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Introduction
The MSF process is innovative where vapor formation takes place within the bulk liquid instead of the surface of hot tubes.
In other thermal processes, submerged tubes of heating steam are used to perform evaporation. This always resulted in scale formation on the tubes less heat transfer & costly scale inhibition or removal.
Principle of MSF
Principle of MSF
Weirs
When saturated brine enters through slot at lower pressure stage. It senses the new lower pressure environment, and Flashes!
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Principle of MSF
Principle of MSF
Development in MSF
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Development in MSF
Increase in the unit capacity from 454.4 m3/d to a current capacity of 32731 m3/d. The largest unit was commissioned in Al-Taweela with a capacity of 57,734 m3/d. Each capacity doubling is associated with 24% reduction in unit product cost. Decreasing the specific power consumption cost from 7-25 kW/m3 in 1955 to 4-10 kW/m3
Pretreatment
Treatment of the intake seawater is limited to screening and filtration Treatment of the feed seawater includes:
Dearation Addition of antiscalent Addition of foaming inhibitors
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Tube Bundle
Inlet Distillate
Distillate Tray
Submerged Orifice
King Saud University 11 Chemical Engineering Dep. Prof. Ibrahim S. Al-Mutaz King Saud University 12
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Air Baffle
Outlet Distillate
Inlet Brine
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Intake Seawater M f+M cw= 115.44 kg/s Xf= 42000 ppm Tcw= 30 oC Distillate Product M d = 1 kg/s
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Assumptions
Distillate product is salt free Cp is the same for all streams and equal 4.18 kJ/kg
oC
Temperature profile
Brine Heater Ts Flashing Stage TTDh To Top Brine Temperature To T1 TTDc T1 DTst Feed Preheater
U is the same for preheater and brine heater and equal 2 kW/m2. oC Subcooling of condensate or superheating of the heating steam has negligible effect on the energy balance The heat loss is negligible Power consumption is not considered.
Tv
Tb DTloss
Tcw
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The salinity of the rejected brine is much smaller than maximum allowable The heat transfer area for the brine heater and preheater is small due to the large temperature driving force. The specific heat transfer area in the brine heater is inversely proportional to the performance ratio.
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Cross-Tube Configuration
Partiti on Walls
Demi ster
Side Walls
Brine Side Walls
Long-tube MSF
Chemical Engineering Dep. Prof. Ibrahim S. Al-Mutaz
Cross-tube MSF
King Saud University 23 Chemical Engineering Dep. Prof. Ibrahim S. Al-Mutaz King Saud University 24
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Cross-Tube Configuration
Cross-Tube Configuration
Partition Walls
Condenser Tubes
Demister
Tube Sheet
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Cross-Tube Configuration
Cross-Tube Configuration
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Long-Tube Configuration
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Long-Tube Configuration
Long-Tube Configuration
Brine
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Long-Tube Configuration
Long-Tube Configuration
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Comparison between Cross Tube and Long Tube MSF Plant Parameters
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Multi-stage MSF
There are 2 types of Multi-stage MSF Once Through (OT) MSF Brine recalculated (recycled)
To overcome the main drawbacks of the single flash units To improve the system performance ratio This is achieved by adding more flash units and reducing the temperature drop per stage
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System Components
N number of stages : all of the stages are identical Brine heater No recycle of any portion of brine Does not contain cooling water stream: because the brine rejected with low temperature and large flow rate contains the energy to be removed from the system.
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Process description
The intake seawater at Tcw flow through the preheater of stage n to 1. When it leaves stage 1 its temperature increases to t1. The seawater leaving the condenser enters the brine heater, where its temperature rises from t1 to To The heated brine flashes off as it flows through the successive stages where its temperature decreases from To to Tn
Simultaneously, flashing vapor condenses around the condenser tubes in each stage where it heats the the seawater flowing through the tubes. The collected distillate leaves from stage n. The brine leaving the last stage is rejected to the sea.
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Cooling Seawater Mcw Condenser Tubes Water Boxes Distillate Trays Demister
Heating Steam Ms 1 2 3 1 9 20 21 2 2 2 3 24
Distillate Product Md
Condensate
Feed Brine
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The system is driven by the heating steam which increases the temperature of the brine recycle or feed seawater to the desired value in the brine heater
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Description
The hot brine flashes in the consecutive stages, where the brine recycle flow inside the condenser tubes recover the latent heat of the formed vapor. In the heat rejection section of brine circulation system, the excess heat added to the system by the hating steam is rejected to the environment by the cooling seawater stream
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Process Description
The cooling water is introduced in the last stage of the heat recovery section. The cooling water leaving the first stage of the heat rejection section is divided into two parts
Cooling water to the sea Feed water to the dearator to remove O2
The feed is mixed with a portion of the brine from the last stage of the heat recovery section.
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The rejection of the brine is necessary to control the salt concentration in the plant
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Temperature Profile
Energy Balances
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Energy Balances
Energy Balances
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Energy Balances
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General view of Cu-Ni 70-30 alloy heat transfer tubes in heat recovery section of Al-Kkafji MSF plant
Chemical Engineering Dep. Prof. Ibrahim S. Al-Mutaz King Saud University 79 Chemical Engineering Dep. Prof. Ibrahim S. Al-Mutaz King Saud University 80
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Operational experience show desalination plants operating after 15 years successfully improved material selection suggests that the design life can be extended to 40 years operation
Chemical Engineering Dep. Prof. Ibrahim S. Al-Mutaz King Saud University 81 Chemical Engineering Dep. Prof. Ibrahim S. Al-Mutaz King Saud University 82
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Shoaiba Desalination Plant, Saudi Arabia Process type: Multi-Stage Flash Distillation (MSF) Estimated project cost: $1.06 billion Population served: 1.5 million Product water output: 74,000m/day (Phase 1); 450,000m/day (Phase 2) Final total production capacity: 150 million m/year Project Timeline: Construction started: 1997 Phase 1 completed: August 2000, Phase 2 completed: March 2003
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