]Z

} ZgzZ CMg Z  c*
gZ
Z ~
/
% c*
+Z s W} zu
&
kZ Z
/} ',gzZ " V lz$ Zj /

65

X g Z f ] Z Z X gzZ
Z gzZ _ [ Z

$
D~ & w] W Cg ~ x
$
z **
Y 2004 : x
#
**
X
Hc*
~ ( NCPE) !],Z Z ~ s W# z6
,g w
a Wgc6
,[ g 7 Zi e y W Z g ugz *
{x Z Z
2$ ~g Zg q
.G
( NDMC) [7 Zi e D xEE
-Z ~ XK ] Z Z
G
.-g$ zZ b Zzgg ! Z @*

x
! Z x t Xn Y Ho1%V@ LG
{ z x * Z ~ e + Z X x ~
/
% V
/
u b gzZ ZZ VZzgg
X ~ kg N*
gzZ w Cg Z iz a ~g !*
WgzZ ZZ V- !*
W { W,O
{x Z Z VV~g u $ F,z ~ / g Z iz gzZ : Z 2
%g Ziz q g Z iz
~ ZZ gzZ Zzgg ! Z u Vh
}uz q
-~ F,
gzZ V Z
{f ] gzZ ] :Z ~ }g !*
] W CgX
C g V@
u 6
,RgzZ [ Z X
HHg e - ] W CggzZ
HH x
u 6
,R gzZ 8 ~ e + Z - X
g x gzZ
 i c6
,W
+'
h
X H Z
y zi s gzZ q g Ziz a ] VZzgg
66

X
HH z & ~g q
-Z ~ zZ ~ Zt

 - ] W Cg~ Z ! 50

&L [7Zi e ~ Y 2011 #

x
$
OZ gzZ CY {g Z Z ~gz Hg E
Cg @*
} Z 

C a Kg Z [7Zi e D J e
g !*
#
~ g @*
o XnY
V U x ~g a ]W
]W CgLgzZ  K 
x Z
/z6
, ~ } n ~ P Y 2011
67X  x g ~ P a x xg P ~ }
qz x Z
/
z6
,],
Zb
%F,pLa {a Vz!*
}k
,b
%2 ,
F
,~ ~ ekZ X 
6
**
Z m
,e ui Z VU A ],
Zb
%~ kZ X
HH
X +
$Y ~ =Z V ~ ]g W[ c @*
N Y ] Zz
x ~
C z ~ x Z
/z6
,kZ X N W~ z pa Vl bkZ
a }k,b
%C
2 D i **
[
7 j w  **
Z gzZ r Z **
g
68

X 
b y [7Zi e

s J e a ]W Cg~ wC
{ : wC
{
Y 1982 X g @*

H.
~ g @*
w{
C zg l Z kZ X
HHg 2039 l Z ( g ) - Gwo~
g7Zi e wq
-Z 6
,R~
/
%X
HH Z

J e OZ ] W Cgg !*
kZ g W ~ e ._ ]gz
W CgX ( CDRC) w
gzZ 0*
( uuZgp }) gZ x gzZ ]c*
gz ~ !*
W{ W,O *
@
@*
!*
g !*
z ~ w kZ g W~ e V1cXnY ( Z_
gzZ nY c*
4 Z gzZ nY 1 {^
,Y wg ~g a [c @*
;g
C ]gz V gzZ Z
#6
,R XnY Y Zzgg ! Z Ug Q

CY V Zzgg u Z
# @*
X
D YK ikzu gzZ V
xq
-Z 6
,RV ( DDRC) wg7Zi e
'7e X
D Y b it
X @*
o1%gZ ~g a ] W CggzZ Zzgg ~ ZZ  {g Z Z
+H
{
g7Zi e g AE}7Z D( Z ) :
K ] Z Z Z z ~ wq wC

51

J e 0*
gzZ CY {g Z Z ~ ug

6q
-Z a } ]W Cg ( [ ) gzZ x ( NSDRM) [
H.-
] Z Z Vz yZ X ( Y 1982 l Z ( g ) - Gwo{ ~g y
gzZ ~ }( kZ x  Zzgg ! Z 6
,R t
w{
C D
g 7h
+'
6
,* Z g W~ e Z + Z 69X Y c*
gzi6
,V U ~g
Y 2009 @*H i W ( NRRC) gi
+g g7Zi e w{
CY q
-Z #

g W+Z XnY Hg ( DRRAP) y Z i

+g g7Zi e ] sq
-Z ~
gzZ Z wh/kZ i
+g }g Z Z CF,}g Z Z ~ T nz CY {g Z Z q
-Z
]gzx V7z
/j

MgzZ ]F,X
q
-B #
{
C{x Z Z
~g } ] W Cg ~ w{
C #
gzZ yg Z g 6
, C

Zzgg ! Z gzZ ~g {z $ ~ X H V Z 0*
a Zzgg
gzZ ] W Cg yz b!*
~ !*
W **
~4 ~ ZZ

yz CY {g Z Z /0*a ~ } ]W CggzZ **
~ }
W
W H Kg Z [7Zi e D #
wC
{ 70X

/Ag Ziz
WgzZZ g Ziz yZgz
W F, g Ziz I
71

X 6 b)0 ]W Cg gzgzZ ~

] W Cga F,C 1j gzZ Y g ZG 0*

y 0*
: y 0*
#
nz C Y {g Z Z gzZ 0*
& o D kCZ ~ }

X H q z VZ
/z6
,gzZ i; V c*
gz$ z ] ZgzZ x
D~ o @*HgY 2010 .
[7Zi e Z y 0*
Y 2010 ', Z
l Z Z y 0*
~ Y 2010 72Xn Y H [7Zi e

H Dy ] ; z gzZ ~ .
X Hg.
a g 0*
sW
[7 Zi e D ~g Zg Z
V1 Vzg e  144 i M W
kZ X ~g7 ]gz nz 0*
gzZ C Y {g Z Z ogY 2006 eg W

 - ] W Cg~ Z ! 52

[7Zi e DgzZ ( NDMC) z[7Zi e D~ ~g eg W

g Z gzZ V 6
,RVgzZ !*
bZ X c*
W~ x ( NDMA) Kg Z
Y 2010 l Z [7 Zi e D[ Z .
{g X
HH ~g Y 5 x
] W Cga 0*
16
,y Zd A y R l Z kZ 73X Y
z[7Z i e D#
z z y 6 X A ~ ` x
zg7 s %Z [ x
%~ gzZ Z X WZ k
,iz { Z',
u T}
X V y g Z
7Zi e D
HHg ( NDMO) eg W[7Zi e D~ Y 2006 ~ ekZ
} ]W CgX
Hc*
DWgc6
,kZ )g f ( NDMC) z[
~ kZ gzZ o1%Wgc6
,VZ
/z6
,gzZ i b gzZ Zzgg ! Z ~
,]W Cg X z
6
M Z7 ( NDMA) Kg Z [7Zi e Da
,R Cc*
6
gzZ V !*
a x OZ W,
V
/
u ~ ZZ gzZ Zzgg ! Z
x Z Z V Z }VVgzZ Vg Ziz ,i Z {z X  g Z [7Zi e
Cgzx
Vz Vzg Z Z Zz ZZ gzZ izZ Y +Z V Z {
~ Wgc6
,zZ *Z ~ e +Z 
Hc*
ugz *
[g7Zi e D)g f
Zz Zzgg ! Z {z } Z * Z ~ e + Z 74X } g Vzg Z Z Zq
-
wh y 0*
:7 g W ],
e w~ T
& z sq
-Z V Z
*g b!*
yxg Vzg Z Z yZ tXq
-Z @*
X  
{)z Z
VZzgg ~ ZZ
z', ] W Cg Y 1iZkZ
/Z X yZh
nz [g Z gzZ )g Zz g Z bZ X $
~ }W
$ gzZ } Z * Z ~ e +Z Y 3 **Zz Zj
 }g Z Z $ X yZh yz b!*
~ g 3 gzZ ]A y 0*
}Vzg Z Z
,g{ !*
wzN @e zHEwg 8 :t 7 [7Zi e D6

53

J e 0*
gzZ CY {g Z Z ~ ug

E
1Z
4E
5Zz D]1j g Ziz
2H
Z75X {)z y 0*
/
4z J.G
s W} zu G
Cg ~ wg gzZ n z!*
 Vzg Z Z gzZ ugz *
*
0
gzZ yZh *g b!*
S C )gzZ K
M F,
" Z Vx
/
u 0 ]W
X
) !*
V- g Z f QQ Vzg Z Z
d~u **
Y 2004 : ]
d~u
l Z [7 Zi e ]
d~u ~ Y 2005 ]
( NCDM) [7Z i e g D l Z kZ X Hg ( SDMA)
X
HH ( DMC)[7Z i e a Wgc6
,] c*
Z@ * Z ~ e + Z X
t
KZ gzZ [7 Zi e ~ & ]g Ziz [7 Zi e ~ Y 2005 c
F,p ]
d~u @*
W ] A  ]g Ziz Z X
Hc*
x **
]g Ziz
~
/
%a )g Zz g Z **
] AX
/
% V
/
u {C " a
0*
Y Z )g Zz **
* Zzg ] A X
Hc*
gZ
Z
4]
W **
@*
 K B )gG
/Z *gOgzZ
/
% C A
W~ ]g Y q :Z Xn Y H ngzZ N Y }g 
Z
Z Y gzZ :7 r Z Zg f jx
c*] c*
Z@ ~ }g !*

W Zz
[7Zi e ~ ] X @*
Y c*
)g f {)z V Z * Z Z x
CY Z =Z gzZ x Z
/z6
, W !*
V  V
7Zi e X  V [7 Zi e 6
,R9n,ze gzZ V !*
bZ 76X 
ezg ]
d~u F,pLx Z Z Z q
-Z ]g Ziz t
KZ gzZ [
!ezgt X
HHg ]gzxgzZ
' Z Vh
x  ~g !
Cg 0
+
K V
/
u F,y Z V Z Z~ T m
,z* q
-Z
]}
.Y  77X V x Z ~ ] sgzZ z 7Z ~ ]g ] W
& H x ] ] W Cg ]
d~u  ]g Z iz
-Z [7 Zi e D ]
q
d~u X @*
Y ( SOMIS) g Z [

 - ] W Cg~ Z ! 54

nz ] W Cg o1% Z W * Z zZ Z ~ T ; gg e
~ n ] W Cg ~ ] Y x X V 
U Z
x gzZ {f gzZ Z g z Z Z yz0*
F,
z   K
/Z%0

X  sz^~ V
/
u

55

_ Luq

_
q
W,
6
, T :
L gzZ q
-Z s]W CggzZ ~p C1j {z uz s
X ~gza z b# V
KZ Z
+Zi [gZ q
-Z kZ yz
kZ Zk0*
x 7 } ]W CggzZ ; "
$
X,Z ~ yz a p]Z gzZ xZLZ 73Zg
!n ]~ yZ
M
h ~
a yz yxg ug
~}],
Z LZ LZ oC
X

V0*
oZ6
,bz !WgzZ ~gZZ
g i; gzZ ugz *

0*
: a yZ gzZ ]W Cg
~p C1j X k,
/**
yzg0*
uuB z7
,~ V',{W@*


{C " i; gzZ yjz ] syxg ygZ ug7 ]ZW,
Z u**

E
34$!WgzZ bz !W~ V',Zz WX Z
0*
gzZ V
/
% C1j Z E
XV 6
,k}g7
V
& oVZzgg +Za ]W Cg ~%
a
]WgzZ ~p C1j X **
q
-~ ] 5yZ uU Z gzZ q
-Z yz
Rc*
g } (, Y ~ u a
% b)7g Z ! Zj
Z Z %Z kZ a ug O X ~ u


3 ;
M E%
z !*
ua yz Zj ]WgzZ ~p C1j {z
ug 7 Z f(, ]W Cg ~ b kZ X ,

X ;g Y @*
g (
Z Z { c*
i { c*
i yzg 0*
uuyxg

 - ] W Cg~ Z ! 56

bg "Z
Kg Z [7Zi e Dyj
jZ
y Z hZ }7Z 8H.J' @
ugz ,
M R,hZ a^g mZ [7Zi e @
4X3 ~
4hE
x Z
/
z6
,[7Zi e G
wg7Zi e wW
n
W Z e 0g
E
H
kb
4
5
Z Cze DZ e

ANDM
BCCSAP
BDMERT
CDMP
CDRC
CO2
DANIDA

[7Zi e s W"g 6e

DOMA

wg7Zi e
'7e

DDRC

g Z [7Zi e

DMIC

y Z +
ig Zg7Zi e
e7Zi e \Z
w/k, Z hZ /ec ~6
,a
-Bg Z
4$ze kZ
5kG
/
( g ZzZa )
' ez,
6 H
I
E
4
H
J
2kG
& ',^ W= .G
i
$ s W!g
x
c*
+Z s W} zu
&
Zg ugz *

DRRAP
EM-DAT
EPAC
GOP
GLOF
GOM
GSI
HAF

57

bg "Z

A zy
YH
E
54&Z g DZ
Cze Q G
"
I4G
5E
hZ g Z
Y
( EjG
E
'
E
H
4
)
5
DZ
c^
,k
Hg W gy**
'
EE
H
J
8H.' yW
} 54)gZ
i,Z whZ x s W~
[7Zi e hZ e s W~
Kg Z [7Zi e D

HKH
ICIMOD
ICT
INGO
IPCC
MOHCA
MOFDMR
NDMA

[7Zi e D
NOMC
E
'
E
H
c^
,k
Hg W 54)gy** NGO
1gi
+g g7Zi e w{
C
[Z7Zi eg }7Z D
4E
5Zz D
2H
4z J.G
6
,Fg *
0

NRRC
NSDRM
NVM
PPM

i:6
,W\Z g

REOC

yN*
s W!g bZg

RGOB

c6
,Wgg cZ Z Z B

SAARC

[7Zi e ug
E
4]
x Z
/z6
,C WG

SDMC

l Z [7Zi e ]
d~u

SDMA

g Z [
E
.2^Z k,R hZ Z
za^g JG

SOMIS

xZ
/z6
,!],
Z Z = **
-

SIP

SUPARCO
UNEP

 - ] W Cg~ Z ! 58

:]Y!Z

1. Measuring South Asias progress towards the Millennium Development Goals: By Andrew
Jackson and Anil Singh
2. The Human Development in South Asia Report 2006 titled Poverty in South
Asia: Challenges and Responses
3. Measuring South Asias progress towards the Millennium Development Goals: By
Andrew Jackson and Anil Singh
4. South Asia Region towards a Climate Change Strategy - The World Bank
5. http://www.moe.gov.pk/MDGs/Millennium%20Development%20Goals%20
Regions%20South%20Asia.htm
6. South Asia Region towards a Climate Change Strategy - The World Bank
7. EM-DAT: The International Disaster Data Base, http://www.em-dat.net
8. Dr. Suman Sharma: Existential Threat to Human Security in South Asia and
Regional Response: A case study of Climate Change and SAARC Initiatives
9. Samjwal Ratna Bajracharya, Pradeep Kumar Mool, Basanta Raj Shrestha:
Global Climate Change and Melting of Himalayan Glaciers
10. IPCC Report 2001
11. Brahma Chellaney: Water Asias New Battleground
12. Brahma Chellaney: Water Asias New Battleground
13. A Review of Disaster Management Policies and Systems in Pakistan for
WCDR 2005
14. Dr. Suman Sharma: Existential Threat to Human Security in South Asia and
Regional Response: A case study of Climate Change and SAARC Initiatives
15. World Bank. 2009. Why is South Asia Vulnerable to Climate Change?
http://go.worldbank.org/OJ4FWPUB10
16. Disaster Management Framework for Afghanistan: January 2003
17. "Bitter winter a killer in Afghanistan" CBC News. 2008-02-10
18. "Afghanistan avalanches kill 10". The Belfast Telegraph. .2009-01-18.
19. Afghanistan: Appeal 2009-2010 (MAAAF001) - Annual report - IFRC
20. Read more: : http://www.rawa.org/temp/runews/2011/02/14/afghanistanfloods-heavy-snow-kill-25-in-two-weeks.html#ixzz1cctUFDyK
21. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effect_of_the_2004_Indian_Ocean_
earthquake_on_India
22. Read more: Floods, Avalanches, and Tidal Waves Infoplease.com
23. South Asian Regional Study on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation:

59

]Y!Zj

Implications for Human Development: Ulka Kelkar and Suruchi Bhadwal

24. Read more: 2007 Disasters - Infoplease.com http://www.infoplease.com/
ipa/A0934966.html#ixzz1cdag9JyP
25. "Cyclonic storm kills 96". Hindustan Times. April 14, 2010
26. "At least 47 killed in Bangladesh landslides"; Associated Press
27. "Severe storm swept over Nijhum Deep, Sirajganj, Kachua; about 200 people injured";
news.priyo.com
28. Paul and Rashid 1993
29. Mirza 2002
30. South Asia Region towards a Climate Change Strategy - The World Bank
31. Read more: 2007 Disasters - Infoplease.com http://www.infoplease.com
/ipa/A0934966.html
32. http://listphobia.com/2010/08/17/10-worst-natural-disasters-in-history- of-pakistan/
33. USAID/DCHA Pakistan Humanitarian Assistance Fact Sheet #1 (FY 2009)
34. http://www.wfp.org/countries/Pakistan/Overview
35. Nepal Contingency Report 2008 by the Nepal Inter-Agency Standing
Committee (IASC)
36. "Millions flee 'worst ever' floods". CNN. August 3, 2007
37. Natural Disaster Updates; Asian Disaster Preparedness Center
38. Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT) (http://www.em-dat.net) and
United Nations World
39. WWF 2005
40. Shreshtha 2006
41. DISASTER RESPONSE PREPAREDNESS PLAN: UN Nepals Inter-Agency
42. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effect_of_the_2004_Indian_Ocean_
earthquake_ on_Sri_Lanka
43. Troubled waters in need of bridges; The Economist (07.01.2011)
44. IPCC 1998
45. NATIONAL DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK- Reducing Disaster
Risks for a Safe and Happy Bhutan
46. NATIONAL DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK- Reducing Disaster
Risks for a Safe and Happy Bhutan
47. Learning from Natural Disasters Lessons Learned from Bhutan; UN System in
Bhutan/Department of Disaster Management (DDM).
48. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maldives
49. South Asian Regional Study on Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation:
Implications for Human Development: Ulka Kelkar and Suruchi Bhadwal
50. National Recovery and Reconstruction Plan: Ministry of Planning and
National Development, Republic of Maldives: March2005
51. Working Paper 2010/06: Natural Disasters in South Asia- Raghav Gaiha,
Kenneth Hill, Ganesh Thapa: February 17, 2010
52. Working Paper 2010/06: Natural Disasters in South Asia- Raghav Gaiha,
Kenneth Hill, Ganesh Thapa: February 17, 2010
53. Working Paper 2010/06: Natural Disasters in South Asia- Raghav Gaiha,
Kenneth Hill, Ganesh Thapa: February 17, 2010

 - ] W Cg~ Z ! 60
54. http://saarc-sdmc.nic.in/home.asp
55. South Asia Region towards a Climate Change Strategy - The World Bank
56. A Review of Disaster Management Policies and Systems in Pakistan for
WCDR 2005
57. http://saarc-sdmc.nic.in/framework.asp
58. Dr. Suman Sharma: Existential Threat to Human Security in South Asia and
Regional Response: A case study of Climate Change and SAARC Initiatives
59. Addu declaration of 17th SAARC summit
60. Daily Dawn, Pakistan-28th Dec 2011, http://www.dawn.com/2011/12/28/
meeting-planned-on-himalayan-rivers.html
61. Status of Disaster Management Efforts in Afghanistan
62. Reporting System and Response Mechanism SAARC; SDMC
63. Bangladesh - National Progress Report on the Implementation of the Hyogo
Framework for Action; Mr. Ahsan Zakir
64. National Disaster Risk Management Framework
65. Disaster Management in India; A Status Report (August 2004)
66. Disaster Risk Reduction Activities Implemented in Maldives;
Asian Conference on Disaster Reduction 2007
67. Maldives Updates UN on Disaster Management Policies; 11 May 2011
68. Integration of Disaster Risk Reduction into Post-tsunami and other Disaster
related Rehabilitation and Re-construction in Maldives; Asian Conference on
Disaster Reduction
69. National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management (NSDRM) in Nepal
70. National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management (NSDRM) in Nepal
71. Nepal to set up National Disaster Management Authority Article CCTV.com October
14th, 2009
72. http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2010%5C10%5C05%5
Cstory_5-10-2010_pg7_22
73. http://www.brecorder.com/top-stories/single/595/0/1123558/
74. National Disaster Risk Management Framework
75. Legal Framework for Managing Disasters in Pakistan: Key Challenges
Article by Ahmed Iqbalabadi
76. Towards a Safer Sri Lanka - Development of a Tsunami and Multi-hazards
Early Warning System; Disaster Management Center
77. Towards a Safer Sri Lanka - Road Map for Disaster Risk Management;
Ministry of Disaster Management and Human Rights