Melissa Zhou Research Essay Draft Four (Final) 12/08/11 Slavery was one of the most horrific crimes

in the history of the United States. People were captured and forced into lives of captivity in which they were treated like animals and brutally punished for disobedience. Though the effects of slaverys tyranny are ongoing, the history of slavery has essentially been ignored and forgotten--the physical and emotional pain that slaves suffered is minimally discussed in schools and disregarded by the typical American. No one wants to dwell on such a shameful past. However, despite the universal desire to repress painful memories of traumas such as these, traumatic memories need to be confronted in order to bring healing; Toni Morrison demonstrates this need through her novel Beloved, in which she reconstructs the history of slavery with the intention of healing the scars that slavery has left behind. No one wishes to dwell on traumatic experiences of the past. Victims of trauma often believe that denying these painful memories and burying them deep inside the darkest crevices of their hearts will allow them to forget everything and move on with their lives, as if nothing has happened. As Krumholz points out, Beloveds Sethe and Paul D are perfect examples of trauma victims who turn to the repression of their past as a survival mechanism (Krumholz 400). Because their memories are so overwhelmingly painful, Sethe and Paul D choose to suppress these memories to the best of their abilities: Sethe work[s] hard to remember as close to nothing as [is] safe (Morrison 6) and Paul D vows to keep the rest [of his past] where it belong[s]: in that tobacco tin buried in his chest where a red heart used to be (Morrison 86). Sethe's memories of being whipped and treated like an animal and of having her milk stolen, as well as Paul D's memories of working in the fields with a bit in his mouth and of living "in a puddle of his own excrement,"(Roderick 75) are horrific and humiliating enough that it is natural Sethe and Paul D would want to repress their memories. The wish to forget the past with regards to personal traumas can be extended to the denial and repression of historical traumas. People often try to repress historically traumatic events such as the Holocaust and slavery because, as Mary Beth Faimon points out in her essay Ties that Bind: Remembering, Mourning, and Healing, the alternative is to

take the side of the victim, which requires people to be active bystanders that remember and share the burden of pain (239). In particular, African Americans try to deny their traumatic history of slavery because they find it difficult to confront such a shameful past they dont want to talk, they dont want to remember . . . because theyre afraid of it (Darling 248). Because neither black people nor white people want to acknowledge the fact of slavery, a phenomenon that Toni Morrison named national amnesia occurs (qtd. in Roderick 73). To further aggravate the loss of the history of slavery, many details about slavery were collectively omitted in slave narratives. As J. Brooks Bouson notes in Whites Might Dirty Her All Right, but Not Her Best Thing: The Dirtied and Traumatized Self of Slavery in Beloved and Mae G. Henderson in Toni Morrisons Beloved: Re-Membering the Body as Historical Text," writers of slave narratives did not give complete accounts of the slave experience. In order to not offend white readers, they tended to leave out the more shameful, gruesome events, using phrases like but let us drop a veil over these proceedings too terrible to relate to partially conceal the sufferings of slaves (Bouson 132). Because of the attitudes of both contemporary African Americans and AfricanAmerican slave writers toward the history of slavery, the history of slavery is being lost through collective denial and omission. However, as Morrison says, there is a "necessity for remembering the horror (Darling 247): Despite the universal desire to suppress traumas, personal and historical, the only way to heal the scars left behind by these traumas is to confront and come to terms with the past. Daniel Erickson argues in Ghosts, Metaphor, and History in Toni Morrison's Beloved and Gabriel Garca Mrquez's One Hundred Years of Solitude that as much as African Americans want to forget their historical past, they are continually haunted by the legacy of slavery and are unable to escape the effects slavery has on the "present situation of black Americans" (57). Both Erickson and Bouson agree that continued denial of the past only ensures this persistence of slaverys insidious, pernicious influence on the African-American identity today (Erickson 60, Bouson 137), as the painful wounds caused by racist oppression have been passed down intergenerationally (Bouson 137) from the time of slavery. Because denying the past is clearly an ineffective way of dealing with traumas, it would make sense that remembering the horror has positive effects on trauma. Erickson maintains that though seemingly painful or unwise to

some, recognition and remembrance offer the possibility of a real solution to [the] problematic history (60) of slavery. Krumholz agrees, remarking that if African Americans explore the history of slavery rather than denying it, they will be able to learn more about themselves and their culture and save themselves from dying intellectually and spiritually (395). Morrison demonstrates the positive effects of remembrance in Beloved, in which she uses the healing processes of Sethe and Paul D to support the claim that only in remembering and accepting the past does healing take place (McKay 10). Sethe and Paul D initially lead numb lives without love, spending each day beating back the past and hiding the fact that they no longer had red hearts bright as Misters comb beating in them (Morrison 86). Though they try to repress the past, the past consumes them to the point that they cannot think about anything else, let alone the future: [Sethes] brain was not interested in the future. Loaded with the past and hungry for more, it left her no room to imagine, let alone plan for, the next day (Morrison 83). However, Morrison shows that despite how deeply scarred slavery has left them, Sethe and Paul D both eventually heal after they learn to accept their pasts with the help of one another and of other characters. Through their relationship with each other, Sethe and Paul D participate in the collective sharing of traumatic memories in a forgiving environmenttogether, they can go as far into the past as they need to, because, as Paul D says, Ill catch you fore you fall (Morrison 55). Through the help of Beloved, who acts as a catalyst for the healing processes in both of their lives by physically embodying their pain, guilt, and suffering (Krumholz 400), Sethe and Paul D are also forced to remember and accept their pasts: Beloveds thirst for hearing about Sethes past encourages Sethe to tell stories that would have hurt if she spoke about them to anyone else (Morrison 69), and her interactions with Paul D help him open up the lid of the rusted tobacco tin, revealing his red heart inside (Morrison 138). Essentially, Beloved aids Sethe and Paul D in liberating their present from the burden of the past (Henderson 90). By showing how Sethe and Paul D heal through the remembrance of their pasts, Morrison advocates the need of the traumatized individual to reconstruct his/her traumatic past in order to heal. Morrison uses the individual need to recover repressed memories to support the broader, contemporary need to reconstruct the history of slaverya need that Morrison

understands and addresses in Beloved. However, rather than objectively approaching history with facts and figures as historians do, she uses the method of literary archeology to confront the horrors of slavery: She reconstructs the past imaginatively rather than strictly factually (Henderson 84). According to Henderson, Beloved is "a novel that both historicizes fiction and fictionalizes history" (82): The Margaret Garner case gives Beloved a factual basis, but it is Morrisons own imagination that brings Beloveds characters to life. By using her imagination to enhance the individuality of these characters, Morrison makes her novel give the reader a haunting sense of the depth of pain and shame suffered in slavery (Krumholz 124) that does not allow the reader to simply read and forget the novel, but rather reminds the reader that like the memory of Beloved, the history of slavery is not a story to pass on (Morrison 324). Toni Morrison reveals this history through the lives of her characters in Beloved, exposing to the reader the more traumatic events that writers of slave narratives tended to avoid writing about: The economic and sexual exploitation of slave women, the attempts of whites to scientifically prove that African Americans were biologically different and thus inferior, and the overall humiliation and degradation slaves had to experience (Bouson 131-141). Ultimately, by reconstructing the past in an imaginative but realistic manner, Toni Morrison fulfills her purpose of making history and memory real enough in her novel that it forces its audience to confront slavery (Darling 249). Slavery lies at the roots of two major issues troubling America: Discrimination and racism. Though slavery was formally abolished long ago, African Americans still face political, economic, and social oppression that reflect the enslavement of their ancestors and the dehumanization they had to experience. By educating Americans about how African Americans suffered in the past for the economic betterment of their country and explaining how Americas history of slavery has led to the social problems it faces today, America can become one step closer to reversing the oppression of African Americans. Sources: Bouson, J. Brooks. Whites Might Dirty Her All Right, but Not Her Best Thing: The Dirtied and Traumatized Self of Slavery in Beloved." Quiet as It's Kept: Shame, Trauma, and Race in the Novels of Toni Morrison. Albany: State University of New York, 2000. 13162. Print.

Darling, Marsha. In the Realm of Responsibility: A Conversation with Toni Morrison. Conversations with Toni Morrison. By Toni Morrison and Danille Kathleen TaylorGuthrie. Jackson: University of Mississippi, 1994. 246-54. Print. Erickson, Daniel. Ghosts, Metaphor, and History in Toni Morrison's Beloved and Gabriel Garca Mrquez's One Hundred Years of Solitude. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009. Print. Faimon, Mary Beth. Ties that Bind: Remembering, Mourning, and Healing. The American Indian Quarterly 28.1&2 (2004): 238-251. JSTOR. Web. 7 Nov. 2011. <http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/american_indian_quarterly/v028/28.1faimon.html> Henderson, Mae G. Toni Morrisons Beloved: Re-Membering the Body as Historical Text." Toni Morrison's Beloved: a Casebook. Ed. William L. Andrews and Nellie Y. McKay. New York: Oxford UP, 1999. 79-106. Print. Krumholz, Linda. "The Ghosts of Slavery: Historical Recovery in Toni Morrison's Beloved." African American Review 26.3 (1992): 395-408. JSTOR. Web. 2 Nov. 2011. <http://www.jstor.org/stable/3041912>. McKay, Nellie Y. "Introduction." Introduction. Toni Morrison's Beloved: a Casebook. By William L. Andrews and Nellie Y. McKay. New York: Oxford UP, 1999. 3-18. Print. Morrison, Toni. Beloved. New York: Knopf, 1987. Roderick, Phillip L. "Exorcising the Past." The Fall of the House of Poe and Other Essays. New York: IUniverse, 2006. 73-85. Print. Rhetorical Outline: Proposition: Toni Morrison attempts to demonstrate the need to confront traumas such as slavery in order to bring healing; through her novel Beloved, she reconstructs the history of slavery with the intention of healing the scars that slavery has left behind. Plan: Explanatory proposition (rather than justificatory, because even though my proposition discusses a controversial topic, the evidence in the book and the general consensus of scholarly articles about this topic make it difficult to argue against this proposition) and complex synthesis, with paragraphs that establish the premises needed to build up to the demonstration the second half of the proposition (how Morrison uses Beloved to address the necessity of confronting the horrors of slavery in order to heal the scars they have left behind). Goal: Explain to the reader what Toni Morrison believes is the best way to heal traumas and tie that in with what she tries to do in her novel Beloved. Audience: The American Uncanny class and graders of final portfolio, all of who should be pretty familiar with Beloved.

Outline: P1 says Slavery was a great source of suffering for African Americans and still impacts the world todayyet, it is hardly remembered. Toni Morrison attempts to demonstrate the need to confront traumas such as slavery in order to bring healing; through her novel Beloved, she reconstructs the history of slavery with the intention of healing the scars that slavery has left behind. P1 does Captures the readers attention by going into detail about the historical background behind the proposition and establishing the importance of the proposition, thus introducing the explanatory proposition that follows that will be supported throughout the paper. Sets the tone and rhythm of the rest of the paper. P2 says No victims of trauma, including Sethe and Paul D, want to remember painful memories of the past. P2 does Gives universal, concrete premise that will be refuted in two paragraphs in order to demonstrate the first half of the proposition. Uses specific quotes and examples from Beloved to strengthen the argument and offer evidence for this premise. P3 says Similarly, people wish to forget historical traumas as well, because it is the easiest thing to do. The collective wish of African Americans to deny the history of slavery and omissions in slave narratives of traumatic events have caused a loss of the history of slavery. P3 does Transitions from the reason given in the previous paragraph by giving a specialized, concrete premise that is similar to but broader in scope than that premise. Supports this premise with quotations and paraphrases from multiple sources that agree with this premise in order to weave a strong argument. P4 says Despite the wish to forget traumas, traumas must be remembered in order to bring healing. P4 does States specialized, concrete premise that refutes the two previous paragraphs in order to support the first half of the proposition. Cites specific quotes from multiple articles and paraphrases authors' words to strongly support this premise. P5 says Morrison demonstrates the positive effects of remembrance by showing how Sethe and Paul D heal as they reconstruct their traumatic pasts. P5 does States specialized, concrete premise that supports the first half of the proposition. Uses references to multiple articles to explain this premise. The premise supported in this paragraph relates to the premise in the previous paragraph, so this paragraph essentially continues to support the same premise but from the more specific perspective of Morrison herself. P6 says - Morrison understands the necessity of confronting the horrors of slavery and addresses this necessity through Beloved and the use of literary archeology, reconstructing the history of slavery by exposing the traumatic side of slavery to the reader in a very realistic manner, thus forcing the reader to confront and remember slavery. P6 does States specialized, concrete premise that restates and directly explains the second half of the proposition. Uses references to multiple articles to explain this premise.

Builds upon premises established in earlier paragraphs. P7 says Slaverys ongoing effects lie at the roots of discrimination and racism, two problems that can be resolved if Americans can be educated about their origins. P7 does Emphasizes the relevance of the proposition and the content of the paper to the world today, and thus leaves the reader with a sense of duty to understand the issues discussed in the paper.