Review and Analysis of Altitudinal Distribution of The Andean Anurans in Colombia

Zootaxa 1826: 125 (2008)
www.mapress.com / zootaxa/
ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)
Copyright 2008 Magnolia Press
ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)
ZOOTAXA
Review and analysis of altitudinal distribution of the Andean anurans

in Colombia
MANUEL HERNANDO BERNAL1, 2 & JOHN D. LYNCH1
1
Laboratorio de Anfibios. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Bogot, Colombia
Laboratorio de Herpetologa & Eco-Fisiologa, Grupo de Investigacin en Zoologia. Universidad del Tolima, Ibagu, Colombia.
E-mail: mhbernal@ut.edu.co
2
Abstract
In the following work we examine the richness and altitudinal distribution of Colombian Andean anurans trying to
emphasize patterns of distribution. We also supply an updated checklist of Andean anurans in Colombia. At present,
Colombian harbors about 396 Andean frogs: 153 species in the Cordillera Occidental, 187 species in the Cordillera Central, and 131 species in the Cordillera Oriental. Of these, the Cordillera Oriental presents the higher number and percentage of endemic species. The frequency distribution of altitudinal ranges for Colombian Andean frogs shows that the
majority of species have narrow altitudinal ranges, less than 500 m altitude, and only a few species have broad altitudinal
distributions. On the other hand, lowland species have broader altitudinal ranges than do highland species. The hypothesis of a wider altitudinal range of highland anurans is therefore not supported. Finally, the averages of the Jaccard similarity indices for the Andean anurans along altitudinal gradients in Colombian are approximately similar to those of other
tropical anurans reported by Huey (1978), but notably lower than those of anurans of temperate localities. Thus, these
results are in concordance with Janzens hypothesis (1967) about a broader altitudinal range for temperate species, likely
because of their higher thermal tolerance.
Key words: Checklist, richness, altitude, temperature, Janzens hypothesis
Introduction
Tropical zone-species have been suggested to be more habitat specific and to have narrower thermal tolerance
ranges than do temperate zone-species, because of the relative uniformity of their local environmental conditions (Janzen 1967, Huey 1978). As a consequence, faunal turnover along altitudinal gradients should be rapid
in the tropics, and tropical species should have relatively restricted altitudinal ranges, such that between altitudinal faunal and floral units overlaps would be reduced (Olson 1994, Ghalambor et al. 2005). Also, it is generally acknowledged that biological diversity is higher in the tropics than in temperate zones (Janzen 1967,
Huey 1978, Ghalambor et al. 2005) and that along elevational gradients, species richness decreases with altitude toward a faunal minimum at very high elevations, in both vertebrates and invertebrates (Bernal 2005,
Navas 2003, Poynton 2003, Bruhl et al. 1999, Patterson et al. 1996, McCoy 1990). Several biotic and abiotic
factors, as well as historical events, have been attributed to these differences in species richness and biodiversity along latitudinal and altitudinal gradients. One of these was Janzens (1967) hypothesis: that altitudinally
separated populations in the tropics will experience reduced gene flow, because the mountain passes should
be physiologically higher in the tropics, leading to greater genetic divergence that favour the allopatric speciation and higher tropical biodiversity (Ghalambor et al. 2005). Navas (2003, 2005) reviewed factors influencing herpetological diversity in Andean high-elevations. Navas (2003) argued that temperature should be the
Accepted by M. Vences: 26 Jun. 2008; published: 21 Jul. 2008
most important single factor limiting herpetological diversity, at least in tropical Andean high-elevations,
although subsequently, Navas (2005), suggested that temperature must not be the most likely stressor limiting
anuran colonization of high elevation in the tropics, and that other environmental factors may be more important than temperature, such as water pH, intensity of UV radiation and other variables that may impact embryo
development.
Here we examine the richness and altitudinal distribution of Colombian Andean anurans trying to emphasize patterns of their distribution. First, we compare data compiled on Andean frogs (Appendix 1) with the
most current reports about frogs from the richest lowland places in Colombia, Amazona (Lynch 2005) and
Choc (Lynch & Surez 2004), to determine the peaks in species richness among these Colombian geographic
units, and to contrast the results given by Lynch et al. (1997) about biogeographic patterns of Colombian
frogs. Second, we carry out an analysis of similarity of frog species along altitudinal ranges to evaluate if tropical anurans have relatively restricted altitudinal ranges, such that overlaps between altitudinal faunas would
be reduced, according with Janzens (1967) hypothesis. Third, we compare altitudinal ranges of highland and
lowland frog species of the Andean mountains to test if highland anurans have wider altitudinal ranges than
lowland species because of the possibly broader range of environmental temperature (Ghalambor et al. 2005).
Finally, we compare similarity indices for Colombian tropical frogs along altitudinal gradients with the similarity indices reported by Huey (1978) for temperate frogs, and with a current study on elevation pattern of
frogs species in China (Fu et al. 2006), in order to test latitudinal pattern of between-altitude faunal similarity,
an extension of Janzens hypothesis (Huey 1978).
Materials and methods

Data about altitudinal distribution of the Colombian Andean frogs were obtained from an extensive review on
the amphibian collection of the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, and from
published literature. In this work, Andean anurans are defined as species that live mainly above 1000 m altitude, and lowlands species as those that live below 1000 m altitude. Data analyses are described in the text.
Results and discussion

1. The richness of Andean frogs in Colombia.
Lynch et al. (1997) compared the frog fauna of ten eco-geographic units in Colombia, and they reported
that the Andean Cordilleras (Figure 1) were the regions with the highest richness in anurans, so that highland
regions could explain the majority of Colombian frog diversity, more than the lowland regions. At the present,
Colombia harbors about 754 reported species of amphibians: 700 species of anurans, 35 species of caecilians
and 19 of salamanders. Of these, 396 are Andean frogs: 153 species in the Cordillera Occidental, 187 species
in the Cordillera Central, and 131 species in the Cordillera Oriental (Appendix 1), some species are found in
more than one cordillera. With respect to the richest lowland units in Colombia, 124 anurans species have
been reported in the biogeographic Choc (Lynch & Surez 2004) and 97 species in a small section of the
Amazonian region (Lynch 2005), although Lynch (2005) suggests a local fauna no fewer than 123 species.
According to these recent data, the Andean mountains are still the richest geographic units in toads and frogs
of Colombia, and particularly the Cordillera Central is the Andean mountain with the highest anuran richness.
Thus, comparisons among ecogeographic units in Colombia show that highland regions are richer in frog species than lowland regions. Although, along an altitudinal transect, lowland sities harbor more species than
highland places (Duellman 1988, Lynch 1998, Navas 2003, Poynton 2003, Bernal et al. 2005). Lynch et al.
(1997) provided an explanation about this trend; it is that anuran diversity in Colombia is due to beta diversity
(geographical replacement) rather than alpha diversity (ecological complexity).
2 Zootaxa 1826 2008 Magnolia Press
BERNAL & LYNCH
FIGURE 1. Map of Colombia showing the eco-geographic units sensu Lynch et al. (1997). Andean units: 1. Cordillera
Occidental; 2. Cordillera Central; 3. Cordillera Oriental. A: Choc; B: Caribean lowlands and interandean valleys; C:
Amazona.
With respect to endemic species, the Andean Cordilleras of Colombia harbor 217 species and of these the
Cordillera Oriental presents the higher number (76), and percentage of endemicity (Table 1). This value is
notably superior to the 27 endemic species of the Biogeographic Choc (Lynch & Surez 2004), which represents the 19.4% of the total species for this ecogeografic unit and just the 0.036% of Colombian species. Contrarily, the Andean endemic species represents the 28.8% of the Colombian anurans, and specifically the
Cordillera Oriental harbors the 19% of the Andean species and the 10.1% of the Colombian anurans. In conclusion, comparing these update data about frog distribution in Colombia, the Andean mountains also harbor
the highest number of endemic species.
Finally, a cluster analysis of anuran similarity for the three Colombian cordilleras shows that the Cordillera Central is closer to Cordillera Occidental (Jaccard Index = 0.17) than Cordillera Oriental (JI = 0.11).
However, it is important to realize that anuran similarities among the three cordilleras are very low, such that
between the Cordillera Occidental and Oriental the Jaccard Index is only 0.038. It means that each Andean
ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION OF ANDEAN ANURANS
Zootaxa 1826 2008 Magnolia Press
mountain harbors almost its exclusive anuran fauna, or endemic anurans as mentioned above. Likely, the biogeographic history of the Andean Cordilleras has played an important role in this particular diversity for each
Andean mountain chain. For example, when the glacial and interglacial periods produced cycles of contraction and expansion of anuran habitats over long periods of time (Navas 2005, Duellman 1999), because it
could generate the scenario to speciation through vicariance, if gene flow across populations became
restricted, and then the high anuran diversity. Cladistic analysis of some anurans inhabiting the Andes (Lynch
et al. 1997, Lynch 1999) show that phylogenetically related species occur at about the same altitude, independent of their geographical distance, so Andean diversity is mainly explained through geographic replacement
of species or vicariance.
TABLE 1. Number of anuran species found in the Andean mountains of Colombia. * Total: number of different Andean
species.
Family
Cordillera Occidental
Cordillera Central
Cordillera Oriental
*Total
Aromobatidae
Brachycephalidae
74
88
50
185
Bufonidae
15
20
15
45
Centrolenidae
26
24
18
55
Dendrobatidae
17
19
37
Hemiphractidae
12
21
Hylidae
10
17
25
43
Leptodactylidae
Microhylidae
Ranidae
Total
153
187
131
396
Endemic species
67
74
76
217
% Endemic species
43.7
39.5
58.0
54.7%
2. Altitudinal ranges and species similarity along Andean elevational gradients.

Because of stability of environmental temperature in the tropics, in comparison with temperature zones, it
has been considered that tropical species should have relatively restricted altitudinal ranges, such that
between-altitudinal fauna overlaps would be reduced (Janzens 1967 hypothesis).
To test this hypothesis, here we estimated altitudinal ranges for Andean anuran species by measuring the
difference between the maximum and minimum values reported in the three Colombian Andean cordilleras
(Appendix 1). Then, a bar graph was made to view the frequency of these altitudinal ranges. Finally, faunal
turnover along altitudinal gradients was assessed by estimating the relative faunal similarity between two
adjacent altitudinal bands, each about 500 m wide. Jaccard index of species overlap (Krebs 1989), which uses
only presence/absence data, were calculated.
Figure 2A shows that the majority of Andean anurans have narrow altitudinal ranges, less than 500 m altitude, others have an altitudinal range to 1000 m, but only a few species have a broad altitudinal distribution.
On the other hand, the Jaccard similarity index calculated for the Andean anurans of the three Colombian Cordilleras is low (Table 2), and consequently shows a sudden altitudinal change between species. This indicates
that tropical mountain anurans are mainly altitude specialists (Navas 2005), or they are delimited by altitude
or temperature (Lynch 1999). In general, they have restricted altitudinal ranges, as Janzen (1967) hypothesized. Janzens hypothesis (1967) has been very influential because he derived a simple environmental-physiological model predicting that tropical mountain passes would be more effective barriers to organismal
BERNAL & LYNCH
FIGURE 2. Altitudinal ranges (maximum minus minimum reported altitude) for anurans of the: Andean mountains of
Colombia (A), Colombian lowland species (< 1000 m elevation) (B), Colombian highland species (> 3000 m elevation)
(C), Henduagan mountains of China (D).
dispersion than would temperate-zone passes of equivalent altitude (Ghalambor et al. 2005). It is mainly supported because environmental temperature variation in the tropics is lower than in temperate zones, so thermal
tolerances for tropical ectothermic species should be narrower than for temperate species, and consequently
they should have narrow altitudinal ranges, as it has been confirmed in this paper.
TABLE 2. Jaccard Similarity Index (JSI) for the altitudinal comparisons between Andean anurans in the three Colombian cordilleras.
Altitudinal bands (m)
JSI Cordillera Occidental
JSI Cordillera Central
JSI Cordillera Oriental
(1001-1500) (1501-2000)
0.54
0.23
0.55
(1501-2000) (2001-2500)
0.40
0.43
0.45
(2001-2500) (2501-3000)
0.27
0.49
0.31
(2501-3000) (3001-3500)
0.03
0.39
0.40
(3001-3500) (3501-4000)
0.42
0.32
0.62
(3501-4000) (4001-4500)
------
0.40
------
AVERAGE
0.33
0.38
0.47
3. Altitudinal pattern of between highland and lowland Colombian Anurans.

Ghalambor et al. (2005) suggested that at high altitudes in the tropics, organisms may experience summer-like conditions during the day and winter-like conditions at night during the year. Thus, with increasing
altitude, tropical ectotherm organisms should evolve relatively broad thermal tolerances to cope with the fluctuating diurnal changes in temperature. In this case, Janzens hypothesis (1967) could be applicable to altitudinal gradients in the tropics, such that altitudinal distributions of highland tropical anurans should be greater
than lowland tropical species.
Because wide altitudinal ranges for frog species exist in the Andean mountains in Colombia, we compared the altitudinal range between highland Andean anurans (above 3000 m altitude) and lowland anurans
(below 1000 m). For this, we used data from Appendix 1, and from Acosta (2000) for lowland species near the
Andean mountains, specifically from the Caribbean ecobiogeographic unit (Lynch et al. 1997), which is considered to extend to the interandean mountain valleys (Lynch 2006).
Figure 2B shows that lowland species have a broader altitudinal range than do highland species (Figure
2C), mostly about 1000 and 2000 m, contrary to the predicted results. Hence the hypothesis about a broader
thermal tolerance and possible wider altitudinal range for highland anurans is not supported. Because ectotherms typically restrict activity period in unfavourable environments (Stevenson 1985) and they can look for
refuges or simply escape adverse environmental temperature conditions, a selection for a broader thermal tolerance may not be found in these highland organisms. On the other hand, wide environmental temperature
fluctuations attributed to high mountains are likely not comparable to body temperatures at which anurans are
exposed or at temperatures of their microhabitat. In this case, thermal differences between highland and lowland anurans would not be as different as was initially hypothesized. On the contrary, lowland species could
have a broader thermal tolerance and consequently the possibility of a wide range of altitudinal distribution
due to the high fluctuations of environmental temperature where they or their embryos develop, many of them
in open areas without any forest protection on warm days and cold nights.
4. Latitudinal pattern of between-altitude anuran similarity.
Following Janzens hypothesis (1967) according to which temperate species should have broader altitudinal ranges than tropical species, it is expected that similarity indices between-altitudinal fauna bands should
be higher for temperate species than for tropical species. Huey (1978) gathered and analyzed data of amphibians and reptiles from several altitudinal transects from Santa Marta (Colombia), Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mex-
BERNAL & LYNCH
ico to California (USA), and tested the prediction that if Janzen was right, then between-altitude faunal
similarity should vary directly with latitude. He effectively found a low faunal similarity in the tropics, and a
significant positive correlation between-latitude and faunal similarity, which was primarily a function of species replacements rather than species dropout.
Here, we compare data of Jaccard similarity indices for anurans from the three Colombian Cordilleras
(Appendix 1) with Dices faunal similarity index used by Huey (1978), in order to test if similarity indices for
Andean anurans agree with this report. That comparison is possible because these two indices are strongly
correlated (Southwood 1966), and also the altitudinal comparison between species within a band is about
1000 m wide. According to table 3, the averages of faunal similarity for these three Colombian cordilleras are
approximately similar to the anuran faunal similarity for the tropical countries studied by Huey (1978), but
notably lower than in the temperate localities. As Huey (1978) stated, these results can be in concordance with
Janzens hypothesis about a broader altitudinal range for temperature species, likely due to a wider thermal
tolerance. On the other hand, the low similarity index can mean high turnover species along altitudinal gradients, as happens in the Colombian Cordilleras.
TABLE 3. Latitudinal comparison of between-altitude anuran similarity (AS).
Locality
Average AS
Data obtained from:
Cordillera Occidental
0.33
This work
Cordillera Central
0.38
This work
Cordillera Oriental
0.47
This work
Tilarn, Costa Rica
0.15
Huey (1978)
Alta Verapaz, Guatemala
0.28
Huey (1978)
Sinaloa, Mxico
0.46
Huey (1978)
Gmez Farias, Mxico
0.70
Huey (1978)
Michoacn, Mxico
0.60
Huey (1978)
Yosemite, California
0.84
Huey (1978)
Lassen Park, California
0.95
Huey (1978)
We also gathered the altitudinal distribution of frogs of the three Colombian Cordilleras in just one data
set, to compare with a recent study on elevation patterns of frog species of the Hengduan mountains in China
(Fu et al. 2006), a latitudinal different place. To establish the latitudinal comparison between-altitude anuran
similarity for Colombia and China, we estimated the Jaccard similarity index (JSI) between two altitudinal
bands of 500 m wide, starting from 1000 m elevation in both cases, and then calculated the average of JSI for
each altitudinal transect (Colombia and China). The JSI average found for anurans in the Andean Colombian
mountains was 0.43, while the JSI average for frogs of the Hengduan mountains in China was 0.60 (Table 4).
Additionally, we compared the JSI average of frogs along Hehgduan mountains in China, from 400 to 5,000
m, with another transect of similar altitudinal gradient in the Cordillera Central of Colombia (Bernal et al.
2005), from 440 m to 4,300 m (Table 5). The average of this JSI was 0.38, which is lower than the JSI average
obtained for the China transect (0.55). Thus, these results agree with that mentioned above and with Hueys
work (1978). Because similarity indices between altitudinal bands in China are higher than in Colombia, it
means that altitudinal distribution of these species are broader than those of Andean Colombian frogs. In figure 2A it can be seen that effectively many of the Colombian Andean frogs have a restricted altitudinal range,
between 0 to 500 m, in comparison with frogs of the China mountains which exhibit a broader elevation
range, mainly between 1001-1500 m (Fig. 2D).
In conclusion, data shown here agree with Hueys (1978) reports of a latitudinal pattern of between-altitude faunal similarity, and consequently with their interpretation about Janzens hypothesis (1967): tropical
countries have a narrower fluctuation of their environmental temperature, lower than do temperate countries,
so their ectothermic species should exhibit a restricted thermal tolerance and consequently a narrow altitudinal distribution.
TABLE 4. Comparison of between-altitude anuran similarity for two different latitudinal mountains. JSI: Jaccard Similarity Index.
JSI for the Hehgduan mountains (China)
JSI for the Andean Mountains (Colombia)
(1001-1500) (1501-2000) 0.72
0.46
(1501-2000) (2001-2500) 0.69
0.47
(2001-2500) (2501-3000) 0.53
0.39
(2501-3000) (3001-3500) 0.55
0.34
(3001-3500) (3501-4000) 0.50
0.45
AVERAGE
0.43
0.60
TABLE 5. Latitudinal comparison of between-altitude anuran similarity for two similar transects. JSI: Jaccard Similarity
Index.
JSI for the Hehgduan mountains in China JSI for the Coello river watershed in Colombia
(0-500) (501-1000)
0.20
0.69
(500-1000) - (1001-1500)
0.67
0.54
(1001-1500) (1501-2000) 0.72
0.17
(1501-2000) (2001-2500) 0.69
0.16
(2001-2500) (2501-3000) 0.53
0.33
(2501-3000) (3001-3500) 0.55
0.16
(3001-3500) (3501-4000) 0.50
0.60
AVERAGE
0.38
0.55
Acknowledgements
MHB is very grateful to Instituto Colombiano para el Desarrollo de la Ciencia y la Tecnologa, COLCIENCIAS and The Universidad del Tolima for the financial help to his PhD studies. This work was partially supported by Fondo de Investigaciones de la Universidad del Tolima (project number 310105).
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Appendix 1
Check list and altitudinal distribution of the anurans described in the three Andean cordilleras. * Lowland species found in the Andes. E= Endemic species. + Full elevational range in Colombia, not only in the Andean
Cordilleras. Classification follows Frost et al. (2007) with modifications by Wiens et al. (2007) and Hedges et
al. (2008).
Family/Species
Cordillera Cordillera
Occidental Central
Cordillera
Oriental
+ Elevational range
Family Aromobatidae
1500-1600 1500-1600
Allobates picachos Ardila-R., Acosta-G. & Coloma, 2000
Anomaloglossus atopoglossus Grant, Humphrey, & Myers, 1997 1800-2260
Reobates palmatus (Werner, 1899)
1800-2260
1350-1500 1000-2520 350-2520
Family Brachycephalidae
Atopophrynus syntomopus Lynch & Ruiz-C. 1982
2780
2780
*Craugastor fitzingeri (Schmidt, 1857)
1070
2-1070
*Craugastor longirostris (Boulenger, 1898)
1060-1180 1360
0-1360
*Craugastor opimus (Savage and Myers, 2002)
1060
0-1060
*Craugastor raniformis (Boulenger, 1896)
1000-1510 1150
0-1510
2280
Hypodactylus adercus Lynch, 2003
Hypodactylus babax Lynch, 1989
1200-2250 1600-1970
2280
1200-2250
Hypodactylus dolops Lynch & Duellman, 1980
1950
Hypodactylus elassodiscus Lynch, 1973
2300-2900
2300-2900
2720-3350
2720-3350
1000-2400 1840-2100
1000-2100
3100-3400
3100-3400
Hypodactylus latens Lynch, 1989
Hypodactylus mantipus (Boulenger, 1908)
1150-1950 940-1950
Phrynopus adenobrachius Ardila-R., Ruiz-C. & Barrera-R., 1996
Phrynopus columbianus (Werner, 1899)
1000-1300 1000-1300
Phrynopus nanus (Going & Cochran, 1963)
3000-3850 3000-3850
Pristimantis acatallelus Lynch & Ruiz-C., 1983
*Pristimantis achatinus (Boulenger, 1898)

E
Pristimantis actinolaimus Lynch & Rueda-A., 1998
Pristimantis acutirostris Lynch, 1984
Pristimantis aemulatus Ruiz-C, Lynch, & Ardila-R., 1997
Pristimantis affinis (Werner, 1899)
Pristimantis alalocophus Roa-T. & Ruiz-C., 1991
Pristimantis angustilineatus Lynch, 1998
1000-2680
1000-2680
1000-1880 1020-1400
10-1880
1940-2000
1940-2000
1740-2300 1740-2300
1410-1430
1410-1430
2600-3100 2600-3100
2650-3800
1700-2300
2650-3800
1700-2300
Pristimantis anolirex Lynch, 1983
1800-3550 1800-3550
*Pristimantis anthrax Lynch, 2001
1200
700-1200
Pristimantis apiculatus Lynch & Burrowes, 1990
1700-2020
1700-2020
Pristimantis appendiculatus (Werner, 1894)
2020
700-2020
Pristimantis aurantiguttatus Ruiz-C., Lynch, & Ardila-R., 1997
Pristimantis bacchus Lynch, 1984
Pristimantis baiotis Lynch, 1998
Pristimantis batrachites Lynch, 2003
1000-1940
1000-1940
1700-2400 1700-2400
1780-1940
1780-1940
2180-2250 2180-2250
BERNAL & LYNCH
1000-1960
1000-1960
Pristimantis bellona Lynch, 1992
Pristimantis bernali Lynch, 1986
Pristimantis bicolor Rueda-A. & Lynch, 1983
1700-2240 1700-2240
Pristimantis bogotensis (Peters, 1863)
2410-3520 2410-3520
2530-2560
2530-2560
Pristimantis boulengeri Lynch, 1981
2200-2800 1750-3200
1750-3200
Pristimantis brevifrons Lynch, 1981
1430-2610 2460-2700
1430-2700
Pristimantis buckleyi (Boulenger, 1882)
3050
2600-3500
2600-3500
Pristimantis cabrerai Cochran & Goin, 1970
1140-1940 2000-2450
1140-2450
Pristimantis cacao Lynch, 1992
2190-2600
2190-2600
Pristimantis calcaratus (Boulenger, 1908)
1700-2600
1700-2600
Pristimantis capitonis Lynch, 1998
2500-2800
2500-2800
1230
100-1230
*Pristimantis caprifer Lynch, 1977

E
Pristimantis carlossanchezi, Arroyo, 2007
2400-2550 2400-2550
Pristimantis carranguerorum Lynch, 1994
1080-2060 980-2060
*Pristimantis caryophyllaceus (Barbour, 1928)
1070
50-1070
Pristimantis celator Lynch, 1976

*Pristimantis chalceus (Peters, 1873)
1780-2600
1000-1900 1780
Pristimantis chloronotus Lynch, 1969

Pristimantis chrysops Lynch & Ruiz-C, 1996
1780-2600
10-1900
1900-3220
1900-3220
1900-2150
Pristimantis colomai Lynch & Duellman, 1997
900-2150
1055-1120
1055-1120
Pristimantis colonensis Mueses, 2007
2200-2750 2200-2750
Pristimantis cuentasi Lynch, 2003
2800
2800
Pristimantis curtipes (Boulenger, 1882)
2750-4400
2750-4400
Pristimantis degener Lynch & Duellman, 1997
1020-1400
1020-1400
Pristimantis deinops Lynch, 1996
1230-2600
1230-2600
Pristimantis diaphonus Lynch, 1986
1180-1300
1180-1300
Pristimantis diogenes Lynch & Ruiz-C., 1996
1470-2100
1470-2100
Pristimantis dorsopictus Rivero & Serna, 1988
Pristimantis douglasi Lynch, 1996
2000-2780
2000-2780
1630-2670 1630-2670
Pristimantis duellmani Lynch, 1980
1800-2190 1780
1780-2190
Pristimantis duende Lynch, 2001
3300-3600
3300-3600
Pristimantis elegans (Peters, 1863)
2600-3650 2600-3650
Pristimantis epacrus Lynch & Surez-M., 2000
1000-1660 940-1660
Pristimantis eremitus Lynch, 1980
1780
1780
Pristimantis eriphus Lynch & Duellman, 1980
2100-2750
2100-2750
Pristimantis erythropleura (Boulenger, 1896)
1140-2470 1850-2600
980-2600
Pristimantis factiosus Lynch & Rueda-A., 1999
1840-2150
1840-2150
Pristimantis fallax Lynch & Rueda-A., 1999
1180-1950
780-1950
Pristimantis frater (Werner, 1899)
Pristimantis fetosus (Lynch, Rueda, 1998)
1000-3000 900-3000
1800-2650
*Pristimantis gaigeae (Dunn, 1931)

Pristimantis gladiator Lynch, 1976
1800-2650
1040-1200 10-1200
2400-2750
2400-2750
11
2200-2400 2200-2400
Pristimantis grandiceps Lynch, 1984
*Pristimantis gularis (Boulenger, 1898)
1060-1770 1055
0-1770
Pristimantis hectus Lynch & Burrowes, 1990
1990-2610 1780
1780-2610
Pristimantis helvolus Lynch & Rueda- A., 1998
1800-2000
1800-2000
Pristimantis hernandezi Lynch & Ruiz-C., 1983
2600
2600
Pristimantis illotus Lynch & Duellman, 1997
1230-1580
1230-1580
1300-1700 1300-1700
Pristimantis ixalus Lynch, 2003
Pristimantis jaimei Lynch, 1992
1200-1580
1200-1580
Pristimantis johannesdei Rivero & Serna, 1988
1410-1800
1410-1800
Pristimantis jorgevelosai Lynch, 1994
Pristimantis juanchoi Lynch, 1996
1580-1990
1580-1990
Pristimantis jubatus Garcia & Lynch 2006
2550-2750
2550-2750
Pristimantis kelephas Lynch, 1998
2140-2610
2140-2610
1900-2200 1900-2200
*Pristimantis labiosus Lynch, Ruiz- C. & Ardila-R., 1994

E
Pristimantis lasalleorum Lynch, 1995
1055
30-1055
3780-3850
3780-3850
Pristimantis laticlavius Lynch & Burrowes, 1990
1700-2020
1700-2020
Pristimantis lemur Lynch and Rueda-A., 1988
1800-1950
1800-1950
Pristimantis lentiginosus Rivero, 1984
1390-2300 1390-2300
Pristimantis leoni Lynch, 1976
2060-3400
2060-3400
2400-3300
2400-3300
Pristimantis leucopus Lynch, 1976
2300-2900
2300-2900
2000-2450
2000-2450
1200
1200
Pristimantis leptolophus Lynch, 1980

Pristimantis lichenoides Lynch & Rueda-A., 1997
Pristimantis loustes Lynch, 1979

E
Pristimantis lutitos Lynch, 1984
1750
Pristimantis lynchi Duellman & Simmons, 1977
1600-3580 1600-3580
Pristimantis maculosus Lynch, 1991
Pristimantis mars Lynch & Ruiz-C., 1996
2000-2900
1750
2000-2900
1760-1790
1760-1790
*Pristimantis medemi Lynch, 1994
1000-2400 450-2400
Pristimantis merostictus Lynch, 1984
2400
Pristimantis miyatai Lynch, 1984
1720-2400 1720-2400
Pristimantis mnionaetes Lynch, 1998
3060-3080 3060-3080
Pristimantis molybrignus Lynch, 1986
Pristimantis myersi (Goin & Cochran, 1963)
Pristimantis myops Lynch, 1998
Pristimantis nervicus Lynch, 1994
3100-3870 3100-3870
Pristimantis nicefori Cochran & Goin, 1970
2770-4180 2770-4180
Pristimantis obmutescens Lynch, 1980
1100-2350
2400
800-2350
2800-3500
1500-2250
2800-3500
1500-2250
2800-3500
2800-3500
Pristimantis ocellatus Lynch & Burrowes, 1990
1050-1580 1780
1050-1780
Pristimantis orpacobates Lynch, Ruiz-C., & Ardila-R., 1994
1140-2000
700-2000
Pristimantis padrecarlosi Mueses-C., 2006

E
Pristimantis paisa Lynch & Ardila-R., 1999
Pristimantis palmeri (Boulenger, 1912)
15001950 1500-1950
1800-3100
1050-2440 1950 -2050
1800-3100
980-2440
BERNAL & LYNCH
1800-3100
1800-3100
*Prystimantis parvillus Lynch, 1976
1360
650-1360
Pristimantis penelopus Lynch & Rueda, 1999
1010-1500
1010-1500
Pristimantis peraticus Lynch, 1980
2600-3460
2600-3460
Pristimantis permixtus Lynch, Ruiz-C. & Ardila-R., 1994
1950-3700
1950-3700
1950-2750 1410
1410-2750
Pristimantis parectatus Lynch & Rueda-A., 1998
Pristimantis petersi Lynch, 1991

E
Pristimantis phalarus Lynch, 1998
Pristimantis phragmipleuron Rivero & Serna, 1988
2160-2250
2380
2160-2250
1800
1800-2380
2600-3200
2600-3200
Pristimantis piceus Lynch, Ruiz-C. & Ardila-R., 1996
Pristimantis platychilus Lynch, 1996
1580-2600
1580-2600
Pristimantis polemistes Lynch & Ardila-R., 2004
2300-2320
2300-2320
Pristimantis polychrus Ruiz-C., Lynch, & Ardila-R., 1997
1410-1540
1410-1540
Pristimantis prolixodiscus Lynch, 1978

E
Pristimantis ptochus Lynch, 1998
1800-2550 1800-2550
2080-2250
Pristimantis pugnax Lynch, 1973

E
Pristimantis quantus Lynch, 1998
2080-2250
2100-3300 2040-2380 2040-3300
2110-2250
2110-2250
Pristimantis quinquagesimus Lynch & Trueb, 1980
1780-2600
1780-2600
Pristimantis racemus Lynch, 1980
3030-3570
3030-3570
Pristimantis reclusus Lynch, 2003
2800
Pristimantis renjiforum Lynch, 2000
2000-2800 2000-2800
Pristimantis repens Lynch, 1984
Pristimantis restrepoi Lynch, 1996
1790-2400
1790-2400
Pristimantis ruedai Ruiz-C., Lynch, & Ardila-R., 1997
1000-1870
1000-1870
Pristimantis sanguineus Lynch, 1998
1030-2130
620-2130
Pristimantis satagius Lynch, 1995
3300-3850
3300-3850
Pristimantis savagei Pyburn & Lynch, 1981
Pristimantis scoloblepharus Lynch 1991
3150-3720
2800
3150-3720
1000-3000 600-3000
2420-2800
2420-2800
Pristimantis scolodiscus Lynch & Burrowes, 1990
1780
1780
Pristimantis scopaeus Lynch, Ruiz- C. & Ardila-R., 1996
3580-3600
3580-3600
Pristimantis signifer Ruiz-C., Lynch, & Ardila-R., 1997
1850-1860
1850-1860
Pristimantis silverstonei Lynch & Ruiz-C., 1996
1600-2500
1600-2500
Pristimantis simoteriscus Lynch, Ruiz-C. & Ardila-R., 1997
3350-3800
3350-3800
Pristimantis simoterus Lynch, 1980
3200-4300
3200-4300
Pristimantis siopelus Lynch & Burrowes, 1990
1780
1780
Pristimantis spilogaster Lynch, 1984
Pristimantis suetus Lynch & Rueda-A., 1998
1850-2780
1850-2780
Pristimantis sulculus Lynch & Burrowes, 1990
1780
1780
Pristimantis supernatis Lynch, 1980
1850-3200
1850-3200
Pristimantis susaguae Rueda-A., Lynch & Galvis, 2003
Pristimantis taciturnus Lynch & Surez-M., 2003
*Pristimantis taeniatus (Boulenger, 1912)

E
Pristimantis tamsitti Cochran & Goin, 1970
2200-2400 2200-2400
2530-2900 2530-2900
2400-2700
2400-2700
1070-1880 1160-2150 1050-1120 0-2150

1230-2380 1230-2380
13
Pristimantis thectopternus Lynch, 1975
1700-2540 1780-2300
1700-2540
Pristimantis thymelensis Lynch, 1972
3220-4150
3220-4150
Pristimantis torrenticola Lynch & Rueda-A. 1998
1800-2450
1800-2450
1800-2450
1800-2450
Pristimantis tribulosus Lynch & Rueda-A., 1997
Pristimantis turbernasus Rivero, 1984
1950-2300 1950-2300
2400-2700 2400-2700
Pristimantis uisae Lynch, 2003
Pristimantis unistrigatus (Gnther, 1859)
2000-3230
2000-3230
Pristimantis uranobates Lynch, 1991
2000-3600
2000-3600
Pristimantis veletis Lynch & Rueda-A, 1997
1850-2150
1850-2150
Pristimantis vicarius Lynch & Ruiz-C., 1983
2400-3300
2400-3300
*Pristimantis viejas Lynch & Rueda, 1999
1000-1375 1100-1502 565-1502
Pristimantis viridicans Lynch, 1977
2000-2680
2000-2680
Pristimantis viridis Ruiz-C., Lynch, & Ardila-R., 1997
1500-1960
1500-1960
Pristimantis w-nigrum (Boettger, 1892)
1050-3000 1840-2800 1720-2450 800-3000
Pristimantis xeniolum Lynch, 2001
3300-3600
3300-3600
Pristimantis xestus Lynch, 1995
4050
4050
Pristimantis xylochobates Lynch & Ruiz-C., 1996
2100-2250
2100-2250
Pristimantis zoilae, Mueses, 2007
Pristimantis zophus Lynch & Ardila-R., 1999
2060-2550 2060-2550
2030-2680
2030-2680
Strabomantis anatipes (Lynch & Myers, 1983)
1600
100-1600
*Strabomantis bufoniformis (Boulenger, 1896)
1030-1780
20-1780
1900
1900
Strabomantis cerastes Lynch, 1975
1000-2250
850-2250
Strabomantis cheiroplethus (Lynch, 1990)
1380-1900
800-1900
Strabomantis cadenai Lynch, 1986
Strabomantis cornutus (Jimnez de la Espada, 1871)
1150-1800 1150-1800
Strabomantis ingeri (Cochran & Goin, 1961)
1700-3320 1700-3320
Strabomantis necopinus Lynch, 1997
1800-2150
1800-2150
Strabomantis ruizi Lynch, 1981
1500-2000 1900-2000
1500-2000
*Strabomantis zygodactylus Lynch & Myers, 1983
1030-1490
230-1490
2190
2190
Family Bufonidae
E
Andinophryne atelopoides (Lynch & Ruiz-C., 1981)
Atelopus angelito Ardila-Robayo & Ruiz-C., 1998
Atelopus carauta Ruiz-C. & Hernndez-C., 1978
1140-1960
1140-1960
Atelopus chocoensis Ltters, 1992
1900-2250
1900-2250
2900 -3000
2900-3000
Atelopus ebenoides Rivero, 1963
2500-2600 2500-3700 2800-3650 2500-3700
Atelopus eusebianus Rivero & Granados-D., 1993
1050-1180 2780-3250
1050-3250
Atelopus famelicus Rivero & Morales, 1995
1050-1580
1050-1580
Atelopus farci Lynch, 1993
Atelopus galactogaster Rivero & Serna, 1993
Atelopus guitarraensis Osorno-M., Ardila-R. & Ruiz-C., 2001
Atelopus ignescens (Cornalia, 1849)
Atelopus longirostris Cope, 1868
2090
1300-1800
1300-1800
3400
2000-3220
1000-1200
2090
3400
2000-3220
800-1200
BERNAL & LYNCH
2340-3540 2340-3540
Atelopus lozanoi Osorno-M., Ardila-R. & Ruiz-C., 2001
Atelopus lynchi Cannatella, 1981
1000-1410
800-1410
Atelopus mandingues Osorno-Muoz, Ardila-R. & Ruiz-C., 2001
2580-3050 2580-3050
Atelopus minutulus Ruiz-C., Hernndez-C. & Ardila-R., 1988
1375-1560 1375-1560
Atelopus mittermeieri Acosta-G., Rueda-A., Velsquez-.,

Snchez-P. & Pea P., 2006
2525
Atelopus monohernandezii Ardila-R., Osorno-M. & Ruiz-C.,

2002
2000-2200 2000-2200
Atelopus muisca Rueda-A. & Hoyos, 1992
2800-3350 2800-3350
Atelopus nicefori Rivero, 1963
Atelopus pedimarmoratus Rivero, 1963
Atelopus pictiventris Kattan, 1986
Atelopus quimbaya Ruiz-C. Osorno-M. 1994
1650-2940
1650-2940
Atelopus sernai Ruiz-C.& Osorno-M. 1994
2800-3100
2800-3100
Atelopus simulatus Ruiz-C.& Osorno-M. 1994
2630-3000
2630-3000
Atelopus sonsonensis Vlez-R.& Ruiz-C. 1997
1500
1500
Atelopus subornatus Werner, 1899
1800-2670
2525
1800-2670
2600-3100 2600-3100
2600
2600
2000-3020 2000-3020
Osornophryne antisana (Hoogmoed, 1987)
3400-3450
3400-3450
Osornophryne bufoniformis (Peracca, 1904)
2800-4700
2800-4700
Osornophryne guacamayo Hooogmoed, 1987
2410-2500
2410-2500
2700-3700
2700-3700
2880-3630
2880-3630
Osornophryne percrassa Ruiz-C.& Hernndez-C. 1976
Osornophryne talipes Cannatella, 1986

*Rhaebo glaberrimus Gnther, 1869
1000-1300 300-1300
*Rhaebo haematiticus Cope 1862
1050
75-1050
*Rhaebo hypomelas Boulenger, 1913
1480-1600
60-1600
1350-1470 1350-1470
Rhinella cristinae Velez & Ruiz-C. 2002
*Rhinella granulosa (Spix, 1824)

E
Rhinella lindae Rivero & Castao, 1990
Rhinella macrorhina Trueb, 1971
*Rhinella marina (Linnaeus, 1758)
0-1500
1600-1800
1600-1800
1840-2940
1840-2940
1000-1840 1000-1385 1000-2000 0-2000
Rhinella nicefori (Cochran & Goin, 1970)
2640-2800
2640-2800
Rhinella rostrata (Noble, 1920)
1890-2420
1890-2420
Rhinella ruizi Grant, 2000
2380-3100
2380-3100
Rhinella truebae Lynch & Renjifo, 1990
1840-2420
1840-2420
*Rhinella sternosignata (Gnter, 1858)
1200-1700 1050-1820 400-1820
Family Centrolenidae
E
1700-2200 1700-2200
Centrolene acanthidiocephalum (Ruiz-C. Lynch, (1989)
Centrolene andinum (Rivero, 1968)
1450-2240 1450-2240
1850-2450
1850-2450
Centrolene audax (Lynch & Duellman, 1973)
1900
1900
Centrolene bacatum Wild, 1994
1900
1900
Centrolene antioquiense (Noble, 1920)
Centrolene buckleyi (Boulenger, 1882)
1900-3450 2020-3170 1650-3550 1650-3550
Centrolene geckoideum Jimnez de la Espada, 1872
1940-2430 2000-2450 2000-3024 1940-3024
15
Centrolene grandisonae (Cochran & Goin, 1970)

E
1230-2230 1900-2080
1230-2230
1800-1900
1800-1900
Centrolene guanacarum Ruiz-C.& Lynch, 1995
Centrolene heloderma (Duellman, 1981)

E
Centrolene huilense Ruiz-Carranza & Lynch, 1995
Centrolene hybrida Ruiz-C.& Lynch, 1991
1890-2450
1890-2450
2190
2190
1410-2000 1410-2000
*Centrolene ilex (Savage, 1967)
1030-1060
50-1060
Centrolene lynchi (Duellman, 1980)
1840
1840
Centrolene medemi (Cochran & Goin, 1970)
1150-1750 980-1750
Centrolene notostictum Ruiz-C.& Lynch, 1991
1730-2700 1730-2700
Centrolene paezorum Ruiz-C. Hernndez-C.& Ardila-R. 1986
Centrolene peristictum (Lynch & Duellman, 1973)

E
3030
3030
1780-1820 1970-2080
1970-2080
1180-2020 1180-2020
Centrolene petrophilum Ruiz-C.& Lynch, 1991
*Centrolene prosoblepon (Boettger, 1892)
1030-1960 1240-1616 1760
80-1960
Centrolene quindianum Ruiz-C.& Lynch, 1995
1400-2060 1900-2050
1400-2060
Centrolene robledoi Ruiz-C.& Lynch, 1995
1940-2050 2000-2800
1940-2800
2190
Centrolene sanchezi Ruiz-C. & Lynch, 1991
Centrolene scirtetes (Duellman & Burrowes, 1989)
1900
2190
1900
Cochranella adiazeta Ruiz-C. & Lynch, 1991
1120-2060 1120-2060
Cochranella daidalea Ruiz-C. & Lynch, 1991
1630-2060 1630-2060
*Cochranella euknemos (Savage & Starrett, 1967).
1030-1940
100-1940
*Cochranella flavopunctata (Lynch & Duellman, 1973)

E
Cochranella megistra (Rivero, 1985)
1000-1650 70-1650
1700-2100
*Cochranella punctulata Ruiz-C. & Lynch, 1995

Cochranella savagei Ruiz-C. & Lynch, 1991
E
1100
1230-2050
1410
1030-1060
1410
100-1060
1100-1650
Cochranella susatamai Ruiz.C. & Lynch, 1995
Cochranella xanthocheridia Ruiz-C. & Lynch, 1995.
620-1100
1230-1800 1400-2050
Cochranella solitaria Ruiz-C. & Lynch, 1991
*Cochranella spinosa (Taylor, 1949)

E
1700-2100
1700-2060
450-1650
800-2060
*Hyalinobatrachium aureoguttatum (Barrera-R. & Ruiz-C., 1989) 1030-1780
45-1780
*Hyalinobatrachium colymbiphyllum (Taylor, 1949)
100-1880
1380-1880 1350-1650
1600-1750 1600-1750
Hyalinobatrachium esmeralda Ruiz-C. & Lynch, 1998
*Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni (Boettger, 1893)

E
Hyalinobatrachium ibama Ruiz-C. & Lynch, 1998
Nymphargus armatus Lynch & Ruiz-C., 1996
1100
60-1100
1660-2050 1660-2050
2140-2160
2140-2160
Nymphargus chami Ruiz-C. & Lynch, 1995.
1030-1280
800-1280
Nymphargus cristinae Ruiz-C. & Lynch, 1995
1480-2490
1480-2490
Nymphargus garciae Ruiz-C. & Lynch, 1995
Nymphargus griffithsi Goin, 1961.
1940-2600
1940-2600
1000-2430 1900-2450
420-2450
Nymphargus ignotus (Lynch, 1990)
1280-2000
1280-2000
Nymphargus luminosus Ruiz-C. & Lynch, 1995
1140-1430
1140-1430
Nymphargus luteopunctatus Ruiz-Carranza & Lynch, 1996
1200-1500
1200-1500
E
E
E
E
Nymphargus nephelophila Ruiz-Carranza & Lynch, 1991
1660-2190 1660-2190
BERNAL & LYNCH
Nymphargus oreonympha Ruiz-Carranza & Lynch, 1991
Nymphargus posadae Ruiz-C. & Lynch, 1995
Nymphargus prasinus (Duellman, 1981)

E
1940-2800
1940-2800
1180-1510
900-1510
1430-2450
Nymphargus rosada Ruiz-C. & Lynch, 1997
Nymphargus ruizi Lynch, 1993

E
2040-2380 2040-2380
1430-2450
2190-2850
Nymphargus spilotus Ruiz-C. & Lynch, 1997
2190-2850
1850-1950
1850-1950
2020
700-2020
Family Dendrobatidae
E
Ameerega andina Myers and Burrowes 1987
Colostethus agilis Lynch & Ruiz-C, 1985
1280-2600
1280-2600
1400
1400
Colostethus alacris Rivero & Granados-D., 1990
Colostethus brachistriatus Rivero & Serna, 1986
1500
1500
1300-2300
1300-2300
Colostethus fraterdanieli Silverstone, 1971
1550-2750 1800-2600
650-2750
1500
1500
2500-2610 2100-2610
2100-2610
Colostethus dysprosium Rivero & Serna, 2000

Colostethus furviventris Rivero & Serna 1991
Colostethus mertensi (Cochra & Goin, 1964)

*Colostethus pratti (Boulenger, 1899)
1600
110-1600
1300-1400
1300-1400
Colostethus ramirezi Rivero & Serna, 1995
Colostethus thorntoni (Cochran & Goin, 1970)
1480-2500
1480-2500
Colostethus ucumari Grant, 2007
2100-2500
2100-2500
Colostethus yaguara Rivero & Serna, 1991
1575
1575
*Dendrobates truncatus (Cope, 1861)

Hyloxalus abditaurantius (Silverstone, 1975)
E
1000-1200 1600
1280-2060 1850-2110
1280-2110
1000-1500
1000-1500
1700-1800 1950-2265
1700-2265
Hyloxalus borjai Rivero & Serna, 1995
Hyloxalus breviquartus Rivero & Serna, 1986

E
Hyloxalus edwardsi Lynch, 1982
Hyloxalus fascianigrus Grant & Castro-H., 1998
3070-3250 3070-3250
1470-1960
1470-1960
Hyloxalus lehmanni Silverstone, 1971

E
350-1600
2060
Hyloxalus pinguis Rivero & Granados-Daz
2060
2995
2995
Hyloxalus pulchellus (Jimenez de la Espada, 1875)
2000
2000
Hyloxalus ramosi (Silverstone, 1971)
1240
1240
Hyloxalus ruizi Lynch, 1982
2410-2640 2410-2640
Hyloxalus saltuarius Grant & Ardila-R., 2002
1200-1600 1200-1600
Hyloxalus subpunctatus (Cope, 1899)
1750-4020 1750-4020
Hyloxalus vergeli (Hellmich, 1940)
1200-2100 1200-2100
*Oophaga lehmanni Myers & Daly, 1976.
1200
680-1200
*Phyllobates bicolor Dumril & Bibron, 1841.
1040-1580
50-1580
Ranitomeya bombetes Myers & Daly, 1980
1580-2270 1900-2050
1580-2270
Ranitomeya daleswansoni Rueda-A., Rada, Snchez-P.,

Velsquez-A. & Quevedo, 2006.
1800-2000
1800-2000
1780
1780
Ranitomeya dorisswansonae Rueda-A., Rada, Snchez-P.,

Velsquez-A. & Quevedo, 2006
Ranitomeya opisthomelas Boulenger, 1899

E
Ranitomeya tolimense Bernal, Luna, Gallego & Quevedo, 2007
1000-2200 1500-2640
1810
1000-2640
1810
17
Ranitomeya virolinensis Ruiz-C., & Ramirez-P., 1992)
Silverstoneia erasmios Rivero & Serna 2000
*Silverstoneia nubicola (Dunn, 1924)
1100-2200 1100-2200
1500-2000
1500-2000
1540-1950
80-1950
Family Hemiphractidae
Cryptobatrachus fuhrmanni (Peracca, 1914)
E
1020-1675 1100-1680 900-1680

1500
Cryptobatrachus nicefori Cochran & Goin, 1970
Flectonotus pygmaeus (Boettger, 1893)
1140-1500 735-1500
Gastrotheca andaquiensis Ruiz-C., & Hernndez-C., 1976

E
Gastrotheca antomia Ruiz-Carranza, Ardila-R., Lynch, &

Restrepo, 1997
520-1500
2000
1140-2250
1350-2000 1350-2000
1140-2250
Gastrotheca argenteovirens (Boettger, 1892)
1650-3050
1650-3050
Gastrotheca aureomaculata Cochran & Goin 1970
2000-2600
2000-2600
Gastrotheca bufona Cochran & Goin, 1970
1430-1990 1990-2200
1430-2200
Gastrotheca dendronastes Duellman, 1983
1050-2090
1050-2090
Gastrotheca dunni Lutz, 1977
Gastrotheca espeletia Duellman & Hillis, 1987

Gastrotheca guentheri (Boulenger, 1882)
2100-2720
2100-2720
2530-3450
2530-3450
1200-2010
400-2010
Gastrotheca helenae Dunn, 1944

Gastrotheca nicefori Gaige, 1933
2300-3250 2300-3250
1410-2200 1950-2500 1500-2450 400-1500
Gastrotheca orophylax Duellman & Pyles, 1980
2600-2900
2600-2900
Gastrotheca ruizi Duellman & Burrowes, 1986
2250
2250
Gastrotheca trachyceps Duellman, 1987
2170-2540
2170-2540
Gastrotheca weinlandii (Steindachner, 1892)
1100-2370 1100-2370
Hemiphractus bubalus (Jimnez de la Espada, 1871)
1370-1655 300-1655
Hemiphractus fasciatus Peters, 1862
1430-1600 1600
Hemiphractus johnsoni (Noble, 1917)
2000
300-1600
1350-1660 1350-1660
Family Hylidae
*Dendropsophus bokermanni Goin 1960
*Dendropsophus columbianus (Boettger, 1892)
1370-1900 200-1900
1100-2350 1950-2100
950-2350
*Dendropsophus ebraccatus Cope, 1874
1620-1720 500-1720
Dendropsophus garagoensis Kaplan, 1991
2000-2570 2000-2570
Dendropsophus labialis Peters, 1863
1600-3650 1600-3650
*Dendropsophus microcephalus Cope, 1886

E
1200
1900-2060 1900-2060
Dendropsophus padreluna Kaplan & Ruiz-C., 1997
Dendropsophus pelidna Duellman, 1989

E
Dendropsophus praestans Duellman & Trueb, 1983
Dendropsophus stingi Kaplan, 1994
*Dendropsophus subocularis Dunn 1934

E
2200-3000 2200-3000
1750-2250
1520
805-1520
1600-2400 1600-2400
Dendropsophus virolinensis Kaplan & Ruiz-C., 1997

Hylomantis danieli Ruiz-C., Hernndez-C., & Rueda-A., 1988
Hyloscirtus alytolylax Duellman, 1972

Hyloscirtus bogotensis (Peters, 1882)
1750-2250
1400-2020 1400-2020
Hylomantis buckleyi Boulenger, 1882

E
0-1200
1370-2000 500-2000
1640-1900
1640-1900
1700-2050 1600-1980
500-2050
1980-2810 1750-3600 1750-3600
BERNAL & LYNCH
Hyloscirstus callipeza Duellman, 1989
Hyloscirtus caucanus Ardila-R., Ruiz-C. & Roa, 1993
Hyloscirtus colymba Dunn, 1931

E
1050-3000 1050-3000
2400-2700
1400-2250
1400-2250
1800-2400 1800-2400
Hyloscirtus denticulentus Duellman, 1972
Hyloscirtus larinopygion Duellman, 1973
2140-2600 1950-3100
Hyloscirtus lascinius Rivero, 1970
2180-2660 2190-2450 2180-2660

2540-3850 2540-3850
Hyloscirtus lynchi Ruiz-C., & Ardila-R., 1991
*Hyloscirtus palmeri Boulenger, 1908.
1950-3100
1730-1960 1730-1960
Hyloscirtus lindae Duellman & Altig, 1978

E
2400-2700
1030-1520 1010-2080
100-2080
Hyloscirtus pantostictus Duellman and Berger, 1982
2700
2700
Hyloscirtus phyllognathus Melin, 1941
1440-2190
600-2190
1750-2800 1750-2800
Hyloscirtus piceigularis Ruiz-C., & Lynch, 1982
Hyloscirtus platydactylus Boulenger, 1905
1040-2550 1040-2550
Hyloscirtus psarolaimus Duellman and Hills, 1990
1950-2640
1950-2640
Hyloscirtus sarampiona Ruiz-C., & Lynch, 1982
2190
2190
Hyloscirtus simmonsi Duellman, 1989
1100-2000
1100-2000
Hyloscirtus torrenticola Duellman & Altig, 1978
1440
1230-1750 740-1750
*Hypsiboas crepitans Wied- Neuwied, 1824
1000-1940 1100-2100 0-2100
*Hypsiboas lanciformis Cope, 1871
1600-1650 100-1650
*Osteocephalus buckleyi (Boulenger, 1882)
1660
Osteocephalus carri (Cochran & Goin, 1970)
1000-1600 700-1600
Osteocephalus verruciger (Werner, 1901)
1150-2000 1150-2000
Phyllomedusa perinesos Duellman, 1973
1390
300-1660
1390
Phyllomedusa venusta (Duellman & Trueb, 1967)
1250
130-1250
*Scinax ruber (Laurenti, 1768)
1200
0-1200
*Scinax x-signatus (Spix, 1824)

*Smilisca phaeota (Cope, 1862)
1470-1780 40-1780
1000-1430 1010-1560
0-1560
Family Leptodactylidae
*Leptodactylus colombiensis Heyer, 1994
1800
1200-1870 1130-2800 180-2800
*Leptodactylus fragilis (Brocchi, 1877)
1200
0-1200
*Leptodactylus fuscus (Schneider, 1799)
1200
1000-1300 0-1300
*Leptodactylus savagei Heyer, 2005
1250
0-1250
*Leptodactylus ventrimaculatus Boulenger, 1902
1200
50-1200
Family Microhylidae
Nelsonophryne aterrima (Gnther, 1901)
1060-1530
1140-1630 300-1630
1260-1430 1240
1304-1650 0-1650
Family Ranidae
*Lithobates vaillanti Brocchi, 1877
19
Appendix 2
ICN numbers and particular references for specimens referred. ICN: Instituto de Ciencias Naturales de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia
Familia Aromobatidae. Allobates picachos: 42617-62; 42824-7. Anomaloglossus atopoglossus: Acosta (2000). Rheobates palmatus: 669-700; 922-5; 928-9; 1262, 82; 1284-8; 1347-52; 1453-8; 1460-8; 1470-88; 1908-12; 1945-8;
2027; 3244-6; 3552-3, 3559; 4015; 4071-2; 4094; 4100; 42124,6; 4262-5; 4350,56; 4373; 4404; 4410-5; 4428, 30,
4432-3; 4585-7; 4604-28; 4645; 5025-7; 5162-4; 5436-8, 5440; 5442-5; 6082-6111; 6165; 8533-44; 8629-30, 86834; 8688-90; 8719,25; 14368; 15073-84; 18258; 18362-3; 19549; 20693; 21906-15; 22458-9; 23311-3; 33132-6;
33260; 33469-70; 34934-45; 35450; 35478-90; 35531; 36573; 40721; 42499-502; 42505-11; 42574-5; 42587-9;
43072-86; 43216-9; 43945-6; 43958-64; 44474-85; 44496-540; 44587-9; 44605-6; 45082-3; 45580, 2; 45707.
Familia Brachycephalidae. Atopophrynus syntomopus: 8611-8613. Craugastor fitzingeri: 19240-51. Craugastor longirostris: 31752; 32063; 37012; 38986-39000. Craugastor opimus: Savage and Myers (2002). Craugastor raniformis:
17725, 9; 30474-92; 30852; 32565-84: 39392. Hypodactylus adercus: 47772. Hypodactylus babax: 13592; 16591-7;
20713; 25965; 30864-5; 41289. Hypodactylus dolops: 23649-53; 23810-2; 23814-7; 24452-3. Hypodactylus elassodiscus: 49666-7; Ruiz et al. (1996). Hypodactylus latens: 775, 785-6; 6346; 8610; 39761. Hypodactylus mantipus:
4945-6; 28637-8; 30331-3; 31748; 33347-53; 9161-73; 15579-80; 23670; 24605-22; 28637-8; 29486-7; 34991;
41479-86. Phrynopus adenobrachius: 650; 773; 776, 789-94; 780-1, 784, 788, 796, 1856; 1861-2; 1866-7; 3207,
3209-10; 3494; 6215, 6216-7; 6220-1; 6223-4; 6237; 18605-8; 18610; 18612, 18614; 18621; 20806; 26540-1.
Phrynopus columbianus: Ruiz et al. (1996). Phrynopus nanus: 5269; 12503-4; 15096-140; 21188-91; 34316;
42725-6. Pristimantis acatallelus: 2254; 7815-27; 16571; 16742-9; 18815-8; 18999-19005; 19063-69; 20216-24;
25696-757; 25984-26010; 28976-91; 30337-44; 30515-8; 30681; 30760-1; 31294-5; 31659; 31667; 31674-6;
32050-1, 56-57; 42790-1. Pristimantis achatinus: 1352; 17726, 28; 19307; 27582; 28027-31; 30316; 30452; 30589;
30682-5; 30853-4; 31788; 33122; 47117-8; 36839-78. Pristimantis actinolaimus: 32287; 32295; 39941-68. Pristimantis acutirostris: 4355; 4379-80; 4497, 98; 5169; 5490; 11281; 12373-74. Pristimantis aemulatus: 19375-81.
Pristimantis affinis: 7105-08; 14055-093; 22348-50; 26214; 32333-6. Pristimantis alalocophus: 25441-531, 549;
29673-705; 33768-879, 881-885, 906; 37939-44. Pristimantis angustilineatus: 14104; 29247-63; 29275, 77-86;
30298-9; 30301-2; 30554-66; 31296-304; 39598-617. Pristimantis anolirex: 10448-53; 10484-9; 10491-2; 10495-6;
10504-5; 11374-11383; 11385-6; 11387-8; 15229-42; 15434-61,3; 15469-511; 26212; 33505-20; 33522-4. Pristimantis anthrax: 41697. Pristimantis apiculatus: Lynch (1998); Ruiz et al. (1996). Pristimantis appendiculatus:
Lynch (1998); Ruiz et al. (1996). Pristimantis aurantigutattus: 16651-3; 16737-40; 16783, 94; 18869-70; 19363-5;
19366-74, 89; 39158-9. Pristimantis bacchus: 4378; 4403; 5166; 5406-7; 5450; 5523; 5541; 6174-83; 6185-6;
6188-9; 12389-97; 22478; 33137-9; 33148-66; 34231-2. Pristimantis baiotis: 16781-2; 19173-4, 6. Pristimantis
batrachites: 47887-92. Pristimantis bellona: 14118; 16330-47; 16580-6; 19213-8. Pristimantis bernali: 4844-48;
10013-14. Pristimantis bicolor: 1160; 4631; 5191; 5300; 5404; 5452; 6190-1; 6196-6210; 6213; 8622-6; 12375-87;
14456-81; 22479; 26321-2; 26543; 33167; 42753. Pristimantis bogotensis: 255, 263; 802-11; 813-5; 819-23; 82695; 1026; 1029-30; 1102-3; 1115-24; 1413; 1849; 1850,2; 1886; 2494-7; 2781-92; 4824-6; 4857-78; 4897-4909;
4911-7; 8723; 10877-900; 10902-17; 10921-66; 11037-42; 18219; 18391-410; 22418-39; 22487; 23325-7; 24443-6;
38917; 42059. Pristimantis boulengeri: 25932,35; 3266, 70, 71; 6429-37; 6439-44; 6452-65; 6467, 70-75; 6477-79;
6481-83, 86-89, 91, 93, 95, 96; 6501, 04-07, 16-18, 20-22, 24, 26-28, 44-51, 54, 62, 98, 99; 6604-06, 08-13; 15-30,
32-36, 38-49; 6764; 6789-6801; 6803-14, 16-21, 23-36, 38, 47, 51, 55, 57-73; 7060, 65; 7277; 7948-8030; 8794;
10024-51; 11527-630; 22770-83,85; 23577-98, 669; 24940-70; 25793, 883, 893; 26006, 121, 122; 28629-31, 35-6;
33907; 34030-82; 35317-21; 36066-76; 37999; 38954-55; 39382-85; 40178-9; 41663, 815, 854-5; 41966-83;
42016-25. Pristimantis brevifrons: 5212-29; 8172-3; 12493-4; 16784-93; 16799-805; 16819-56; 18762-3, 8; 1915669; 19170-83; 21575; 25856-7; 25915-20; 28517-27; 28531-533; 28091-6; 28517-27; 28531-3; 29264-74; 31291-3;
32071; 33330; 35906-9; 39059-61; 42816. Pristimantis buckleyi: 1549-55; 33428-30; 1539; 2082-84, 86, 88, 90, 9297; 2498-9; 2502, 4, 76, 99; 6511, 66-7, 71, 73-4, 76; 6650-53, 55-58, 60-76; 6678-6702; 6704-07; 6881-83, 94-6,
98-9; 6909, 10-12; 7690-7741; 11394-406, 11823; 12321-2; 12334, 40, 43-4; 12348-50, 52; 12355; 21737-876,
21877-91; 21996-7; 22000-10; 24341-4, 24371, 73-78, 80; 24433, 47-48; 24462-64; 33428-30; 36822-4; 41780812; 41889-93; 7690-7741. Pristimantis cabrerai: 16555-7; 19236-38; 16735-6. Pristimantis cacao: 25795-8. Pristimantis calcaratus: 25795-8; 29066-90; 29293-311; 33394; 33360-2; 35846; 38934-5. Pristimantis capitonis:
8124-45; 25860; 25938-40; 26008. Pristimantis caprifer: 38866-71; 38938-39. Pristimantis carranguerorum: 512830; 5132-45; 5345-9; 5351-63; 5601-03; 7166-71; 9402-37; 9439-68, 9470-1; 44953-7; 44966; 44970; 44975, 77,
81, 83, 44985-6, 44989-90; 44995; 45002,5; 45014-15, 45024. Pristimanis carlossanchezi: 33502. Pristimantis carranguerorum: 5128-30; 5132-45; 5345-9; 5351-63; 5601-03; 7166-71; 9402-37; 9439-68, 9470-1; 44953-7; 44966;
44970; 44975,77,81,83, 44985-6, 44989-90; 44995; 45002,5; 45014-15, 45024. Pristimantis caryophyllaceus:
Lynch (1998). Pristimantis celator: Lynch (1998); Ruiz et al. (1996). Pristimantis chalceus: 17027; 14294-5;
BERNAL & LYNCH
16604-29; 19184-91; 20714-7; 28334-6; 28073-82; 30493; 31773-8; 32339; 32781-3; 37281-3; 12411-7. Pristimantis chloronotus: 26291-2; Ruiz et al. (1996). Pristimantis chrysops: 38834; 36900. Pristimantis colomai: 36809-12.
Pristimantis colonensis: 26112; 49792-49805; Pristimantis cuentasi: 46187-9. Pristimantis curtipes: 22075- 77, 79;
22154, 180. Pristimantis degener: 36808. Pristimantis deinops: 29369-70; 36917-9; 38936-7. Pristimantis diaphonus: 13352; 38886-94. Pristimantis diogenes: 29371-2; 32705-14. Pristimantis dorsopictus: 1175-6; 9249-57;
18745-54; 36532-37. Pristimantis douglasi: 15261-5, 15404-33; 15462; 15464-8, 15512-56. Pristimantis duellmani: 8204-5; 25872; Lynch (1998). Pristimantis duende: 43855-72; 43873-76; 43878-88; 43893-98. Pristimantis
elegans: 1024-5; 1027-8; 1394; 1452; 2493; 2632; 4057; 4254; 4823; 4879; 4910; 4918; 4959; 5741-4; 8681-2;
8686; 8722; 11870; 14796-7; 26542; 33226; 34283; 35562-3; 35566; 40269; 40766; 41227; 41465. Pristimantis
epacrus: 23654-7; 22088-172; 24115; 24121,3; 23654-5; 24094-5; 24097-8; 24101-2, 5; 24110; 23656-7; 24122-32;
2413 4-9; 24147, 9; 24152-4; 24162-4; 24166; 24169; 24427-30; 24465-6. Pristimantis eremitus: Lynch (1998);
Ruiz et al. (1996). Pristimantis eriphus: 26112; 47817-10; 49668-73; 49698-9; 49680-97. Pristimantis erythropleura: 1214, 20, 24, 26; 3240-42; 3496; 5241; 13351; 14112-7; 14305-10; 14789-95; 16407-14; 16416-9; 164214; 16426-33; 16497-545; 16547-8; 16550-3; 16916-64; 17085-124; 18287-89; 19252-97; 19859-86; 19840-58;
19887-927; 19928-20004; 20384; 20718-26; 20735; 21567-8; 21584; 27492-500; 28135-28200; 28234-28282,4,68; 28290; 28292-324; 28326-9; 29091-246; 29275; 31560-614; 30267; 30271-84; 30286-92; 30297; 30456-7;
30834-7; 31680; 31192-225; 31870-928; 33123; 33017-112; 35848-60; 38872; 38895; 39069-85; 41615-48;
42806,14; 43669-70; 5241; 9124-55; 15585-7; 20665-6; 21590-606, 20614-25; 23671-8; 24721-854; 27492-6;
27498-500; 28626-8; 28642-8; 29091-156; 291578-79; 29157-246, 275, 3, 33711-717. Pristimantis factiosus:
40030-160; 41474-78. Pristimantis fallax: 40792-797; 42420-21; 49796-7. Pristimantis fetosus: 32296-8; 4000340029. Pristimantis frater: 5040-44; 5050; 5075-79; 5115-7; 7172-3; 9875-80; 21231-4; 39479-82; 39488-9; 395478; 40937-8; 40974. Pristimantis gaigeae: 2608; 5015; 8294. Pristimantis gladiator: 26113; 49700-3. Pristimantis
grandiceps: 12481-9; 29924; 33446. Pristimantis gularis: 19303-6; 45161. Pristimantis hectus: 25890; Lynch
(1998); Ruiz et al. (1996). Pristimantis helvolus: 41664-9. Pristimantis hernandezi: 7489; 7848-61. Pristimantis
illotus: 38947. Pristimantis ixalus: 47886. Pristimantis jaimei: 20739-46; 32818; 32851-54. Pristimantis johannesdei: 19209-12; 30927; 32343-4. Pristimantis jorgevelosai: 15283-15403. Pristimantis juanchoi: 30345; 35063-84.
Pristimantis jubatus: 52478-82. Pristimantis kelephas: 25931; 25933-36; 39635-6; 39618-74; 42454. Pristimantis
labiosus: 36832. Pristimantis lasalleorum: Lynch (1998). Pristimantis laticlavius: Lynch (1998); Ruiz et al. (1996).
Pristimantis lemur: 40786-91. Pristimantis lentiginosus: 10490, 93-94; 10497-503; 10506; 10508; 15520; 1525960. Pristimantis leoni: 23141-4; 43823; 49704-13. Pristimantis leptolophus: 6492; 6744-63, 65, 69; 6772-88; 6822,
37, 41, 45; 7003-08, 10-13; 7016-22, 24-33; 7035, 56, 61; 7067-75; 7276; 7292; 7295-6, 99; 7797-9; 11485-91;
25695; 25921, 23-926; 41816-40, 41857-63; 41865-7; 41897-98. Pristimantis leucopus: Acosta (2000); Ruiz et al.
(1996). Pristimantis lichenoides: 36546-7; 37171-205. Pristimantis loustes: Lynch (1998); Ruiz et al. (1996). Pristimantis lutitos: 1435; 5192-3; 6214; 33169. Pristimantis lynchi: 960-976; 1932; 1934-5, 7; 4349; 4381-2, 6; 5131;
5369-78; 5487; 5584; 5604-6; 5622-5; 5630-5; 5638-52; 5657, 5697-5700; 5805; 5818; 5820, 8, 5839-40; 5875-6;
5878-5913; 5919-26; 5937; 5939-40; 5953-8; 6261-74; 9438; 9473-80; 23110-32; 31732-3; 33233-4; 33269-71;
33296-314; 33327-8; 35451-64. Pristimantis maculosus: 8591-96; 36541-4, 36566; 37996-98; 38000. Pristimantis
mars: 30335-6. Pristimantis medemi: 5037-39,48; 5114; 9897-8; 9906; 21217-20; 21401; 39483-4; 39529-32;
39534-8; 39544; 39573; 398828-9; 40588-605; 40958-61,3; 44935-7; 449839-45. Pristimantis merostictus: 1434;
12466-480; 34233-242. Pristimantis miyatai: 5165; 5448-9; 6184; 8527; 12399; 12490-2; 15266-82; 22476-7;
38738; 39108-20. Pristimantis mnionaetes: 11004-14. Pristimantis molybrignus: 7895-47; 17133; 17138; 25635-9;
25643-54; 25660-3; 25665-69; 25861-7, 71; 25884-9, 92; 25937; 26011-12; 28097-100; 31750; 31976; 30855, 69;
30872; 32054-5; 32654-7. Pristimantis myersi: 2503; 6484; 6500; 6677; 6743; 8196-203; 11349-51; 12201-4;
12311-314; 24337-40; 25908-10; 26101; 33200-04. Pristimantis myops: 29326; 29331-8; 29342; 39684-717. Pristimantis nervicus: 11869; 11871-2; 26948-9; 32313-32; 40767-71; 41228; 41448-64. Pristimantis nicefori: 2614-6;
3579-3610; 4054; 5819, 21, 23; 5830-2; 5844-5; 5927-36; 5938; 5952; 5959-74; 6280-7; 9713; 10253-79; 11369,
11389; 20807-11; 20821-76; 20878-82, 20884-909; 20911-3; 20915-29; 20931-21087; 21090-146; 22260-346;
22383-5; 22409-16; 31698. Pristimantis obmutescens: 2085, 7, 9; 6570; 6654; 6880, 84-93; 6897; 6900-8; 6911, 134; 8161-71; 11308-21; 23145-51; 5891, 907; 26001; 41902-37. Pristimantis ocellatus: 32857-63; Lynch (1998);
Ruiz et al. (1996). Pristimantis orpacobates: 16472-96; 16630-34, 36-9; 16641-50; 16814; 17144; 17174, 94;
20244-82; 21582; 27501; 28083-90; 28339-85; 29028-41; 30838-46; 30857-60-8; 32062; 33354-9; 35705, 35905;
38835; 38896-8. Pristimantis padrecarlosi: 50072-86. Pristimantis paisa: 1178; 10001-2; 9992-8; 38280; 39566-7;
43814-5. Pristimantis palmeri: 25657-9, 64, 70; 25689-93; 25813, 25; 28018, 23; 28515-6; 28528, 30; 29347-53;
30285; 30348-53; 30531; 31258; 31271; 31677; 31781-7; 31856-63; 31275-8; 31286; 32880-90; 34994-6; 35833;
35866-77; 369724; 39062-6; 41611-4; 41684-5; 9178-9181; 21573-4; 21648-655; 24680-717; 28516-7; 28528, 30;
28534-44; 34992-96. Pristimantis parectatus: 9247; 10001; 41687-695. Prystimantis parvillus: 36825-31; 37011,
13; 43822. Pristimantis penelopus: 15765; 42396; 42422-5; 42456-461. Pristimantis peraticus: 22489, 490; 4077285. Pristimantis permixtus: 635-640; 642-53; 760-5; 771, 74; 945, 8; 952; 1162, 64, 66; 2024, 26; 2581-92, 94-5;
3187-96; 3256-60, 62-65, 67-69, 72-3; 3491-3; 4113; 4278-81; 4734; 4782-943, 97, 98; 6226-8, 30-35; 6242-48, 50ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION OF ANDEAN ANURANS
21
52; 6353-57; 8793; 8798; 8803; 8812; 8843-4; 8847-8; 8860; 8863; 8866; 8876; 8878; 8880-85; 8887-94; 8896-944;
17127-30; 21607-8; 21676-8; 22491-7; 22784; 22813-32; 23517-547; 25005-40; 25535-6; 28674-736; 28738-744;
28746-60,64-69; 29706-813; 34085-154; 35324-30; 35775; 35910-85; 36120-132; 36548-554; 37982-92; 38281;
38926-29; 38953; 39404-21; 40180-82; 41487-510; 41683. Pristimantis petersi: 24238-9; 8210; 26114-6; 4971425. Pristimantis phalarus: 39675-83. Pristimantis phragmipleuron: 18811; Ruiz et al. (1996). Pristimantis piceus:
4104; 4841; 6236; 8566-7; 18801-4; 18820; 18596; 20412; 22573-5; 25537-47; 25794; 33756-67; 41856; 42010-1.
Pristimantis platychilus: 8206; 16596; 25875; 36901-7. Pristimantis polemistes: 18808-10. Pristimantis polychrus:
16730-4; 19219-35. Pristimantis prolixodiscus: 10102-19; 15157-81; 50087. Pristimantis ptochus: 39772-39827.
Pristimantis pugnax: 22963-23009; 23171-87; 23868-87; 24438-40; 23171-87; 23189-23200. Pristimantis quantus:
39762-71. Pristimantis quinquagesimus: Lynch (1998); Ruiz et al. (1996). Pristimantis racemus: 9034-84. Pristimantis reclusus: 46179-86. Pristimantis renjiforum: 5005-10; 5014; 13757-8. Pristimantis repens: Ruiz et al.
(1996). Pristimantis restrepoi: 16588-94; 17037-8; 18276-7; 18413-6; 2884681; 28283-952; 39048-51; 42792;
42808-15. Pristimantis ruedai: 16463-71; 17157-61; 18962-98; 27514; 28108; 30930-7; 37162-68. Pristimantis
sanguineus: 16635; 16750-6; 16872-5; 16879-83; 17137, 9; 19312-32; 19351-9, 61-2; 31936; 31948-75; 3197732020; 32022-45; 37842, 44-51; 37827-62; 39718-27. Pristimantis satagius: 13722-3. Pristimantis savagei: 29824; 5045-7, 9; 5051-73; 5095-6; 5113; 5118-23; 9881-96; 9899-905; 9907-18; 12900; 20707; 21360-400; 26970-2;
39485-7; 39582-4; 40492-575; 40584; 40902-35; 40962-73; 40975-79; 44946-51; 44958-65; 44971; 449974,6;
44978-80, 2; 44984-88; 44991-3; 44996-45001; 4503-4; 4506-13; 45016-22; 45027-36; 45131-2. Pristimantis
scoloblepharus: 8583-90; 40165-68. Pristimantis scolodiscus: Lynch (1998); Ruiz et al. (1996). Pristimantis scopaeus: 22789-90; 22792; 22834; 40184-5. Pristimantis signifer: 20047-78. Pristimantis silverstonei: 29042-63;
29373; 29637-8; 36908-16; 42793-803. Pristimantis simoteriscus: 21978-90; 22791; 22833, 35-48; 29670-1; 35125.
Pristimantis simoterus: 757, 759, 766-70, 772; 4960; 6249; 9672; 18821-5; 18840; 32421-2. Pristimantis siopelus:
Lynch (1998); Ruiz et al. (1996). Pristimantis spilogaster: 5411,3; 5453-4; 8528-31; 12420-54. Pristimantis suetus:
10002; 41698-749. Pristimantis sulculus: Lynch (1998); Ruiz et al. (1996). Pristimantis supernatis: 6427-8; 6451;
6480, 85, 94; 6510, 12-3; 6607; 6839-40, 42-44; 6984; 8031-8109; 8381; 8799-802; 8804-11; 8813-42, 45, 49-59;
8861-2, 64-5; 8867-75; 8877, 79, 86, 95; 11322-9; 12799-800; 23201-241; 23575-6; 32716-50; 33689-96; 36560-1;
41894-96 ; 49729-32. Pristimantis susaguae: 47712-714. Pristimantis taciturnus: 6523; 8207-09; 11689-702;
25914, 22. Pristimantis taeniatus: 30347; 30847-9; 31290; 32067; 43323-4; 3551; 4115; 38269-72; 42397-408.
Pristimantis tamsitti: 22948-51; 23632-41; 23818-58; 24441-2. Pristimantis thectopternus: 22488; 35841-2; 361178; 28105-7; 30315; 41602-9; 28338; 38950; 3233; 5240, 5295-9; 9156-60; 14337; 15588-93; 15615-18; 21656-58;
23684-702; 23704; 24498-531; 24603; 26720; 28489, 95; 28641; 28644-48; 29488-508; 35841-2; 36117-8. Pristimantis thymelensis: 26349; 49733; Ruiz et al. (1996). Pristimantis torrenticola: 36557-8; 39969-99; 40001-02.
Pristimantis tribulosus: 36559; 37169-70. Pristimantis tubernasus: 10483. Pristimantis uisae: 47882-5. Pristimantis unistrigatus: 1325-29; 2500; 4805-11; 36813-821; 43824; 47817-81. Pristimantis uranobates: 641; 2593, 6;
3261, 74; 6229; 6253-4; 8568-82; 14424-31; 22705-69; 22786-88; 22793-812; 23573-4; 28529; 28546; 28762-3;
35128-44; 35323; 35986-36065; 36088-110; 36565-9, 35572; 37945-57; 37960-81; 38956; 39554-60; 47817-81.
Pristimantis veletis: 37206-21. Pristimantis vicarius: 6438; 6514; 6600-3; 6703; 6716-27; 6729-38; 6770-1; 6802;
6875; 7059; 7278-91, 93-4, 97-8, 7300-3; 7742-88, 7890-4; 11413-49; 12190-8; 25855; 26005; 41813-4; 41853;
41864. Pristimantis viejas: 42980-2; 42987-90; 42992; 42998-9; 42412; 42426-46. Pristimantis viridicans: 4780;
7800-13; 25800-8; 25894-5. Pristimantis viridis: 16554; 37158-61; 19419-24; 30938-52; 37958-9. Pristimantis wnigrum: 14292-302; 16312-20, 23; 16326-8; 16449-60; 16434-62; 17134-6; 17140-1; 17667-73; 18885; 18887-937;
20727-33; 27490-1; 27501-13; 27925-28014; 28991-29020; 30238-42; 30303-14; 30317-30; 30494-502; 30590600; 30602-80; 30752-58; 30870-1; 30873; 30238-42; 3033-14; 30317-30; 30494-502; 31226-56; 32751-80; 4126368, 4351-2, 4387; 6187; 12398, 22849-66; 23859-64; 24426; 33251-2; 1872; 2022; 2079-80; 2501; 2526-29, 253158; 2560-75; 3197-99; 3403-05; 3490; 4129; 4800, 4849; 5232-9; 5489; 6347-52; 6468; 6552-3; 6558, 61, 68, 72;
6948-79; 7096-101; 8110-123; 8276; 8945-9033; 9680; 9693; 1352-64; 12797-8; 14296-7; 14301-2; 15581-4;
15623-4; 17125-6; 17156; 17651-66; 17699-724; 21610; 21626-34; 22067-9; 22073-4, 22576-90; 23152-168;
23727-46; 24532-56; 24559-602; 25911;28470-488; 28490-4, 28639; 29587-626; 29631-6; 34435-6; 35322; 36119;
36545; 38273-4; 40172-75; 41757-79; 42014, 43644-46; 49737-809. Pristimantis xeniolum: 43877; 43981. Pristimantis xestus: 32337. Pristimantis xylochobates: 28963-75. Pristimantis zoilae: 49751-59; 49761-3; 49766-70;
49772-75; 49778-80, 82-83; 49785-88 Pristimantis zophus: 1179; 1208-13; 1215-19; 18591-3; 20141-200; 4167082. Strabomantis anatipes: 12113; 32668-90; 32701-4; 12113. Strabomantis bufoniformis: 17049-53; 30510; 3176652. Strabomantis cadenai: Ruiz et al. (1996). Strabomantis cerastes: 14096; 14103; 16601-3; 19205-6; 19208;
29064-5; 30513-4; 33016; 37821-6. Strabomantis cheiroplethus: 16300-11; 16599; 18012-37. Strabomantis cornutus: 24240-1. Strabomantis ingeri: 2507; 4662; 6167-73; 7380; 10507; 10509-10; 12419; 13570; 13753; 32399;
33168. Strabomantis necopinus: 24604; 37573-614. Strabomantis ruizi: 4933; 4961-2; 13967-9; 21566; 35086-9.
Strabomantis zygodactylus: 30521-30.
Familia Bufonidae. Andinophryne atelopoides: 06373. Atelopus angelito: 33407-8; 33410-5. Atelopus carauta: 03180;
03184; 13099; 16262-16269. Atelopus chocoensis: 28818-19. Atelopus ebenoides: 299; 339-61; 1257; 1270-1;
BERNAL & LYNCH
1298; 1411-2; 1415-6; 1418-9; 1926-31; 5571-81; 5712; 18292-4; 33205; 33232; 33272-94; 33315-20; 33329;
34215; 38919-20; 393-409; 1198; 1535; 1540-1; 1560; 2425; 2620-27; 4717; 20010; 31765. Atelopus eusebianus:
12272-302; 20010; 32946-33012,15; 33128; 33208. Atelopus famelicus: 32897-32922; 34210. Atelopus farci:
14482-533; 32506. Atelopus galactogaster: 47894-97. Atelopus guitarraensis: 23348-51; 32432-3; 32530. Atelopus
ignescens: 376-7; 451-8; 460-8; 470; 474-80; 482-95; 1129-30; 1251; 1376-9; 1590-4; 1703-15; 3524-9; 3611-32;
3634-5; 3639-53; 4144-52; 12807-8; 26326-48; 31458. Atelopus lozanoi: 378-392; 1125-6; 1254-5; 1296-7; 12991301; 1387; 1409-10; 1414,20; 13096-7; 21147-53; 31470-4; 32477-95; 33376-84. Atelopus lynchi: Ruiz et al.
(1996). Atelopus mandingues: 19569; 21155; 22351; 26102; 34285-7; 34716-23; 34959; 45149-50. Atelopus
minutulus: 4851-53; 5028; 13709-721; 7085-93; 9750. Atelopus mittermeieri: 7370-71; 7374-77; 7385; 7387-88;
7790, 96,98; 7400-02; 12747-62; 12765-69; 52993. Atelopus monohernandezii: 5365-6; 5386; 5388; 5420; 5422-6;
5496-7; 5526-8; 5542-5; 5679-80; 5705-6; 5709; 5987; 5989-6004. Atelopus muisca: 8669; 19567; 21154; 21158-9;
31791-9; 32505; 33211; 33594-5; 34295; 34958. Atelopus nicefori: 621-25; 1163-71; 1256; 1269; 1292-93; 130405; 1353-67; 1380-81; 3484-85. Atelopus pedimarmoratus: Acosta (2000). Atelopus pictiventris: Acosta (2000);
Ruiz et al. (1996). Atelopus quimbaya: 4759; 23339-47; 25827-43; 27300-2; 28774; 29819; 32475-76; 3250732528; 35772; 36141-36151; 38001. Atelopus sernai: 4120; 4162; 4166; 4168; 4222; 4235; 4242-3; 4269; 4276-77;
6359; 9868-72; 23703. Atelopus simulatus: 6708-10; 11331-33; 11346-7; 38930; 41899. Atelopus sonsonensis:
37516-33; 37938; 45730. Atelopus subornatus: 2846, 47, 49, 53-72; 3542; 4045,58; 4156-59; 10852, 54, 57; 1279496, 823-27; 18354, 55; 23360, 61; 24434; 28467; 31359, 435, 452; 34275-79; 35422; 8296-99. Osornophryne antisana: 12264. Osornophryne bufoniformis: 362-375; 1597; 1640; 1643; 1647-8; 2091; 2414; 6631; 6637; 6659;
6711-15; 7562-87; 11500-8; 12246-7; 24432; 25896-905; 32927-35; 33375; 33405-6; 41852; 41900-1. Osornophryne guacamayo: 47811; 49834-7. Osornophryne percrassa: 319-41; 1596; 1629; 1639; 1641-2; 1922-25;
2618; 2624-25; 3178-9; 3186; 3206; 3208; 3211-12; 3507; 3515; 4738; 10015-23; 17642-45; 18755-61; 33754.
Osornophryne talipes: 12252-3; 12255; 12262-3. Rhaebo glaberrimus: 21221; 40804-5. Rhaebo haematiticus:
32924-6. Rhaebo hypomelas: 27419; 27421-27; 30025-30; 30365. Rhinella cristinae: 23360; 23662; 26225-30;
26232-40. Rhinella granulosa: Acosta (2000). Rhinella macrorhina: 9831; 13944,46-48; 33720-4; 41558-85.
Rhinella marina: 4491; 5774-5; 12418; 12498; 14370; 22482-3; 26260; 31377-8; 39839; 40806-7; 41206; 42884;
43297-8; 45555; 45698. 269-70; 13250; 20228-30; 20229-230; 28330-1; 30366; 326425-5; 41662; 34465. Rhinella
nicefori: 10063-65; 13949; 41541-57. Rhinella rostrata: Ruiz et al. (1996). Rhinella ruizi: 4114; 4119; 4172-75;
4177; 4241; 4266-68; 4601,3; 8374; 9817-30; 9832-34; 33720-24. Rhinella sternosignata: 4048; 8310; 23316;
26261; 31347; 31364-73; 39140-48; 40808-25; 41204; 42463-98. Rhinella truebae: 14780.
Familia Centrolenidae. Centrolene acanthidiocephalum: 4395-97; 4405-07; 4669; 5183, 87, 88; 5255, 60, 62, 72-90;
5367; 5429,31; 5495; 5704; 6006-12; 7347-8; 8447-58; 9717-20; 11278; 19531-2. Centrolene andinum: 1059-60;
4360; 4582-4; 4632; 4728-9; 4955-7; 5185-6; 5292-3; 5432, 93; 5528; 5535-7,9; 5710; 6013-23; 6275; 7349-50;
8434-45; 10525; 11059; 17861-85; 19737-8; 29908-21; 40413-8. Centrolene antioquiense: 9773; 35194; 36527, 9;
37500-3. Centrolene buckleyi: 18334; 18337-43; 18622-40, 50; 28775-81; 43889-90, 1826-9; 2525; 2752-6; 2761;
3290; 4744-51; 4934-5; 5564-70; 5701-3; 5722-7; 5802-4; 5914-8; 6322; 10231-2; 14910; 17860; 18075; 18205-7;
18337-43; 33495; 6445-50; 6530-42; 6587-97; 6879; 7067-8; 7472-7540; 121829; 18172-76; 26962; 41868-79;
42012-3. Centrolene geckoideum: 16169-70; 28830-36; 28838-45; 31305-08; 41291-95, 4633; 5557-63; 98; 716165; 8693; 24187 8694-8; 12138-41; 18336;29463-4; 31305-8; 36514-16. Centrolene grandisonae: 15952-73;
17269-76; 17280-9719613-25; 19839; 26045, 76; 27712; 27722; 27769-90; 28794-95; 30031-35 30762-88; 31351;
9752-54; 24655; 29466-8; 29470-75. Centrolene guanacarum: 11685-7. Centrolene heloderma: 7443-46; 26060-62;
31103-14; 31115-29; 31130-63. Centrolene huilense: 7454-7; 7461-3. Centrolene hybrida: 5172; 5243; 5257; 5265;
5333-40; 5481; 5599; 5620, 21; 9608-37; 10201-5; 10208-13; 13732; 13735-6; 13733; 17886-907; 18179, 203;
18344-9; 19752; 24197-9; 42846-8. Centrolene ilex: 19196-204. Centrolene lynchi: 30891-4. Centrolene medemi:
17857-9; 20005; 20791; 23642-7; 23898-9; 23902-4. Centrolene notostictum: 4374; 4383-5; 4409; 4770; 5341-43;
5390-95; 5492,94; 5504-21; 5133-4; 5711; 6024-32; 7351-68; 8382-99; 8401-5; 8407-23, 25-32; 12604; 12606-7;
12609-12; 12617-22; 12624; 12626-8; 12631-3; 12639; 12640-44; 14884-5; 14890-9; 14903-4; 14907; 14989;
15029; 17973-18006; 18188; 19572-606; 19753; 29905-7; 33447-66; 34243-4. Centrolene paezorum: 11866. Centrolene peristictum: 15991; 9773; 12114. Centrolene petrophilum: 9564-70; 10192, 6; 17924-35; 19570-1; 1974951. Centrolene prosoblepon: 16002; 16156-68; 19650-68; 19671-81; 19735; 17227-31; 27727-29; 27761-62;
30036-37; 30820-33; 30895-99; 32089, 96, 99; 32661-62; 38865; 38880-83; 41408; 34779-805; 36879-80; 4350311;26300-8. Centrolene quindianum: 27759-60, 9786-9799; 9801-4; 24873-924; 29433-51; 35097-101. Centrolene
robledoi: 16147-55; 41345-62; 9937-68; 9974-85; 17936-7; 17939-41; 17943-61; 17963-66; 17971-2; 28667-68;
35102-5; 38111-17; 38149. Centrolene sanchezi: 24293-5. Centrolene scirtetes: 12149-80. Cochranella adiazeta:
2758-60; 3293; 3554; 3556; 3558; 4361; 4367; 4670, 4673-4; 4718-27; 4958; 5011-3; 17908-23; 43147-8, 43202-3.
Cochranella daidalea: 4958; 5344; 5491; 6036-9; 8459-63; 14911-7; 18008; 33467-8; 33596; 37252. Cochranella
euknemos: 15983-8, 90; 17483-84; 19638-40; 27719-20; 27739-49; 30039; 30369; 30789-96; 30797-812; 31344.
Cochranella flavopunctata: 5030, 83; 9571-2; 9607; 21235-6; 44787-8.Cochranella megistra: 17242-44; 27763-8;
27718; 28796. Cochranella punctulata: 15800; 34745-59; 38095-7; 43512-13. Cochranella savagei: 19837; 21493ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION OF ANDEAN ANURANS
23
4; 33218-20; 33342-3; 33364; 9767-9; 20763; 24925-32; 25969-72; 34271-4; 34926-30. Cochranella solitaria:
24298. Cochranella spinosa: 19430-49. Cochranella susatamai: 34809-14; 38092-4; 43514. Cochranella xanthocheridia: 27757. Hyalinobatrachium aureoguttatum: 4754; 15974-82; 17245-6; 17249, 51, 58-59; 17263-5;
17505-23; 17525-39; 27741-51; 19744-46; 27752; 27747-56; 30153-4; 32110, 16-21; 32123, 25-26, 28;
3888540755-59. Hyalinobatrachium colymbiphyllum: 15992, 94-98; 16000-01; 19561-66; 19685, 87; 19689-711;
30156-76; 30377-9; 30878-90; 32100-04; 32106-09; 32111-15; 34727-44. Hyalinobatrachium esmeralda: 5031-5;
9592-9603; 9638-9; 19607-12; 20708; 21237; 44785. Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni: Ruiz et al. (1996). Hyalinobatrachium ibama: 5173; 5202-6; 5256; 5330; 6033-5; 10215-8; 10219-23; 11081-2; 12601-2; 14886-9; 14927;
40606-19. Nymphargus armatus: 25000; 28037-72; 42807. Nymphargus chami: 19733; 32077-78. Nymphargus
cristinae: 17912-15; 17920; 17922-25; 18643-4; 18646-49; 18651, 19712-15; 19720-25. Nymphargus garciae:
1645-6; 4752-3; 6877-8; 7451-3; 7458-60; 9755-66; 11715-20; 11722-51; 11752-60. Nymphargus griffithsi: 746468; 15904-17; 16003; 1606-86; 16871; 17482; 17486-503; 18335; 19546-47; 19626-34-36; 19726-30; 19838;
26013-30; 28784-95; 29427-8; 30096-107; 30108-52; 30370-76; 30814-18; 31313-19; 31320-43, 9920-23; 2493339; 29476, 78, 80-1; 36526, 30; 38125-46. Nymphargus ignotus: 14749-77; 15859-67; 15871-8; 15880-7; 15889-96;
15898-903; 18007; 19641-4; 21496-533; 30040-8; 30050-3; 30055-95; 30367-8; 30567-68; 30570-6; 32095; 3323848; 33333; 36969. Nymphargus luminosus: 15918-29; 15931-36; 19731-32. Nymphargus luteopunctatus: 20747;
Ruiz et al. (1996). Nymphargus nephelophila: 24296-7. Nymphargus oreonympha: 20765-90. Nymphargus
posadae: 7447-50; 11307. Nymphargus prasinus: 13419; 15937-51; 19645-7; 32080; 38884. Nymphargus rosada:
30091; 34761-78; 35217-9; 36524-25. Nymphargus ruizi: 7469-71; 18180-6; 26031-7; 26038-44; 31345-50. Nymphargus spilotus: 35155-8; 38073.
Familia Dendrobatidae. Ameerega andina: Ruiz et al. (1996). Colostethus agilis: 6403-21; 6516; 7618-25. Colostethus
alacris: 20009. Colostethus brachistriatus: Ruiz et al. (1996). Colostethus dysprosium: Acosta (2000). Colostethus
fraterdanieli: 10610; 16285; 1180, 83-86; 2023, 5; 2559; 3200-5; 17600; 18420-1. Colostethus furviventris: Acosta
(2000). Colostethus mertensi: 8211-23; 43684-764; 15636. Colostethus pratti: 556-67. Colostethus ramirezi:
Acosta (2000). Colostethus thorntoni: 26965-69. Colostethus yaguara: Acosta (2000). Dendrobates truncatus: Ruiz
et al. (1996); Bernal et al. (2005). Hyloxalus abditaurantius: 41651; 16272-7; 19483-94; 28035-6; 29482; 30579;
32060-1; 15576-8; 18432-9; 21673-5; 23705-10; 24623-54; 24718-9; 29482; 9838-58. Hyloxalus borjai: Acosta
(2000). Hyloxalus breviquartus: 6143-4; 6148-9; 8545; 21999; 22499-501; 6466-9; 21667-8. Hyloxalus edwardsi:
2770; 6376-91; 8560-4; 21936-44; 35812-3; 3515; 3544-5. Hyloxalus fascianigrus: 35520-9. Hyloxalus lehmanni:
21945-77; 6915-47; 9859-66; 17601-6; 18425-6; 18428-9; 23557; 23564; 24859; 29643; 32819; 34952-3. Hyloxalus
pinguis: 20006. Hyloxalus pulchellus: Ruiz et al. (1996). Hyloxalus ramosi: Ruiz et al. (1996). Hyloxalus ruizi:
4838-9; 5415-9; 25981. Hyloxalus saltuarius: 42512-6; 42663-70; 43464-7. Hyloxalus subpunctatus: 816-18; 824;
977-1007; 1031-46; 1302; 1437-51; 1716-1777; 1853-4; 1885; 1887-90; 1893-4; 1898; 1904-7; 1933, 6, 1938-42, 4;
2065-8; 2372-91; 2395-7; 2468-9; 2523-4; 2530; 2793-6; 2829-31; 3285-6; 3398-3400; 3402; 3973-93; 4155; 42458; 4250-3; 4255,4282; 4315-37; 4339-44; 4346-7; 4431-71; 4473-90; 4592; 4294-5; 4892-3; 5088-92; 5103-6;
5198-5200; 5379; 5410; 5587; 5626-9, 5636-7; 5653-6; 5696; 5731-40; 5857-61; 5863-9; 5877; 5975-7; 6313-8;
7174-99; 7234-7; 7272-5; 8303-6; 9469; 9482-4; 11283-4; 11462-5; 11806-8; 18076; 18201-2; 18220; 18222;
18252, 18311-3; 18364-9; 18412; 20877; 20883; 20910,4; 22356-82; 20386-402, 20404-6; 20484-6; 23309; 20611;
24436-7; 26130-9; 20155-8; 20164; 20915-42; 20963; 20995; 27024; 31686-97; 31699-710; 31712-20; 31722-31;
32434, 97; 33177-9; 33265-8; 33295; 33322-3; 33365-71; 33389-403; 33431-6; 33686; 34083; 35342-92; 35395406; 35425; 35443-9; 35465-77; 35517-9; 35532-9, 25561; 35564-5; 35567-619; 35672-3; 35814; 37017-20;
37076-9; 37081-2; 42517-37; 42572-3; 42577-86; 42590-612; 42705-24, 27; 42829; 43784-95; 43965-44003;
45564-7. Hyloxalus vergeli: 4930-1; 12815-22; 35423; 3556, 6297-6306. Oophaga lehmanni: 8284-5; 22181-3;
39001-2. Phyllobates bicolor: 13101; 1509-13; 27304; 31867-69. Ranitomeya bombetes: 8281-3; 19820-4; 24299306; 24860-72; 29483-5. Ranitomeya daleswansoni: 42308-37; 53277-8. Ranitomeya dorisswansonae: 53279;
Rueda et al. (2006). Ranitomeya ophistomelas: 34616-9; 39759-60; 41593-4. Ranitomeya tolimense: 53372-3; Bernal et al. (2007). Ranitomeya virolinensis: 4256; 4588-91, 3; 4596-7; 5107; 5368; 5408-9; 5414; 5446-7; 5482-6;
5499-5503; 6150-60; 6276-9; 8549-54; 9329-32; 9334; 14825-30; 16087-146; 18317-8; 22480; 26538-9; 26984-7;
28408-10, 2; 33254-9; 42926-7. Silverstoneia erasmios: Acosta (2000). Silverstoneia nubicola: 16286; 30177;
30686-88.
Familia Hemiphractidae. Cryptobatrachus fuhrmanni: 3483; 8738-92; 34621-48; 34650-59; 34807; 34913; 40161;
37254; 38692-730; 42923-4. Cryptobatrachus nicefori: Ruiz et al. (1996). Flectonotus pygmaeus: 13789; 15209-28;
43903. Gastrotheca andaquiensis: 23664-6; 24177-86. Gastrotheca antomia: 18187; 183299-31; 28019-22; 2820133; 29426, 29-32; 30739-40; 38075-78; 39041; 42782-3. Gastrotheca argenteovirens: 1392; 3407; 4743; 5808;
6255; 6311-12; 6368; 6422-3; 10052-54; 12206; 12809-10; 7081-84; 7095; 7541-55. Gastrotheca aureomaculata:
2515-16; 2662; 2894. Gastrotheca bufona: 38689. Gastrotheca bufona: 38082-88. Gastrotheca dendronastes:
12100-1; 19468-74; 20079-83; 27468-9; 28386-407; 28425-6; 30741-51; 30183-86; 30380; 32893-6; 35835-40;
38916. Gastrotheca dunni: 1153; 1595; 9700. Gastrotheca espeletia: 12207-16; 10055-59; 41587-8. Gastrotheca
guentheri: 33120; 38688; 38732-3; 47901-3. Gastrotheca helenae: 10541-62. Gastrotheca nicefori: 271; 4735;
BERNAL & LYNCH
4771-2; 5230-1; 5556; 5707; 5713-15; 5718-21; 5755-6; 5797-8; 5801; 7094; 7340; 8678-9; 12595; 13919; 14044;
19548; 20084; 21905; 22450-2; 26194-7; 34251; 41661; 42754. Gastrotheca orophylax: Ruiz et al. (1996); Acosta
(2000). Gastrotheca ruizi: 1633-4; 1637; 1641; 2611; 2891-2; 4736-7. Gastrotheca trachyceps: Ruiz et al. 1997.
Gastrotheca weinlandii: 23628; 24449-50; 31558; 47899. Hemiphractus bubalus: 23629-31. Hemiphractus fasciatus: 9327; 16271. Hemiphractus johnsoni: 36517.
Familia Hylidae: Dendropsophus bokermanni: 24001-85. Dendropsophus columbianus: 535; 5458-80; 11457-9;
13428-30; 20748; 28101-4; 30381-96; 30928-9; 31665; 32692-5; 33334-41; 38922-5; 41652-60; 45576; 18448-50;
21635-42; 21659; 38922-25. Dendropsophus ebraccatus: 5525; 6060-9; 18300-9; 43149-53; 43215. Dendropsophus
garagoensis: 12949-50; 12953; 17781-17805; 18361. Dendropsophus labialis: 958-9; 1048-77; 1154-9; 1247-8;
1469; 1896-7; 1899-903; 1956-61; 2069-78; 2600-02; 4423-4; 4925; 5100; 5547; 5586; 5588-90; 5658-67; 5686-93;
5728-30; 5745-8; 5810; 5856; 5983; 6260; 6375; 8517-23; 8680; 9711; 10294-9; 10318-40; 11461; 1166-8; 11809;
14095; 15559; 17779-80; 18071- 4; 18194-6; 20818; 22352-3; 23352-3; 29948; 32400-1; 32414-6; 32923; 33223-4;
33261-4; 33321, 6; 33404; 33610-40; 34228; 34348; 36621; 37080; 37083-4; 37092-7; 41229-30; 41235-8; 438068; 43819; 45510-1; 45563; 45717-20; 46915; 46917-20. Dendropsophus microcephalus: Ruiz et al. (1996); Bernal
et al. (2005). Dendropsophus padreluna: 8628; 8631-46; 9604-6; 15840-2; 15844-8; 22011-66; 23310-312. Dendropsophus pelidna: Ruiz et al. (1996). Dendropsophus praestans: 7556-61. Dendropsophus stingi: 14375; 158359; 15844-8; 17818-30; 17831-40; 17843-6; 18204; 49916-31. Dendropsophus subocularis: 28134. Dendropsophus
virolinensis: 4577-81; 4629,30; 5160; 5170-1; 5433-5; 5549-54; 5670-5; 5683; 5984; 6070-2; 6112-134; 8465-87;
9653; 9716; 12512; 12528-9; 12533-5; 12525; 12541; 12543; 12551-2; 12554; 12560; 14344; 29949-30001; 342267; 35782; 38734-37; 39003-25; 43136-46; 45704; 45712. Hylomantis buckleyi: 5161; 5522, 29; 12402; 23658-9;
23778; 23958-72; 33171; 42845. Hylomantis danieli: 16005. Hyloscirtus alytolylax: 21209-10; 21534-37; 3284750; 35878-83; 38820-46; 41303-6; 12129-33. Hyloscirtus bogotensis: 303-6; 315-317; 1561; 1582,83; 1848; 252022; 2605; 2771-79; 3291, 92; 4416, 17, 19-22; 4993; 5380; 5457; 5548, 91; 5600, 76; 5806-7, 11, 15; 5829; 5850-4,
8; 5870; 6256-59; 6344, 67; 6369-72, 92; 7379; 7433; 10870-1; 13751; 14799; 18228,62; 18357-9; 21732-6; 233178; 24381; 28468-9; 29925-34; 31317; 31543-8; 32501; 33225; 34298-304; 24349-51; 45509; 49568-9; 46914;
12111. Hyloscirstus callipeza: 4051; 10454-461; 14936-941; 14965-77; 14983-5; 14987-94; 15001-07; 15 017-28;
33471-88; 41466-72; 42395; 43027. Hyloscirtus caucanus: 7002; 7238-53; 11682; 12248. Hyloscirtus colymba:
13876; 14099; 19495-530; 27435-44; 28130-3; 28820-27; 30714-7; 30234-6; 30397-418; 30699-738; 31354-8.
Hyloscirtus denticulentus: 4769; 10300-317; 14986, 995-15000; 15042-071; 22472, 473; 26309-318; 29935-947;
32496, 498; 33140, 172, 437-444, 489-493; 40735, 736; 7155; 8488-95; 8525; 9707, 08, 10. Hyloscirtus larinopygion: 13595; 28828-9; 28926; 31191; 42779; 6345; 8375; 9380-401; 9670,75; 15626,27; 18597-603; 23682-83;
34433; 34970-72; 36133-38; 36518-19; 39728-29; 41880. Hyloscirtus lascinius: 14918-26; 14980-2; 15030-41;
15557. Hyloscirtus lindae: 20795-6; 23786; 23865-7. Hyloscirtus lynchi: 15193-208; 33505, 521; 42728. Hyloscirtus palmeri: 19475-80; 17207-10; 28128; 30419-24, 30426-38; 31781-7; 32872-9; 9175-77; 15780-99; 15817-19;
39328-36. Hyloscirtus pantostictus: Ruiz et al. (1996). Hyloscirtus phyllognathus: 5124-7, 5175, 77-8; 5263-4,71;
5312-29; 6364; 7442; 9511-32; 9535-46; 9552-7; 9746, 20797-804; 21900-904; 22462-70; 23905-10; 26241-2;
44823-9; 45098-9; 45503-4. Hyloscirtus piceigularis: 4390-2; 4394; 5180; 5194; 5254, 5258; 5310; 6056-9; 7411-8;
8524; 19536, 38; 22460-1. Hyloscirtus platydactylus: 9709; 14930-5; 32404-6; 33588-9; 42378. Hyloscirtus psarolaimus: Acosta (2000); Ruiz et al. (1996). Hyloscirtus sarampiona: 07440-1. Hyloscirtus simmonsi: Ruiz et al.
(1996). Hyloscirtus torrenticola: 22952-6; 23614; 23916-7; 23922-7. Hypsiboas crepitans: 4499; 5108-9; 5959,812; 7382-3; 8311; 8516; 8718; 11276; 12400-1; 12403-8; 14343; 15008-9; 22444-6; 33144-8; 38759; 40763-4;
42885-95; 43033-62; 43188-95; 43251-2; 43256,9; 45551-2; 45554; 9246; 9677-8. Hypsiboas lanciformis: 5148-49.
Osteocephalus buckleyi: 23648. Osteocephalus carri: 49932-48 ; 49950-61; 49963-81; 49982-87; 49990-91; 3925960; 21244-46. Osteocephalus verruciger: 2492; 22957; 23765; 23773,75; 23942-57. Phyllomedusa perinesos:
23772; 23779; 24188-9. Phyllomedusa venusta: 9258-62. Scinax ruber: Ruiz et al. (1996); Bernal et al. (2005). Scinax x-signatus: 2607; 5532; 5681-2; 5941; 6081; 8496-8501; 35124; 37098; 37222; 45557. Smilisca phaeota: 20214; 17217; 20205-8; 27387; 30439-51; 31811-14; 32691; 8671; 10060; 15774-78; 36887; 39369-70; 40259-60.
Familia Leptodactylidae. Leptodactylus colombiensis: 3236; 3557-60; 4493-5; 5150-1; 6161-4,6; 8226; 9558-63;
9722-9; 18077-9, 17081; 18257; 19556; 21991-4; 22453-7; 33141-143; 33325; 42903-8; 43899-901; 1252; 740510; 26319. Leptodactylus fragilis: Bernal et al. (2005). Leptodactylus fuscus: 39832; 43070-1; Bernal et al. (2005).
Leptodactylus savagei: 9934-6.
Familia Microhylidae. Nelsonophryne aterrima: 19482; 30237; 3250; 42928-9.
Familia Ranidae. Lithobates vaillantii: 20283-96; 36888; 37463-74.
25

Review and Analysis of Altitudinal Distribution of The Andean Anurans in Colombia

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Review and Analysis of Altitudinal Distribution of The Andean Anurans in Colombia

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Zootaxa 1826: 125 (2008)

ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition)

Copyright 2008 Magnolia Press

ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition)

Review and analysis of altitudinal distribution of the Andean anurans

Accepted by M. Vences: 26 Jun. 2008; published: 21 Jul. 2008

Materials and methods

Results and discussion

2 Zootaxa 1826 2008 Magnolia Press

BERNAL & LYNCH

ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION OF ANDEAN ANURANS

Zootaxa 1826 2008 Magnolia Press

2. Altitudinal ranges and species similarity along Andean elevational gradients.

4 Zootaxa 1826 2008 Magnolia Press

BERNAL & LYNCH

ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION OF ANDEAN ANURANS

Zootaxa 1826 2008 Magnolia Press

JSI Cordillera Occidental

JSI Cordillera Central

JSI Cordillera Oriental

3. Altitudinal pattern of between highland and lowland Colombian Anurans.

6 Zootaxa 1826 2008 Magnolia Press

BERNAL & LYNCH

Data obtained from:

Tilarn, Costa Rica

Alta Verapaz, Guatemala

Gmez Farias, Mxico

Lassen Park, California

Zootaxa 1826 2008 Magnolia Press

JSI for the Hehgduan mountains (China)

JSI for the Andean Mountains (Colombia)

(1001-1500) (1501-2000) 0.72

(1501-2000) (2001-2500) 0.69

(2001-2500) (2501-3000) 0.53

(2501-3000) (3001-3500) 0.55

(3001-3500) (3501-4000) 0.50

(1001-1500) (1501-2000) 0.72

(1501-2000) (2001-2500) 0.69

(2001-2500) (2501-3000) 0.53

(2501-3000) (3001-3500) 0.55

(3001-3500) (3501-4000) 0.50

8 Zootaxa 1826 2008 Magnolia Press

BERNAL & LYNCH

ALTITUDINAL DISTRIBUTION OF ANDEAN ANURANS

Zootaxa 1826 2008 Magnolia Press

Allobates picachos Ardila-R., Acosta-G. & Coloma, 2000

Anomaloglossus atopoglossus Grant, Humphrey, & Myers, 1997 1800-2260

Reobates palmatus (Werner, 1899)

*Craugastor fitzingeri (Schmidt, 1857)

*Craugastor longirostris (Boulenger, 1898)

*Craugastor opimus (Savage and Myers, 2002)

*Craugastor raniformis (Boulenger, 1896)

Hypodactylus adercus Lynch, 2003

Hypodactylus babax Lynch, 1989

Hypodactylus dolops Lynch & Duellman, 1980

Hypodactylus elassodiscus Lynch, 1973

Hypodactylus latens Lynch, 1989

Hypodactylus mantipus (Boulenger, 1908)

Phrynopus adenobrachius Ardila-R., Ruiz-C. & Barrera-R., 1996

Phrynopus columbianus (Werner, 1899)

Phrynopus nanus (Going & Cochran, 1963)

Pristimantis acatallelus Lynch & Ruiz-C., 1983