Pre-Feasibility Study

DAIRY FARM
(200 COWS)

Small and Medium Enterprise Development Authority

Government of Pakistan
www.smeda.org.pk
HEAD OFFICE
6 Floor LDA Plaza Egerton Road, Lahore Tel 111 111 456, Fax 6304926-7 Website www.smeda.org.pk Helpdesk@smeda.org.pk REGIONAL OFFICE REGIONAL OFFICE SINDH NWFP 5TH Floor, Bahria Complex II, M.T. Khan Road, Karachi. Tel: (021) 111-111-456 Fax: (021) 5610572 helpdesk-khi@smeda.org.pk Ground Floor State Life Building The Mall, Peshawar. Tel: (091) 9213046-47 Fax: (091) 286908 helpdesk-pew@smeda.org.pk
th

REGIONAL OFFICE PUNJAB

REGIONAL OFFICE BALOCHISTAN Bungalow No. 15-A Chaman Housing Scheme Airport Road, Quetta. Tel: (081) 831623, 831702 Fax: (081) 831922 helpdesk-qta@smeda.org.pk

8 th Floor, LDA Plaza, Lahore, Tel: (042) 111-111-456 Fax: (042)6304926-7 helpdesk@smeda.org.pk

June, 2009

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1 INTRODUCTION TO SMEDA .............................................................................................................. 4 2 PURPOSE OF THE DOCUMENT......................................................................................................... 4 3 CRUCIAL FACTORS & STEPS IN DECISION MAKING FOR INVESTMENT........................... 5 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 STRENGTHS ........................................................................................................................................... 5 WEAKNESSES ........................................................................................................................................ 5 OPPORTUNITIES .................................................................................................................................... 5 THREATS ............................................................................................................................................... 6

4 MARKET POTENTIAL.......................................................................................................................... 6 4.1. 4.2. WHITE REVOLUTION ........................................................................................................................ 8 HIGH DOMESTIC DEMAND................................................................................................................. 8

5 MARKET ENTRY TIMINGS................................................................................................................. 8 5.1. 5.2. 5.3. 5.4. 5.5. PROPOSED BUSINESS LEGAL STATUS ............................................................................................... 8 PROPOSED CAPACITY ....................................................................................................................... 8 PROJECT INVESTMENT...................................................................................................................... 9 PROPOSED LOCATION..................................................................................................................... 10 KEY SUCCESS FACTORS/PRACTICAL TIPS FOR SUCCESS ................................................................ 10

6 SECTOR & INDUSTRY ANALYSIS .................................................................................................. 10 6.1 MAJOR PLAYERS ................................................................................................................................. 10

7 MARKET INFORMATION ................................................................................................................. 11 7.1 7.2 SECTOR CHARACTERISTICS ................................................................................................................. 11 TARGET CUSTOMERS .......................................................................................................................... 12

8 FARM INPUTS ...................................................................................................................................... 12 8.1 LAND .................................................................................................................................................. 12 8.1.1. Land Requirement..................................................................................................................... 12 8.1.2. Suitable Locations .................................................................................................................... 12 8.2 ANIMAL HOUSING............................................................................................................................... 13 *PICTURE OF CALF CAGE .............................................................................................................................. 14 **SHED CROSS SECTION ............................................................................................................................... 14 8.3 FARM MACHINERY ............................................................................................................................. 15 8.4 HERD MIX ........................................................................................................................................... 15 8.4.1. Breeds of Cross bred and Exotic (Bos taurus).......................................................................... 15 8.5 ANIMAL MARKETS.............................................................................................................................. 15 8.6 FEED ................................................................................................................................................... 16 8.6.1. Ration for Dairy Animals.......................................................................................................... 16 8.6.2. Mineral Mixture........................................................................................................................ 16 8.6.3. Fodder Crop ............................................................................................................................. 16 8.6.4. Daily Fodder Requirement ....................................................................................................... 17 8.6.5. Wheat Straw (Bhusa or Turi).................................................................................................... 17 8.7 MEDICATION ....................................................................................................................................... 17 8.6.1. Vaccination & Medicine ........................................................................................................... 17 8.6.2. Artificial Insemination (AI) Charges ........................................................................................ 18 8.6.3. Labor Requirement ................................................................................................................... 18 9 FARM OUTPUT .................................................................................................................................... 18 9.1. 9.2. 9.3. LACTATION PERIOD ....................................................................................................................... 18 MILK COMPOSITION ....................................................................................................................... 18 BREEDING STOCK DEVELOPMENT .................................................................................................. 19 1 PREF-110/June, 2009

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9.4. 9.5. 9.6. 9.7. 9.8.

INCREASE IN MILK YIELD .............................................................................................................. 19 SALE PRICE .................................................................................................................................... 19 EVENING MILK............................................................................................................................... 19 FARM REVENUES ........................................................................................................................... 19 MALE CALVES ............................................................................................................................... 19

10 USEFUL TERMINOLOGIES............................................................................................................... 19 11 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS ...................................................................................................................... 21 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 INCOME STATEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 21 BALANCE SHEET STATEMENT ........................................................................................................ 22 CASH FLOW STATEMENT ............................................................................................................... 23 REVENUE ASSUMPTIONS ................................................................................................................ 24

12 ANNEXURE - 1 ...................................................................................................................................... 26 13 ANNEXURE - 2 ...................................................................................................................................... 28 14 ANNEXURE - 3 ...................................................................................................................................... 30 15 ANNEXURE - 4 ...................................................................................................................................... 31

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DISCLAIMER
The purpose and scope of this information memorandum is to introduce the subject matter and provide a general idea and information on the said area. All the material included in this document is based on data/information gathered from various sources and is based on certain assumptions. Although, due care and diligence has been taken to compile this document, the contained information may vary due to any change in any of the concerned factors, and the actual results may differ substantially from the presented information. SMEDA does not assume any liability for any financial or other loss resulting from this memorandum in consequence of undertaking this activity. The prospective user of this memorandum is encouraged to carry out additional diligence and gather any information he/she feels necessary for making an informed decision. For more information on services offered by SMEDA, please contact our website: www.smeda.org.pk

DOCUMENT CONTROL
Document No. Prepared by Approved by Issue Date Issued By PREF-110 SMEDA-Punjab Provincial Chief Punjab June, 2009 Library Officer

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INTRODUCTION TO SMEDA

The Small and Medium Enterprise Development Authority (SMEDA) was established with the objective to provide fresh impetus to the economy through the launch of an aggressive SME support program. Since its inception in October 1998, SMEDA had adopted a sectoral SME development approach. A few priority sectors were selected on the criterion of SME presence. In depth research was conducted and comprehensive development plans were formulated after identification of impediments and retardants. The all-encompassing sectoral development strategy involved recommending changes in the regulatory environment by taking into consideration other important aspects including finance, marketing, technology and human resource development. SMEDA has so far successfully formulated strategies for sectors including, fruits and vegetables, marble and granite, gems and jewelry, marine fisheries, leather and footwear, textiles, surgical instruments, transport and dairy. Whereas the task of SME development at a broader scale still requires more coverage and enhanced reach in terms of SMEDAs areas of operation. Along with the sectoral focus a broad spectrum of business development services is also offered to the SMEs by SMEDA. These services include identification of viable business opportunities for potential SME investors. In order to facilitate these investors, SMEDA provides business guidance through its help desk services as well as development of project specific documents. These documents consist of information required to make well-researched investment decisions. Pre-feasibility studies and business plan development are some of the services provided to enhance the capacity of individual SMEs to exploit viable business opportunities in a better way. This document is in the continuation of this effort to enable potential investors to make well-informed investment decisions. 2 PURPOSE OF THE DOCUMENT

The objective of the pre-feasibility study is primarily to facilitate potential entrepreneurs to facilitate investment and provide an overview about dairy and livestock farming. The project pre-feasibility may form the basis of an important investment decision and in order to serve this objective, the document covers various aspects of dairy and livestock concept development, start-up, production, finance and business management. The document also provides sectoral information, brief on government policies and international scenario, which have some bearing on the project itself. This particular pre-feasibility is regarding Dairy Farm which comes under Agriculture and Livestock sector. Before studying the whole document one must consider following critical aspects, which form the basis of any investment decision.

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CRUCIAL FACTORS & STEPS IN DECISION MAKING FOR INVESTMENT

Dairy production is all-inclusive activity, related to animal care, reproduction, feeding, and management. It is defined as all those aspects and activities relating to rising of dairy animals during their various phases of life to get wholesome milk. Before making the decision, whether to invest in the dairy and livestock farming or not, one should carefully analyze the associated risk factors. A SWOT analysis can help in analyzing these factors, which can play important role in making the decision. 3.1 3.2 3.3 Strengths Back bone and main stay of economy. Provides raw material for food & Leather industry. Major source of food, i.e. Milk & Meat Source of Farmyard Manure (FYM). Sizeable foreign exchanges earning through exports. Wide scope of Milk Production, ranking 5th in the world. Ample human resource employment sector. Stationed, Permanently located secured loaning sector. Huge demand and supply gap in dairy sector Weaknesses Lack of appropriate knowledge, research extension Lack of commercially viable breeds of animal Lack of education and initiative in farmer, traditional approach due to lack of skills and management. Unorganized sector, unaware of basic farm management practices. Remote area, lack of farm to market approach & transportation. Non-availability of communication services. Lack of farm/ market infra structures & marketing information. Lack of record keeping on farm. No or low application of research work and pedigree record keeping. Management of dairy farm is a challenging job. Nutrition is still a problem hampering the livestock productivity in general and milk production in particular Enormous production losses due to endemic diseases every year. Opportunities Govt. of Pakistan & Sate Bank of Pakistan priority sector. Dairy products needs are 30% higher than supply. Ample opportunities are available in the Banking Sector. Commercially viable sector with great credit potential and absorption capacity. Vast range of area of operation, more needs and scope of development. Value added dairy products are in demand.

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3.4 4

Massive migration of labor to cities can be checked / stopped. Corporate financing will become a niche in lending market. Cooperatives can play a big role for development in dairy sector like India, Australia and United States Threats Implementation of WTO will result in open & competitive commodity pricing. Due to fear of default, banker community has reluctance for lending loans. High risks of diseases in live stock. Defective and unorganized markets. Imbalance between prices of inputs & outputs. Rising trend of cost of production with higher rate of interest as compared to profit ratio. Lack of media projection, non-recognition of problems and monopoly of multinationals. Lack of community organizations and out dated farm practices. Lack of coordination towards common causes & goals. Lack of awareness about economics, demand & supply in market. Low saving, low holding capacity. Increasing level of poverty. Non-availability of subsidy, tax holidays. MARKET POTENTIAL

Livestock plays an important role in the economy of the country. Livestock sector contributed approximately 51.8 percent of the agriculture value added and 11.3 percent to national GDP during 2008-09.Gross value addition of livestock at current cost factor has increased form Rs. 1052 billion (2007-08) to Rs. 1287 billion (2008-09) showing an increase of 22.3 %. The value of livestock is 6.1% more than the combined value of major and minor crops. Government gives high priority to its development and is focused on private sector led development of livestock. Underpinning the importance of livestock, the government has placed livestock on national development agenda. It has formulated Livestock Development Policy and Poultry Development Policy. Both policies are aimed at private sector led development of livestock with Government providing enabling environment. The policies would provide a frame work for accelerated development of livestock. To spearhead the development efforts through private sector, fully autonomous private sector-led, Livestock and Dairy Development Board and Pakistan Dairy Development Company have been established. These companies are serving as platform for investment in livestock sector. Apart form provincial Government programs, the federal government has substantially increased public sector investment in livestock sector and has initiated mega projects to the tune of Rs. 7.1 billion for strengthening livestock services for improved disease diagnosis & control; milk and meat production; breed improvement; animal husbandry and management practices in the country. The livestock population for the last three years is given below:

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In view of the importance of livestock in the economy as well as in the life of a common man, the Government is trying by all means to fix priorities to increase production of milk, meat and poultry to meet rising domestic demand of ever increasing population and produce exportable surplus as well. The major products of livestock are milk and meat. The major products of livestock are milk and meat, the production of which for last three years is given below:

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4.1. White Revolution1 Under the White Revolution Scheme, two Strategic Partnership Agreements have been executed between ZTBL and M/S Nestle Pakistan Limited and M/s Pakistan Dairy Development Company. Under this participatory approach, dairy sector would be modernized with a view to increase milk supply, mitigate poverty and improve the living standard of the rural population. The Bank has earmarked funds to the tune of Rs. 5,000 million for financing of 50,000 animals (imported cows) during the five years period (2007-2011). M/s. Nestle Pakistan would help to select and identify good clients for the Bank to improve quality breed of foreign and local dairy animals. Technical guidance would be provided to the farmers through Nestle Veterinary Doctors. The Company would purchase milk through its network and make weekly payment of milk sale to the Bank for the adjustment of loan. M/s Pakistan Dairy Development Company will also help the Bank in the selection of clients and processing of loan cases. Initially the scheme will be for modernization of 5,000 farms during 5 years period involving Rs 700 million. Under the scheme 1,000 farms would be covered on yearly basis. There would be maximum loan limit of Rs 1.0 million per borrower/party. 4.2. High domestic demand Pakistan: 165 million people, high milk consuming tradition 5 Irrigable land in Pakistan 20 million hectares Fodder cultivated in 2.8 million hectares, i.e. only 14% Fodder yield very low -24 Tones/hectare (Australia approx 70 Tones/hectare) Largest irrigation network in the world Animal herd 47million heads, though average size 3 head Cheap farm labor, though unskilled

MARKET ENTRY TIMINGS

The demand of milk in summer is high as compared to winter. Thats why the animals in summer are sold at a bit higher prices as compared to winter. So the proposed business can be started before the onset of summer season. 5.1. Proposed Business Legal Status The proposed legal structure of the business entity is either sole proprietorship or partnership. Although selection totally depends upon the choice of the entrepreneur but this financial feasibility is based on Sole Proprietorship. 5.2. Proposed Capacity The feasibility study suggests an initial herd size of 200 Cows, which is economical to justify the overhead cost. The farm size will increase to approximately 1,000 cows within

Source: Economic Survey 2007-08

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10 years. Herd mix of 100% cows is recommended to get the maximum milk production round the year. 5.3. Project Investment The total cost of the project is Rs. 84,733,585, out of which the capital cost of the project is Rs. 73,664,530 for purchasing the animals and constructing the building and the rest is used to meet the working capital requirement. Table 5-1 Project Costs (Rs) Total Cost (Rs) 3,000,000 21,870,100 40,000,000 7,573,680 80,000 615,000 75,750 450,000 73,664,530 10,989,055 80,000 11,069,055 84,733,585 Account Head Capital Cost Land (3 acres) Building/Infrastructure Animals Machinery & equipment Furniture and Fixtures Office vehicles Office equipment Pre-operating costs Total Capital Cost Working Capital Raw material Inventory Cash in hand Total Working Capital Total Project Cost

The proposed pre-feasibility is based on the assumption of 50:50 debt equity ratio. However this composition of debt and equity can be changed as per the requirement of the investor. Table 5-2 Project Financing 50% 50% 42,366,793 42,366,793 84,733,586 Project 51% 302,893,451 3.40

Debt Equity Total project Investment Table 5-3 Project Economics Viability IRR (%) NPV (Rs) Pay Back Period (year)

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5.4. Proposed Location The development of urban or peri-urban commercial dairy farms is something new in livestock production. Metropolitan cities like Lahore, Karachi, Multan, Rawalpindi, etc are the major markets of milk. Hence, dairy farms established in peri urban areas of these cities fulfill the daily need of these cities. 5.5. Key Success Factors/Practical Tips for Success Commercial dairy farmers depend on land, labor and animals as the major resources. The thrust in modern dairy farming is on the increased use of capital and management. Successful dairy farming harnesses all available resources into productive and profitable unit. Dairy farming is highly complex as it includes breeding, management, feeding, housing, disease control and hygienic production of milk on farm. The judicial use of means and resources to achieve clearly defined goals is the key success factor in modern dairy farming i.e. the art of maximization and optimal utilization of resources and means for maximizing productivity and profits. The low yielder animals are uneconomical less then the annual average to keep, hence these should be culled. The over all genetic improvement of all the dairy animals is necessary for improved milk production. It involves milking records at equal intervals, selection of bull from high producing mothers, progeny testing of breeding bull and then making extensive use of these bulls by well-organized Artificial Insemination (AI) program. Feeding dairy animals on nutritious and high yielding hybrid varieties of forages can be adopted. The surplus forage should be preserved as silage or hay. Other farm management practices include feeding for growth, lactation, pregnancy or maintenance, hygienic milk production, comfortable and ventilated barns, spraying/ wallowing of animals in summer, timely detection of heated, mating, with selected bull or AI service. If animals are bred within the 60-90 days of calving provided with clean surroundings, drinking water and feed according to the requirements, the over all performance of herd can be improved. Timely vaccination against BVP, Black Quarter, Foot and Mouth Disease, Brucellosis along with the prevention of mastitis and parasitic control will also improve the over all performance of dairy herd. Hygienic milk can be produced by the clean and healthy animals through milking parlor. . 6 6.1 SECTOR & INDUSTRY ANALYSIS Major Players

Dairy farming is not an organized sector in Pakistan. More than 90% of farming is done on subsistence level. There are very few progressive farmers, which are running the business of dairy farming in a professional manner. Milk processing was started in late

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1970s, which is still facing challenges due to competition with the unprocessed milk. The processed milk has captured only 4% of the total milk market. Processed milk is not the consumer's preference due to high price differential. There are 28 milk-processing plants in the country, which were installed in mid 1980s to promote usage of processed milk. Most of these milk plants are closed due to lack of professional management, inadequate milk supply and poor marketing campaign of the processed milk. Table 6-1 Project Noon Pakistan Nestle Milkpak Prime Dairies Idara-e-Kisan (Halla) Chaudhry Dairy Millack foods Dairy Lnad Engro foods Limited ShakarGunj Foods Alturhem Milk JK Dairies Doctor Dairies Gourmet Foods 7 7.1 Milk Processing Plants currently in operation Products Milk powder/ butter UHT milk /Ghee Pasteurized milk/yogurt Pasteurization milk/UHT UHT milk, milk powder Millack Pasteurization milk Olper Milk Good Milk Prema Milk Fresh Farm milk Anmol Milk Fresh Milk Location Bhalwal-Sarghodha Sheikupura & Kabir Wala Manga-Lahore Pattoki/ Lahore Bhai Pheru Lahore- Jhang Karachi Sukkar, Sahiuwal Jhang Lahore Rahim yar khan Karachi Lahore

MARKET INFORMATION Sector Characteristics

The size of this sector is still growing. Commercial Dairy farms have been set up in peri urban areas. Few of the commercial dairy farms are: 1. Sar Sabz Dairy Farm, Okara 2. Wahdath Dairies, Bhagtawal, Sargodha 3. Dairy Land, Dhab-e- Je- Karachi 4. Ever Fresh Bhera, Motorway 5. Nestle, Dairy Farm, Skheki- Motorway 6. J.K Dairies, Rahim yar khan 7. Sweet water Dairy 8. CSK Dairies Kasur 9. Engro Dairies, Sukhur 10. Royal Dairies, Badian Road Lahore 11. Sapphire Dairies, Raiwaind , Lahore 12. Dr. Abul Hasan Dairy, Jhang 13. Mr. Babar Butt,, Orange Dairies, Sialkot

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7.2

Target Customers

Following are some of the target clients for a dairy farmer. 1. Milk processors 2. Self processing needs 40,000 liters 3. Dairy Companies 4. Milk collection companies 5. Contractors The cost of production per liter of raw milk should be lower than its sale price so that farmer could feel it economical. 8 8.1 FARM INPUTS Land

8.1.1. Land Requirement About 3.0 acres of land will be purchased for building a dairy farm project of animals starting from 200 animals and at a target herd size of 1,000 animals in a period of 10 years. Land cost per acre in the neighboring areas of Lahore, Multan & Faisalabad would be at least Rs 1,000,000 per acre. Majority of this land would be used for building sheds for the animals to protect them from severity of the weather. The area for fodder production can be acquired on lease, however in this pre-feasibility it is assumed that the fodder will be purchased and stored when it is available in abundance at low price. However, agriculture land for fodder production can be acquired with an annual rent of Rs. 10,000 per acre in the peri-urban areas of Lahore, Multan & Faisalabad. It is assumed that around 0.33 acres of land would be required per animal for fodder production. Table 8-1 Land Requirements (for target size of around 1,000 animals) Area (Acres) 1.57 0.08 0.16 0.35 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.77 2.96 Description Shed along with free stalls for Cows Cage for Calves (up to 15 days) Calves shed (15 days - 1 year) Shed for Heifers (older then one year) Stores for fodder, concentrate & machine room Utensils & milk storage Servant Room, Wash room Bunker silage Total Land Requirement 8.1.2. Suitable Locations Peri urban and rural areas in the neighboring areas of Lahore, Karachi, Islamabad, Faisalabad & Multan etc. where water, electricity is available to irrigate the crops are suitable locations for establishing a dairy farm.

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8.2

Animal Housing

Sheds of the animals would be airy with protection of the animals from extreme temperatures and strong winds. The animal housing should be facilitated with drinking water for animals. There should be proper drainage system to keep hygiene at the farm. It consists of a built up animal shed, a brick soling paddock for animals, calving pens in which pregnant animals are kept separated from other animals before calving, one room for milk storage, one room for storing farm equipment and one for compound feed storage. The animals can be dehorned, as they are easier to handle in barns and cause less accidental injury to neighboring animals, handlers, walls, and trees. Table 8-2 Description
Shed along with free stalls for Cows Cage for Calves (up to 15 days) Calves shed (15 days - 1 year) Shed for Heifers (older then one year) Stores for fodder, concentrate & machine room Utensils & milk storage Servant Room, Wash room Silage bunker

Space Requirement per Animal Sq ft

100 9 18 56 400 480 400 25

Table 8-3

Total Infrastructure Cost Sq.ft 20,400 1,584 3,168 4,928 400 480 400 11,025 42,385 Rate/Sq.ft 600 521 600 600 500 500 500 300 Total Cost 12,240,000 825,000 1,900,800 2,956,800 200,000 240,000 200,000 3,307,500 21,870,100

Description Shed along with free stalls for Cows** Cage for Calves (up to 15 days)* Calves shed (15 days - 1 year) Shed for Heifers (older then one year) Stores for fodder, concentrate & machine room Utensils & milk storage Servant Room, Wash room Silage bunker Total Infrastructure Cost

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*Picture of Calf Cage

**Shed Cross Section

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8.3

Farm Machinery

The pre-feasibility suggests, hiring tractor for land preparation to grow fodder crops. Only few farm equipment like fodder chopper, water pumps, milk utensils will be purchased. Table 8-4 Farm Equipment Cost Description
Maize Cutter Milking machine (milking parlour) Milk Cooling Unit - 2300 Ltr Generator (25 KVA) Submercible pump Tractor Heavy Duty Ventilation Fans Trolly

Unit Cost Rs.

450,000 3,823,680 700,000 500,000 350,000 600,000 300,000 150,000

Animals per equipment

300 300 150 1 1 1,000 300 500

Total Cost Rs.

450,000 3,823,680 1,400,000 500,000 350,000 600,000 300,000 150,000

Total Cost (Rs) 8.4 Herd Mix

7,573,680

The ideal mixed herd should consist of 100% cows for the viability of a farm. The cows are comparatively high yielder as compared to buffaloes. 8.4.1. Breeds of Cross bred and Exotic (Bos taurus) The Holstein cow originated in Europe. The major historical development of this breed occurred in Netherland and more specifically in the two northern provinces of North Holland and Friesland. Holsteins are most quickly recognized by their distinctive color markings and outstanding milk production. Holsteins are large, stylish animals with color patterns of black and white or red and white. Holstein heifers can be bred at 15 months of age, when they weigh about 325-400 kgs body weight between 24 and 27 months of age. Holstein gestation is approximately nine months. The normal productive life of a Holstein is Nine years. It has now been extensively tested in the tropical and sub-tropical areas of Australia. Milk quality is good - protein level is 3.4 percent and butterfat is approximately four percent. These animals are available at an average price of $2,400 per animal HOSTEIN. The photos of different breeds are given in annexure 4. 8.5 Animal Markets Animal markets (mandies), Government and private livestock farms are the main sources for purchasing milk animals. There are different contractors available in the markets that help locating the proper animals. These contractors work on commission basis and the commission rate charged may vary from 1-2% of the animal price. Preferably, the Australia and U.S.A are the best international markets for the production of cows. For cross herd and for imported animal Austrex, Elders, Wellard and Garsa Livestock

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8.6

Feed

8.6.1. Ration for Dairy Animals The ration is allowance of nutritionally balanced feed in 24 hours. It includes dry matter and concentrate to increase animal productivity. Wheat straw2 is also used as dry roughage along with green fodder. About 1 kg of Total mix ration on dry matter (TMR) is required for the production of 2 liters of milk. These feed ingredients when mixed according to feed formula will provide adequate energy according to energy and protein requirements of animal in production. Table 8-5 Dry matter for Cow Feed % of Total 53% 47% Unit Cost Rs./Kg 5 18 Dry matter description Silage Concentrate*

* The concentrate feed price is Rs 18 per kg if purchased from market. 8.6.2. Mineral Mixture This is used as a feed supplement. It includes a mix of minerals (magnesium, iron, sodium and salts). Mineral mixtures are good source of energy and increase the animal productivity to give milk. 8.6.3. Fodder Crop Fodder is grown at the land, which is acquired on lease or owned by the entrepreneur. Due to increased demand, improved forage crops such as multi-cut oats, berseem, lucerne, Sorghum- Sudan grass hybrids, mott grass, sorghum, maize and millet have been developed. These have become very popular in irrigated areas such as Kasur, Sheikhupura, Gujranwala, Faisalabad, Sargodha, and Renala Khurd (Punjab), Nowshera, Charsada, Mardan, and Peshawar (North West Frontier Province), and Hyderabad, Sukkur, Larkana and Nawabshah in Sindh for peri-urban dairies. The fodder yield (except multi cut Mott Grass which yield 100-150 tones/ acre in 4 to 6 cuttings per year) varies between 10 tons to 40 tons per acre depending upon the fertility of land, quality of seed and application of fertilizer. Table 8-6 Types of Dry & Green roughage Green Roughage Summer Fodder Winter Fodder Maize Barseem Sorghum Alfalfa (Lucerne) Millet Oats Mott Grass Rye Grass Dry Roughage Wheat Straw Rice Straw Oat Straw Maize/Sorghum Stubble
2

A byproduct of wheat harvesting used as dry roughage for livestock and dairy animals

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Sugarcane Baggass Cotton Seed Hulls Corn Cobs (Reference: FAO Statistical Databases) 8.6.4. Daily Fodder Requirement

Sadabahar Guar

Sugarcane tops

(Reference: Livestock & Dairy Development Department, Lahore)

There is no fixed fodder requirement for the animals but a rule of thumb says that an animal needs daily fodder equal to 9%-10% of its body weight (3% of live body weight on Dry Matter Basis). According to estimates, consumes 50-55 kg fodder daily while cow consumes about 40-45 kg. 8.6.5. Wheat Straw (Bhusa or Turi) Wheat straw is major, typical, and very popular dry roughage. It is always chaffed, and is the main or even only major dry roughage used on almost all the dairies. Traditional threshing methods break the straw into short pieces, bhoosa, and modern mechanical threshers have been designed to break the straw. In all urban dairies visited wheat straw was bought at Rs. 2 per kilo (80 Rs per mond) or even more; in the harvest season, however, in places where it is produced, it is available at Rs. 0.40 per kilo. Table 8-7 Animal Cow Dry Concentrate Total Calf older than 1 year Dry Concentrate Total Calf younger than 1 year Dry Concentrate Total 8.7 Medication Daily Feed Requirement of Cow & Calf Daily Requirement (kg) 11 8 Cost/kg Amount

5 18

55 144 199 35 45 80 15 36 51

7 2.5

5 18

3 2

5 18

8.6.1. Vaccination & Medicine Vaccination & medicine is required to prevent any disease outbreak in the animal herd. Each new animal will be vaccinated before entering the farm. It will cost Rs. 2,000 for each cow per year. Vaccines are produced at Veterinary Research Institute, Ghazi Road, Lahore. The vaccines are provided to the Government Farms and Hospitals on payment.

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Farmers can also obtain these vaccines on payment according to prescribed schedule from the Institute. Technical guidance is also provided to the farmers. Farmers can have their animals vaccinated from the field Veterinary Hospitals and Centers. 8.6.2. Artificial Insemination (AI) Charges Artificial Insemination (AI) charges will be Rs 5,000 per cow per year. On average each cow will be requiring aprox. 2.5 doze of insemination. Some of the companies dealing in imported semen are as follows: i) ii) Altaf and Co. ProFarm 0300-8446592, Gulberg II, Lahore 0302-8480255, Maratab Ali road, Lahore

8.6.3. Labor Requirement For a dairy enterprise, manpower is required for performing different animal husbandry practices at the farm e.g. feeding, watering, milking and care of animals etc. One skilled person can handle 25 milk animals easily. Eight farm workers are recommended for handling 200-animals. A supervisor cum farm manager can be hired to supervise all the farm activities. The supervisor with B.Sc. (Honors) degree in Animal Husbandry (AH) and an additional requirement of MBA may be hired as a farm manager so that he can handle the farm practices, administration & account matters at the dairy farm. Table 8-8 Labor Requirements No. 1 1 8 1 11 Salary/month/Person 35,000 15,000 7,000 7,000 Annual Salary (Rs) 420,000 180,000 672,000 84,000 1,356,000 Description Farm Manager Technician Workers Tractor Driver Total Labor Cost 9 FARM OUTPUT

9.1. Lactation Period The lactation period is the period during which the animals yield milk. These animals are called wet animals. Generally the lactation period of cows is 305 days. For calculation, the feasibility has taken 80% of the total number of cows as wet cows. The calving interval in cow has 13 months. The average milk yield of cow is estimated at 20 x 305 = 6100 liters per lactation. 9.2. Milk Composition Buffalo milk contains less water, more total solids, more fat, slightly more lactose, and more protein than cow's milk. Cow's milk contains 12-14% total solids and the butterfat content is usually between 3% and 5%. Phospholipids are lower but cholesterol and saturated fatty acids are lower in cows milk.

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Normally the protein in cows milk contains less casein and slightly less albumin and globulin. The mineral content of cow's milk is nearly the same as that of buffalo milk except for phosphorus, which occurs in roughly twice the amount in buffalo milk. Cows milk enriches the yellow pigment carotene, precursor for vitamin A, and its yellowness is frequently used to differentiate it from buffalos milk in the market. Despite the absence of carotene, the vitamin A content in buffalo milk is almost as high as that of cow's milk. Apparently the buffalo converts the carotene in it's diet directly to vitamin A. The two milks are similar in B complex vitamins and vitamin C, but buffalo milk tends to be lower in riboflavin. 9.3. Breeding Stock Development

The proposed farmer will raise breeding stock containing future dairy animals at his own farm by selecting good off springs of high producers. Instead of breading bull the Insemination will be done Artificial Insemination of imported Semen of breeding bulls. The first generation (F1) will be capable of giving milk after 2 years in cows. 9.4. Increase in Milk Yield The milk yield will be improved as a result of appropriate breeding systems discussed earlier. Low yielding animals are sold in the market. On an average, cows are productive for 9 to 10 years. 9.5. Sale Price In this feasibility study, it is assumed that all the milk will be sold to milk processing companies, house holds & milk shops etc. @ Rs. 36/liter. 9.6. Evening Milk Milk can be stored in a milk chiller on 14.5% TS at the farm if milk collection is not possible in the evening. 9.7. Farm Revenues Farm revenue will increase with the passage of time, as the milk production will increase with the growth in herd size as well as its quality. 9.8. Male Calves Male calves will be sold at the farm sooner after birth for Rs 10,000 per animal. They can also be reared in separately for beef production. 10 USEFUL TERMINOLOGIES Breed Animals that, through selection and breeding, have come to resemble one another and pass those traits uniformly to their offspring.

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Feedstuffs Any substance of nutritive and biological value used in production of compound feed. Compound feed Any ground mixture of ingredients intended for feeding the animals. It includes a concentrate mixture accordingly to formula. Dehorning The process of removal of horns (in adult animal) or horn buds (in young calves). The process may be done by mechanical or chemical means. Heifer The term refers to young female bovine that reaches puberty age and is ready to breed. Home Mixed Feed Feed prepared on farm. Oil seed Cake Mass resulting from the processing of seeds, which is rich in protein and is used as a source of feed for livestock, e.g. cottonseed cake, maize oil cake etc. Ration Amount of balance feed in 24 hours

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11 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS 11.1 Income Statement

Year 1 Revenue Cost of goods sold Gross Profit General administration & selling expenses Administration expense Rental expense Office expenses (stationary, etc.) Professional fees (legal, audit, etc.) Depreciation expense Amortization expense Subtotal Operating Income Other income Gain / (loss) on sale of assets Earnings Before Interest & Taxes Interest expense Earnings Before Tax Taxable earnings for the year Tax NET PROFIT/(LOSS) AFTER TAX 42,507,520 23,604,110 18,903,410 Year 2 56,594,120 23,665,248 32,928,872 Year 3 82,061,008 25,412,394 56,648,614 Year 4 105,760,628 29,530,652 76,229,976 Year 5 134,530,849 35,884,379 98,646,470 Year 6 173,770,599 45,029,534 128,741,065 Year 7 226,301,735 57,387,128 168,914,608 Year 8 297,867,615 73,393,124 224,474,491 Year 9 395,025,021 94,495,053 300,529,968 Year 10 527,219,074 121,751,010 405,468,064

1,356,000 27,120 208,138 1,678,738 90,000 3,359,996 15,543,414 117,324 15,660,738 6,428,030 9,232,708 9,232,708 2,308,177 6,924,531

1,488,022 29,760 273,181 1,678,738 90,000 3,559,702 29,369,170 827,507 30,196,677 5,401,802 24,794,875 24,794,875 6,198,719 18,596,157

1,734,051 34,681 389,217 1,678,738 90,000 3,926,688 52,721,927 2,903,373 55,625,300 4,201,261 51,424,039 51,424,039 12,856,010 38,568,029

2,013,882 40,278 503,693 2,833,419 90,000 5,481,272 70,748,704 6,636,588 77,385,292 2,796,797 74,588,495 74,588,495 18,647,124 55,941,372

2,453,574 49,071 641,789 2,833,419 90,000 6,067,853 92,578,617 12,059,395 104,638,013 1,153,773 103,484,240 103,484,240 25,871,060 77,613,180

3,761,802 75,236 830,401 2,833,419 7,500,858 121,240,207 20,256,447 141,496,655 141,496,655 141,496,655 35,374,164 106,122,491

4,421,420 88,428 1,083,838 5,408,570 11,002,257 157,912,351 32,131,509 18,938 190,062,798 190,062,798 190,062,798 47,515,700 142,547,099

5,334,786 106,696 1,428,823 5,418,836 12,289,141 212,185,350 48,257,270 260,442,620 260,442,620 260,442,620 65,110,655 195,331,965

6,560,729 131,215 1,899,566 5,418,836 14,010,345 286,519,623 70,184,498 356,704,120 356,704,120 356,704,120 89,176,030 267,528,090

9,331,647 186,633 2,539,402 7,498,498 19,556,180 385,911,884 106,017,309 10,009,549 501,938,742 501,938,742 501,938,742 125,484,685 376,454,056

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11.2 Balance Sheet Statement

Year 0 Assets Current assets Cash & Bank Raw material inventory Total Current Assets Fixed assets Land Building/Infrastructure Net value of animals Machinery & equipment Total Fixed Assets Intangible assets Pre-operation costs Total Intangible Assets TOTAL ASSETS Liabilities & Shareholders' Equity Other liabilities Long term debt Total Long Term Liabilities 42,366,793 42,366,793 36,325,131 36,340,506 29,257,242 29,287,992 20,988,812 21,034,937 11,315,918 11,377,418 76,875 61,500 46,125 30,750 15,375 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10

80,000 10,989,055 11,069,055 3,000,000 21,870,100 40,000,000 7,573,680 73,214,530 450,000 450,000 84,733,585

2,266,477 11,469,561 13,736,038 3,000,000 20,776,595 41,600,000 7,068,768 73,135,792 360,000 360,000 87,231,830

14,283,662 12,764,757 27,048,419 3,000,000 19,683,090 49,848,000 6,563,856 79,705,053 270,000 270,000 107,023,472

43,783,798 15,348,333 59,132,132 3,000,000 31,081,907 56,799,000 14,009,912 105,420,605 180,000 180,000 164,732,736

88,947,963 19,391,440 108,339,403 3,000,000 29,363,786 66,585,000 12,974,936 112,373,186 90,000 90,000 220,802,589

152,239,944 25,335,515 177,575,459 3,000,000 27,645,665 78,274,000 11,939,959 121,228,767 298,804,226

252,889,005 33,626,989 286,515,994 3,000,000 62,965,926 93,121,000 21,753,455 181,129,202 467,645,196

389,741,181 44,715,106 434,456,288 3,000,000 59,395,885 111,711,850 19,995,247 194,459,098 628,915,385

575,404,221 59,787,493 635,191,714 3,000,000 55,825,845 135,175,500 18,237,039 212,503,912 847,695,626

828,285,736 79,837,530 908,123,265 3,000,000 77,268,960 164,593,604 28,913,893 273,951,396 1,182,074,661

1,292,060,445 1,292,060,445 3,000,000 72,448,262 800,000 26,326,680 102,659,294 1,394,719,739

Shareholders' equity Paid-up capital 42,366,793 Gain/ (Loss) on revaluation of anim Retained earnings Total Equity 42,366,793 TOTAL CAPITAL AND LIABILITIE 84,733,585

42,366,793 1,600,000 6,924,531 50,891,323 87,231,830

42,366,793 9,848,000 25,520,688 77,735,480 107,023,472

62,810,083 16,799,000 64,088,717 143,697,799 164,732,736

62,810,083 26,585,000 120,030,088 209,425,171 220,802,589

62,810,083 38,274,000 197,643,268 298,727,351 298,804,226

110,696,937 53,121,000 303,765,759 467,583,696 467,645,196

110,844,552 71,711,850 446,312,858 628,869,260 628,915,385

110,844,552 95,175,500 641,644,823 847,664,876 847,695,626

148,292,769 124,593,604 909,172,913 1,182,059,286 1,182,074,661

148,292,769 (39,200,000) 1,285,626,970 1,394,719,739 1,394,719,739

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11.3 Cash Flow Statement

Year 0 Operating activities Net profit Add: depreciation expense amortization expense Deferred income tax Raw material inventory Cash provided by operations Financing activities Change in long term debt Lease principal repayment Issuance of shares Cash provided by / (used for) financing Investing activities Capital expenditure Cash (used for) / provided by investing NET CASH Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Year 6 Year 7 Year 8 Year 9 Year 10

(10,989,055) (10,989,055)

6,924,531 1,678,738 90,000 15,375 (480,506) 8,228,138

18,596,157 1,678,738 90,000 15,375 (1,295,196) 19,085,074

38,568,029 1,678,738 90,000 15,375 (2,583,576) 37,768,566

55,941,372 2,833,419 90,000 15,375 (4,043,107) 54,837,059

77,613,180 2,833,419 90,000 15,375 (5,944,075) 74,607,899

106,122,491 2,833,419 (15,375) (8,291,475) 100,649,061

142,547,099 5,408,570 (15,375) (11,088,117) 136,852,176

195,331,965 5,418,836 (15,375) (15,072,387) 185,663,040

267,528,090 5,418,836 (15,375) (20,050,037) 252,881,515

376,454,056 7,498,498 (15,375) 79,837,530 463,774,709

42,366,793 42,366,793 84,733,585

(6,041,661) (6,041,661)

(7,067,889) (7,067,889)

(8,268,430) 20,443,290 12,174,860

(9,672,894) (9,672,894)

(11,315,918) (11,315,918)

47,886,855 47,886,855

147,615 147,615

37,448,216 37,448,216

(73,664,530) (73,664,530) 80,000

2,186,477

12,017,185

(20,443,290) (20,443,290) 29,500,136

45,164,165

63,291,981

(47,886,855) (47,886,855) 100,649,061

(147,615) (147,615) 136,852,176

185,663,040

(37,448,216) (37,448,216) 252,881,515

463,774,709

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11.4 Revenue Assumptions

Sales Selling Assumptions
Year-1 Milk/Cow/Day Wet Cows as % Total no. of Cows No. of Days in Year Sale Price of developed progeny Cow Female calf(cow) older then one year Sale Price/Culled cow Sale Price/Low yeilder cow Sale Price/Male calf Unit 20 Ltrs. 80% 365 Days Rs. Rs. Rs. Rs. Year 2 1 Animals Average # of cows # of lactating cows # of calve Calve older than one year (Cows)/Heifer Total animals older then one year Total Animals Animals Sold During the Year # of culled cows sold # of low yielders (cows) # of Male Calve sold Total Animals Sold 198 158 176 0 198 374 2 189 151 164 88 277 441 Year 3 3 204 163 143 80 284 428 Year 4 4 240 192 127 99 339 466 Year 5 5 278 222 140 113 391 531 Year 6 6 327 262 170 133 460 631 Year 7 7 388 310 215 156 544 759 Year 8 8 465 372 264 187 652 916 Year 9 9 562 450 323 223 785 1109 Year 10 10 683 546 388 273 956 1343 Year 11 11 836 669 472 331 1167 1640 Year-2 25 Year-3 30 Year-4 30 Year-5 30 Year-6 30 Year-7 30 Year-8 30 Year-9 30 Year-10 30

200,000 50,000 60,000 100,000 10,000 Year 1

88 88

10 82 92

26 12 72 110

30 13 63 107

32 16 70 118

34 19 85 138

35 22 107 167

36 27 132 198

36 32 162 237

38 40 194 281

41 48 236 336

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Production of milk (ltrs) Cows Milk for calve Net Annual milk production

Year 1 3,168 704 899,360

Year 2 3,780 656 1,140,260

Year 3 4,896 573 1,577,800

Year 4 5,760 507 1,917,236

Year 5 6,672 561 2,230,384

Year 6 7,848 682 2,615,692

Year 7 9,312 859 3,085,403

Year 8 11,160 1,056 3,688,011

Year 9 13,488 1,294 4,450,974

Year 10 16,392 1,551 5,416,870

Revenue from Sale of Milk (Rs.) Daily Annual Other Revenue (Rs.) Sale of Culled Cows Sale of Low Yielder Cow Sale of Calves

114,048 41,627,520

149,688 54,636,120

213,270 77,843,462

275,996 100,738,598

351,665 128,357,764

455,014 166,080,172

593,884 216,767,637

782,917 285,764,552

1,040,858 379,913,218

1,391,453 507,880,428

880,000 880,000

960,000 820,000 1,958,000

1,584,000 1,185,000 716,575 4,217,546

1,794,000 1,345,000 634,125 5,022,029

1,929,600 1,585,000 701,700 6,173,085

2,058,000 1,865,000 852,150 7,690,427

2,083,200 2,225,000 1,073,550 9,534,098

2,145,960 2,745,000 1,319,825 12,103,063

2,189,580 3,243,250 1,616,938 15,111,803

2,277,561 3,984,838 1,939,075 19,338,646

Total Annual Revenue

42,507,520

56,594,120

82,061,008

105,760,628

134,530,849

173,770,599

226,301,735

297,867,615

395,025,021

527,219,074

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12 ANNEXURE - 1 Table 12-1:Vital Statistics of Cattles Parameters Rectal Temperature Heart Rate Respiratory Rate Table 12-2:Traits of Farm Animals Parameters Age at puberty Estrous duration Estrous cycle length Gestation length Dry period Service period Age at first calving Calving interval Table 12-3:Common Diseases of Livestock
Infectious Diseases Disease Anthrax Symptoms Fever, grinding of teeth, release of blackish blood from natural openings, which doesnt clot. Excessive salivation, Pustules on lips, tongue and between the cleft of hooves, staggering gait weakness due to inability of ingestion. Preventive measures Vaccination in February. Dead animal should be buried in 6 feet deep pit without any postmortem. FMD vaccine after every 4 months especially before the onset of rainy season. Medication Antibiotic therapy

101.5 degrees F (38.5 degree C) 60-70 beats/minute 30 breaths/minute Cattle 15-18 months 17 hrs 21 days 305+_5 days 2-3 months 2-3 months 2 to 2.5 yr. 13 months

Foot and mouth Disease

FMD Serum, cleaning of pustules by potassium permanganate solution, cleaning of hooves by phenyl solution

Non Contagious Diseases Indigestion Loss of appetite, watering from mouth, stiffening of rumen, bloating, severe pain in stomach Difficult breathing due to air trapped in stomach, animal may die due to suffocation Diarrhea, smelling feces, weakness 5 grams Stomach powder (mixed in feed or dissolved in water) twice a day Avoid grazing early in morning especially on fodder with dewdrops. Avoid excessive intake of milk especially in newborn kids. Avoid wheat straw or stiff Mustard (Sarson) oil & turpentine oil mixed with chloral hydrate mixed in drinking water. Calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate and bismuth carbonate dissolved in water OR entox tablets OR

Bloating (air trapped in stomach) Dysentery

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feed during dysentery

nimkol with sulfademadine (45 cc). Offer rice groule to affected animals Zanil or Carbon tetra chloride OR nilzan plus, oral administration Systamax or rental, oral administration

Internal Parasites Liver flukes Weakness, off feed, jaundice in severe cases, swelling on joints Weakness, diarrhea, anemia, hair fall from body coat No grazing around stagnant water Fecal samples should be examined for roundworms.

Round Worms

Ectoparasites Flies/ ticks/ maggots Irritation on body coat, sometimes holes in skin, loss of hair from body coat Cleanliness in sheds, Spray of DDT in shed Apply sulfur oil, tetmasol or ecoflax on wounds and dipping of whole herd with a 0.15 % solution of negavan.

Table 12-4:
Name of Disease Foot & Mouth Disease (FMD)

Vaccination Schedule
Name of Vaccine Foot & Mouth Vaccine Qty administered (ml) 5 ml Time for Vaccination Start of spring Duration of Immunity 4 months Preventive Measures Should be given 4 months prior to the expected symptoms of disease. Every year vaccination should be done every year. Vaccine should be used right after preparation. Should be given 4 months prior to the expected symptoms of disease.

Anthrax

Anthrax spore vaccine

0.5 ml

March-April or monsoon season

One year

Rabies (Bowla Pun)

Anti rabies vaccine

10 ml

According to need

One year

Hemorrhagic Septicemia (HS)

HS vaccine

5-10 ml

Start of Spring

4 months

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13 ANNEXURE - 2 Table 13-1:

Sr. no 1. 2. Dam No.

Calving Register
Sire No. Date of calving Sex of calf Wt. of calf Remarks

Table 13-2:
Sr. no 1. 2.

Disposal of Death
No. Date of birth Sex Mode Cost Remarks

Animal/Dam

Table 13-3: Reproduction/Insemination/Pregnancy Diagnosis/Follow up/Treatment

Sr. no 1. 2. Animal No. Date of last calving No. of services Last date of service Sire No. Result Rema rks

Table 13-4:
Sr. no a. b. Morning Evening

Daily Milk Production

No. of animals Milk prod. Milk sold Income from sale Day's wet average Herd average Rema rks

Table 13-5: Details of Purchase / Sale of product/byproduct (Feed and fodder's, medicines, ingredients, animal, etc.)
Sr. no 1. 2. Particulars Quantity Per unit rate Total cost Remarks

Table 13-6:
Sr. no

Calving & Calf Disposal

Sex of calf Wt. of calf at birth Disposal Date Remarks

Date of birth Dam No. Sire No.

Table 13-7:

Reproduction Performa

Brand No.......................Date of birth.................Dam No...............Date of 1st heat........................... History sheet-------------------Sr. no Particulars 1. Service (Date/Sire No.) 1st calving 2nd calving 3rd calving 4th calving 5th calving

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Table 13-8:

Conception Record

Date of Pregnancy Diagnosis------------------Result------------------Date of conception--------------------Excepted date of calving------------------Actual date of calving------------------Sex of calf-----------------Table 13-9: Reproductive Health

Disorder-------------------Treatment------------------Follow-up------------------Table 13-10: Individual Milking Record

Sr. no Order of Cow calving No. Date of calving Weekly recording
Morning Evening

Date when dried

Days in milk

Total milk yield

Table 13-11: Herd Health Register

Date Animal History Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Detail of vaccination or hygiene Cost of treatment

Table 13-12: Monthly Expenses & Income Report

Sr. no Particulars Quantity Rate (per unit) Total cost

Table 13-13: Periodical Weighing Register

Sr. no Tattoo No. Brand No. (Dam's) (Animal) Date of birth Wt. at weeks 0,1,211,12 Wt. at months Wt. at 3,6,9,12,18,24 Service/ Calving Remarks

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14 ANNEXURE - 3 Table 14-1: S. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Name Jamil Memon Dr. Abbas Ali Ahmed Mr. Azhar Ch. Rasikh elahi Dr. abul Hassan Mr. Ahmed saeed Mr. Jahangir tareen Mr, Sarfraz Rehman Time for Vaccination Three to four months of age Contacts of Different Livestock Breeders Contacts Mob.0300-8260274 Mob. 0300-3224477 Mob: 0321-8451910 Mob. 0300-8417414 Mob. 042-5845904 Mob. 0333-6729967 Mob. 0300-4000751 Mob. 0300-8465528 Mob. 0300-2024463 Vaccination Detail Clostridial group vaccine at three to four months of age, or earlier depending on risk Farm Karachi Landi Cattle colony. Karachi Badian road Lahore Raiwind raod lahore Koldi abu baker, Kasur Bahkker road, Jhang Sweet water farms, Lahore J.K Dairies, Rahim yar khan Engro Foods, Karachi

Table 14-2: Animal description Heifers

Vaccination program for dairy herds.

Five to six months IBR, BVD, PI-3, BRSV of age Haemophilus Clostridial group Leptospirosis (5 strain) Worm Grub and lice treatment in early fall, repeat as needed Pre-breeding Pre-calving Adult Cows IBR, BVD, PI-3, BRSV Leptospirosis (5 strain) Rotavirus, Coronavirus, E. coli twice, at six and three weeks prior to calving Cows are generally vaccinated for leptospirosis and the virus diseases during the early lactation period, approximately five weeks prior to breeding. Some veterinarians prefer to vaccinate during the dry period, although modified Live virus vaccines are not used at this time

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15 ANNEXURE - 4 Different Breeds of Cows

Australian Friesian Sahiwal

Holstein

Jersey

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