FM 308

FLOW MEASUREMENT BY VENTURI METER AND ORIFICE METER GROUP A5(B) SAURABH VASHIST PRAKHAR AGRAWAL YOGESH PAWDE SUGANDHA SINGLA 10D020023 10D020038 100020003 100020072 : 17th September 2012 : 20th September 2012 PRESENTATION REPORT DATA ANALYSIS PPT

DATE OF EXPERIMENT DATE OF SUBMISSION

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Table of Contents

MOTIVATION...................................................................................................... 3 AIM........................................................................................................... 3 THEORY............................................................................................................... 3 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE................................................................................ 7 OBSERVATIONS.................................................................................................... 8 CALCULATION PROCEDURE................................................................................ 10 DISCUSSIONS..................................................................................................... 11 RESULTS............................................................................................................. 11 REMARKS........................................................................................................... 12 REFERENCES...................................................................................................... 12

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MOTIVATION Measurement of flow rate of a fluid easily and accurately is fundamental to any process in chemical engineering. Venturi meter and orifice meter are the commonly used flow meters for measuring mass/volumetric flow rate or velocity of the flowing fluid. They are categorized as full-bore meter as measurement of the fluid takes place when it flows through a conduit or channel. Venturi meter recovers most of its pressure drop, so calculates flow rate with very less error. On the other hand orfice meters low cost makes it suitable for industrial use. This experiment is devised to calculate discharge coefficient, which is a measure of efficiency, for both the instruments. AIM To observe and understand the working of Venturi meter and orifice meter and thus find the coefficient of discharge for both the instruments. THEORY Flow meters can be classified as variable head meters and variable area meters. In the variable head meters the area of constriction or orifice is constant and the drop in pressure is dependent on the rate of flow, example venture meter, orfice meter. Whereas, in variable area meter, the drop in pressure is constant and the flow rate is a function of the area of constriction, example rotameter.

Venturi meter

Manometer

Valves to control water flow rate

Orifice meter Pump Tank for measuring water flow rate

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VENTURIMETER The venturi meter has a converging conical inlet, a cylindrical throat and a diverging recovery cone.

The converging inlet section (1520) decreases the area of the fluid stream, causing the velocity to increase and the pressure to decrease. The low pressure is measured in the center of the cylindrical throat as the pressure will be at its lowest value, where neither the pressure nor the velocity will be changing. As the fluid enters the diverging section (57) the pressure is largely recovered lowering the velocity of the fluid. An equation for the drop in pressure be derived from a combination of Bernoullis principle and the equation of continuity. The equation for venturi meter is obtained by applying Bernoulli equation and equation of continuity assuming an incompressible flow of fluids through manometer tubes. Using Bernoullis equation we get,

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Where, V1 and V2 - average upstream and downstream velocities, - density of the fluid and - kinetic energy correction factors at two pressure tap positions. Assuming density of fluid to be constant, the equation of continuity can be written as: [ Where, D1 - diameter of pipe (in m) D2- diameter of throat (in m) from equation (1) and equation (2) we get,

(3)

where is the ratio of the diameter of throat to that of diameter of pipe.

If we assume a small friction lose between two pressure taps, the above equation (3) can be corrected by introducing empirical factor Cv and written as,

(4)

The small effect of the kinetic energy factors 1 and 2 are also taken into account in the definition of Cv. Volumetric flow rate Qm can be calculated as:

(5)

i.e. where,

where, S2 is the cross sectional area of throat in m2, CV is the coefficient of discharge for venturimeter. Substituting (P1 P2) = gH in above equation (5) we get,

(6)

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i.e. where,

where H = manometric height difference (specific gravity of manometric fluid specific gravity of water). ORIFICEMETER An orifice meter is essentially a cylindrical tube that contains a plate with a thin hole in the middle of it. The thin hole essentially forces the fluid to flow faster through the hole in order to maintain flow rate.

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The point of maximum convergence usually occurs slightly downstream from the actual physical orifice this is the reason orifice meters are less accurate than venturi meters, as we cannot use the exact location and diameter of the point of maximum convergence in calculations. Orifice meter uses the same principle of continuity equation and Bernoulli principle to calculate the volumetric flow rate, as for venturi meter. So,

(7)

i.e. where, Here Co is the orifice coefficient of discharge.

EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 1. Check all the clamps for tightness and check whether the water level in the tank is sufficient such that the suction pipe of pump is completely immersed 2. For measurement through venturimeter, open the outlet valve of the venturi meter and close the valve of orifice meter 3. For a good amount of variation in discharge also close the by-pass valve of pump. 4. Now switch on the pump 5. Open the gate valve and start the flow 6. If any air bubbles exist in U-tube manometer remove them through air cock valve. Operate the air cock valve slowly and cautiously to avoid mercury run away 7. Wait for a while for stabilization of flow 8. Close the gate valve of measuring tank and measure the time for discharge of five liters of water and the manometer difference. Before taking any measurements, make sure the flow is stable 9. Repeat the procedure by changing the discharge by slowly opening the by-pass valve and take the ten readings and repeat the same for orifice meter

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PROCESS FLOW SHEET Check whether the water level in the tank is sufficient such that the suction pipe of pump is completely immersed.

Open the outlet valve of the venturi meter and close the valve of orifice meter, for venturimeter readings,also close the by-pass valve of pump.

Switch on the pump,open the gate valve and start the flow.Remove air bubble in the manometer through air cock valve. Wait for stablization of flow.

Close the gate valve of measuring tank and measure the time for discharge of five liters of water and the manometer difference.

Repeat the procedure by changing the discharge by slowly opening the by-pass valve and take six readings and Repeat the same for orifice meter

OBSERVATIONS Reading Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 h1 (cm) 20.3 20.2 20.2 20.2 19.9 19.9 19.6 19.6 19.4 19.4 h2 (cm) 17 17.1 17.3 17.3 17.6 17.6 17.9 17.9 18.1 18.1 h =h1-h2 (cm) Time(seconds) Volume of water collected (litre) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Flow Rate (Qm) 0.000555556 0.000533618 0.000490677 0.000487805 0.00044964 0.000426985 0.000371195 0.00036846 0.000322581 0.000317864

3.3 9 3.1 9.37 2.9 10.19 2.9 10.25 2.3 11.12 2.3 11.71 1.7 13.47 1.7 13.57 1.3 15.5 1.3 15.73 TABLE 1 Data of Venturi meter

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Reading Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

H(m) 0.4158 0.3906 0.3654 0.3654 0.2898 0.2898 0.2142 0.2142 0.1638 0.1638

(2gH)0.5 2.856221 2.768316 2.677526 2.677526 2.384507 2.384507 2.050025 2.050025 1.792695 1.792695

Flow Rate (Qm) 0.000555556 0.000533618 0.000490677 0.000487805 0.00044964 0.000426985 0.000371195 0.00036846 0.000322581 0.000317864

Qa 0.000608 0.000589 0.00057 0.00057 0.000508 0.000508 0.000436 0.000436 0.000382 0.000382

Cv 0.913608 0.905397 0.860769 0.85573 0.885709 0.841083 0.850487 0.844219 0.845194 0.832835

TABLE 2 Calculations for Flow Rate

OBSERVATIONS FOR ORIFICE METER

Reading Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

h1 (cm) 26.9 27 26.5 26.5 26 26 25.4 25.4 24.8 24.8

h2 (cm) 19.6 19.5 20.1 20.1 20.5 20.5 21.1 21.1 21.8 21.8

h =h1-h2 (cm) 7.3 7.5 6.4 6.4 5.5 5.5 4.3 4.3 3 3

Time(second s) 9.59 9.73 10.41 10.47 11.15 11.24 12.82 12.71 15.11 15.35

Volume of water collected (litre) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5

Flow Rate (Qm) 0.000521376 0.000513875 0.000480307 0.000477555 0.00044843 0.00044484 0.000390016 0.000393391 0.000330907 0.000325733

TABLE 3 Data of Orifice meter

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Reading Number H(m) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0.9198 0.945 0.8064 0.8064 0.693 0.693 0.5418 0.5418 0.378 0.378

(2gH)0.5 4.2481144 4.3059145 3.9776335 3.9776335 3.6873649 3.6873649 3.2603859 3.2603859 2.7232995 2.7232995

Flow Rate (Qm) 0.000521376 0.000513875 0.000480307 0.000477555 0.00044843 0.00044484 0.000390016 0.000393391 0.000330907 0.000325733

Qa 0.00076721 0.00077765 0.00071836 0.00071836 0.00066594 0.00066594 0.00058883 0.00058883 0.00049183 0.00049183

Co 0.679573 0.660804 0.668614 0.664783 0.67338 0.667988 0.66236 0.668093 0.672808 0.662289

TABLE 4 Calculations for Flow Rate

SAMPLE CALCULATION For venturi meter Cross sectional area of throat in venturi meter (S2) = 1.76 10-4 m2 Ratio of diameter of throat to pipe ( ) = 0.4848 Using Table 1 ,Observation 1 H = (h2 h1) (Sp. Gravity of manometric fluid Sp. Gravity of water) = 0.4158m Qm = CV Qa= 0.000555556 Where = 0.000608

Cv= Qm/ Qa = 0.9138 Plotting Qm vs Qa, CV is the slope of the line and the co-efficient of discharge. Refer Graph 1 For orifice meter Cross sectional area of throat in venturi meter (S2) = 1.54 10-4 m2 Ratio of diameter of throat to pipe () = 0.4904 H = (h2 h1) (Sp. Gravity of manometric fluid Sp. Gravity of water) = 0.9198m Qm = C0 Qa = 0.000521376 Where = 0.00076721

C0= Qm/ Qa = 0.679573 Plot Qm vs Qa, C0 is the slope of the line and the co-efficient of discharge.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Venturimeter
0.0006 0.00055 y = 0.9884x - 6E-05 R = 0.9838

Qm(m3/sec)

0.0005 0.00045 0.0004 0.00035 0.0003 0.0002

Flow Rate Linear (Flow Rate)

0.0003

0.0004

0.0005

0.0006

0.0007

Qm(m3/sec)
GRAPH 1 This Graph Represents the linear variation of Qm versus Qa which gives us the value of the coefficient of Discharge Cv which comes out to be 0.988

Orificemeter
0.00055 0.0005

Qm(m3/sec)

0.00045 0.0004

y = 0.6734x - 3E-06 R = 0.9966

Flow Rate

0.00035 0.0003 0.0002

Linear (Flow Rate)

0.0003

0.0004

0.0005

0.0006

0.0007

0.0008

0.0009

Qa

(m3/sec)

GRAPH 2 This Graph Represents the linear variation of Qm versus Qa for Orifice Meter which gives us the value of the coefficient of Discharge Cv which comes out to be 0.673
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For Venturimeter, the plot of Qm vs Qa gives us the value of Cv which according to the best fit comes out to be 0.988 , but the best fit plot contains an intercept too ,which leads to error in the slope. Since the best fit has a negative intercept , so the best fit slope is greater then the actual Cv, which is calculated by taking the average of all the individual Cv and comes out to be 0.88 . For Orificemeter, the plot of Qm vs Qa gives us the value of Cv which according to the best fit comes out to be 0.67 ,which is close to the actual Cv, which is calculated by taking the average of all the individual Cv and comes out to be 0.668.

REMARKS While measuring the flow rate through the venturi meter, the valve of the orifice meter should be closed completely; and vice versa and while calculating the volumetric flow rate, there were fluctuations in the meniscus of water and hence some error. A rotameter can be used for the purpose, more efficiently, thereby eliminating even the human error involved in operating the stopwatch and human error is also introduced while recording the heights of mercury column in the two arms of the manometer. This can be minimized by using a digital pressure gauge

REFERENCES Pages 214-221 Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering by McCabe and Smith, 5th Edition,McGraw Hill, Inc. www.ddc-online.org/Input-Output-Tutorial/Flow.html www.usbr.gov/pmts/hydraulics_lab/pubs/wmm/chap14_03.html http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/orifice-nozzle-venturi-d_590.html

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